Piha'okesaside o ka monakō koko. monakō koko'okesaside naoh

He 'atikala e nana i ana i ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko. Carbohydrates i poligidroksikarbonilnogo type i huiʻia, a me nā mea loaʻa a pau. Ke ano hiʻona - i ke alo o ka aldehyde a ketone pūʻulu, a ma ka liʻiliʻi loa elua hydroxyl pūʻulu.

Ma kona 'ole, e māheleʻia carbohydrates i monosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides.

monosaccharides

Monosaccharides i ka simplest carbohydrates, i hiki ole lakou e koiia mai e hydrolysis. Ke kaumaha ma muli a pūʻulu mea i loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana - ka aldehyde a ketone ua kaʻawale aldose (mau nā galactose, monakō koko, ribose) a me ketoses (ribulose, fructose).

oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides i carbohydrates i i haku i mau a hiki i ka umi monosaccharide me Kinohi residues hui ma glycosidic linkages. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu o monosaccharide residues maopopo disaccharides, trisaccharides, a no laila, ma luna o. I ua hana ma ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko? Kēia e e kūkākūkā hope.

polysaccharides

Polysaccharides i carbohydrates i pihaʻi oi ma mua o umi monosaccharide naehana hui pu ma glycosidic paa. Inā o ka haku mele 'ana o ka polysaccharide i loaʻa i ka ia monosaccharide residues, ka mea, ua kapaia gomopolisaharidom (e like, pia). Inā mau residues mea okoa - ka heteropolysaccharide (e like me heparin).

Pehea nui o ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko?

Ka mana o carbohydrates i loko o ke kanaka kino

Carbohydrates i ka papa kuhikuhiE kēia hiʻona:

1. Energy. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o carbohydrates, e like me ka mea mau i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ikaika i loko o ke kino. E like me ka hopena o ka'okesaside hoomaona mai la oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka ikaika pono o ke kanaka. Ka'okesaside o kekahi gram o carbohydrate hookuu 16,9 kJ.
2. Reserve. Glycogen a me ka pia i waho pūnaewele ke ano o ka mahuaola.
3. 'Ole. Kelulose a me kekahi'ē aʻe polysaccharide hui kuahene mau nō iwi i loko o mea kanu. La lakou no hoi, ma o ka luna 'me lipids a me nā polokina i kekahi hapa o ka halepaahao biomembranes.
4. Aiiay. No kaʻakika heteropolysaccharides i loko o ke kūlana o ka liluwelo lubricant. Ka mea, laina o ka ili o na ami, a i ka hui 'ana a me ka hamo i ku e kekahi i kekahi, nasal mucosa, digestive'āpana.
5. Antigoagulyantnaya. Kēia carbohydrate He heparin, he nui liluwelo waiwai - o, ua ālai 'koko clotting.
6. Carbohydrates ho i kekahi i carbon kumu no ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina, lipids a me nukelea nāʻakika.

No ka meaola i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o carbohydrates, dietary carbohydrates - kōpaʻa, pia, monakō koko, lactose). Monakō koko hiki ke synthesized i loko o ke kino, mai'amino nāʻakika, glycerol, lactate a me ka pyruvate (gluconeogenesis).

glycolysis

Glycolysis ho kekahi o ekolu hiki ano o ka monakō koko'okesaside kaʻina. Ma kēia kaʻina ka ikehu e auaaeaiea waiho waho ma ka a laila ATP a me NADH. Kekahi o kona lātoma mahaeʻana i loko o nā nā lātoma o ka pyruvate.

glycolysis kaʻina i wahi ma lalo o ka aoao o kela enzymatic Luna, a laila catalysts liluwelo ano. Ka mea nui wale oxidant ka oxygen, akā, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis hiki ke hana i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka oxygen. Kēiaʻano o anaerobic glycolysis ua kapaia.

Glycolysis mea he anaerobic kaʻina iiyoaiiay'okesaside o ka monakō koko. Me keia glycolysis monakō koko'okesaside mea i paʻa. Ke'ī mai, ma ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko hua hoʻokahi wale lātoma o pyruvate. Mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka ikehu maika anaerobic glycolysis Ua emi maikaʻi ma mua o aerobic. Naʻe, ina o ka halepaahao e hele oxygen, ka huli ana kānāwai i loko o ka aerobic anaerobic glycolysis, i mea o ka piha'okesaside o ka monakō koko.

Keʻano papa hana o ka glycolysis

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis mea nāwaliwali aʻela eono-kalapona monakō koko i loko o nā ekolu-kalapona nā lātoma o pyruvate. Ka a pau kaʻina Ua maheleia i elima hoomakaukau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me elima, oiai i ikehu ua waiho waho ma ATP.

Penei, glycolysis ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, kela mea keia mea o ka i ua maheleia i elima kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

I Wa №1 monakō koko'okesaside

• First ke kahua. Ma kaʻanuʻu mua o ka phosphorylation o ka monakō koko. Ho'ā hope o ka saccharide fosfolirirovaniya ia lŘlŘ ma ke ono o ka kalapona'Ātoma.
• Ka lua o ke kahua. A kaʻina hana o ka isomerization o ka monakō koko-6-posapahate. Ma kēia kahua, monakō koko ua unuhi i loko o fructose-6-posapahate ma ka catalytic hana o ka phosphoglucoisomerase.
• Ke kolu o ke kahua. Phosphorylation o fructose-6-posapahate. Ma keia kahua, i ke kahua o ka fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (i kapa aldolase) ma lalo o ka aoao o ka phosphofructokinase-1. Ua ua komo i loko o ka hele pū o ka phosphoryl pae mai adenosine triphosphate a hiki i ka fructose lātoma.
• I ka ha o ke kahua. Ma keia kahua, ke aldolase cleavage. E like me ka hopena mau triose posapahate nā lātoma, a me ka pau ketose eldozy.
• I ka lima o ke kahua. Triose posapahate isomerization. Ma keia ke kahua, o ka hoʻouna glyceraldehyde-3-posapahate ma na kapuwai o ka splitting monakō koko. A pau keia hoʻololi ia lŘlŘ dihydroxyacetone posapahate i loko o ka palapala o ka glyceraldehyde-3-posapahate. Ua hoʻololi Ua hooko ma ka hana o nā'ūhū.
• Ke ono o ke kahua. Ke'okesaside o glyceraldehyde-3-posapahate. Ma keia ke kahua, ka'okesaside o ka lātoma a me kona mahope phosphorylation i 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.
• I ka hiku o ke kahua. Kēia kahua komo ai i ka hoololiia ana o ka 1,3-diphosphoglycerate posapahate pae i ADP. Ka hopena hopena o keia anu u ua hana i ka 3-phosphoglycerate a me ATP.

Ke kahua me №2 - piha'okesaside o ka monakō koko

• I ka walu o ka ke kahua. Ma keia ke kahua, me ka hoʻololi 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate. Ua hoʻololi kaʻina ua hana ma lalo o ka hana ana o ka'ūhū e like me phosphoglycerate mutase. Kēia kemika monakō koko'okesaside naoh puka me ka OAXA alo o ka makanekiuma (mg).
• I ka iwa o ke kahua. Ma keia ke kahua, ka dehydration o 2-phosphoglycerate.
• Ka umi ke kahua. Ma ka wehe 'ia' ana o posapahate loko mai mua kūlana e kahe ana ma PEP a me ADP. Hoʻokōʻia nā kuleana i ADP fosfoenulpirovata. Oia ka Nine Inch naoh mea hiki ma ke alo o ka makanekiuma Ion (mg) a me ka potasiuma (K).

Ma lalo o aerobic rula, ke kaʻina ke hele mai i ka Makeke ₂ a me H ₂ O. Ka helu kaulike o ka monakō koko'okesaside like penei:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6SO 6D ₂ → ₂ + 6H ₂ O + 2880 kJ / kameleona.

Penei, o ka halepaahao hoʻomāhuahua o NADH ia lŘlŘ i loko o ke kahua o ka lactate mai monakō koko. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi ia e like me ke kaʻina hana o ka anaerobic, a me ka mea e puka ana i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka oxygen. Ia o oxygen - hope loa huina'ine acceptor, a i ho'īli NADH ma ka naehana kaulahao.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka helu ana i ka ikehu koena o ka glycolytic reactions pono e maopopo i ua hai palua kēlā me kēia kahua o ka lua o ka anu u. Mai keia, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, ma kaʻanuʻu mua elua ATP nā lātoma ua hala, a me ka manawa o ka pele o ka lua o ke kahua, he 4 ATP-phosphorylation o ka kūpapakū lātoma ma ka type. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi e like me ka hopena o ka'okesaside o kēlā me kēia lātoma o ka monakō koko aeee loaa mau ATP nā lātoma.

Ua hookolokoloia mākou i ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko ma ka oxygen.

Anaerobic alahele o monakō koko'okesaside

Aerobic'okesaside kapa'okesaside kaʻina hana ma i ia lŘlŘ ka ikehu koho a me ka mea ia lŘlŘ ma ke alo o ka oxygen, ka huina hopena hydrogen acceptor i loko o ka naehana kaulahao. Hydrogen mau pou nā lātoma protrudes hoemi palapala coenzymes (FADN2, NADH, NADPH) a i hanaʻia ma ka naoh o ka palapala kūpapakū'okesaside.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka aerobic'okesaside o monakō koko dichotomicʻano o ke kumu nui ala o ka monakō koko catabolism i loko o kānaka. Kēiaʻano o ka glycolysis hiki ke hana i nā mea a pau nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ke kanaka kino. I ka hopena o keia naoh o ka cleavage o ka lātoma o ka monakō koko i ka wai a me ka o carbon dioxide. Ka ikehu hookuu i keia hihia, e e loaa i loko o ka ATP. Kēia kaʻina hana hiki ke maheleia i ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. Ke kaʻina hana o ka huli ana o ka monakō koko nā lātoma i loko o ka paʻa o nā lātoma o pyruvicʻakika. Ke naoh i wahi i loko o ka halepaahao cytoplasm a me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i ke ala o ka monakō koko decomposition.
2. Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o acetyl-CoA ma ka oxidative decarboxylation o pyruvicʻakika. Kēia naoh i wahi i loko o ka halepaahao mitochondria.
3. Ke'okesaside o acetyl-CoA i loko o ka Krebs pōʻaiapuni. Ke naoh i wahi i loko o ka halepaahao mitochondria.

Ma kēlā kahua o kēia kaʻina produces ka ho'ēmi i kā ano o coenzymes, ma ka oxidizing'ūhū pono o ka naehana kaula. Kēia produces ATP ma'okesaside o ka monakō koko.

Education coenzymes

Coenzymes a i hanaʻia ma luna o ka lua a me ke kolu mua o aerobic glycolysis, e oxidized 'ana i loko o ka halepaahao mitochondria. Ia laua a hiki i keia, NADH, i i hana i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao i ka naoh o ke kahua mua o aerobic glycolysis,ʻaʻohe hiki e komo iloko ma ke mitochondrialʻili lahilahi. Hydrogen ua hoolilo mai NADH a hiki i ka halepaahao cytoplasmic mitochondria ma ka moku ahikao pōʻaiapuni. I waena o kēia mau pōʻaiapuni ke hoomaopopo i ka papa kuhikuhiE - malate-aspartate.

A laila, hoʻohana 'ana i ka cytoplasmic NADH ia lŘlŘ ma ka hoihoi hou oxaloacetate malate i ka huli, komo i ka halepaahao mitochondria, a laila, oxidized ma ka ho'ēmiʻana o mitochondrial NAD. Oxaloacetate hoʻi i ka cytoplasm i loko o ka palapala o ka aspartate.

Mutated ano o ka glycolysis

I ka holomua o ka glycolysis hiki hou e ukali e hoʻokuʻu mai o 1,3 a me ka 2.3-bifosfoglitseratov. Pela 2,3-bifosfoglitserat ma lalo o ka aoao o ka liluwelo hōʻeleu hiki e ua hoʻopōaiapuni i ka glycolysis kaʻina hana, a laila, e hoʻololi i kona helehelena i ka 3-phosphoglycerate. Kēia nā'ūhū pāʻani i kekahiʻano o ka pelekikena a. No ka laʻana, 2,3-bifosfoglitserat ke aupuni 'o hemoglobin, ka paipai' ana i ke hoʻololi o ke o oxygen i na nā'aʻaʻa, ke'ōlelo mai ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka dissociation o ka o oxygenʻo Solomona a me erythrocytes.

ka hopena

He nui koʻohune hiki ke hoʻololi i ka papa o ka glycolysis palapala ma luna o kona kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao likeʻole. He mea hiki, e ho'ēmi i kā lākou huina nui a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i kēia mau kuʻina ma ka hopena o nā'ūhū i huiʻia. Kekahi o anaerobic koʻohune i ka hiki i nā carbohydrates decomposition ki ina hana like. Ka hapa nui o nā thermophiles i wale elua o ka glycolysis'ūhū, i ka nui, a me ka enolase pyruvate kinase.

nānā mākou i pehea puka mai'okesaside o ka monakō koko i loko o ke kino.