'O Wilhelm Richard Wagner:'O Biography. 'O Richard Wagner a me kāna mau hana kaulana

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - German haku mele a me ka theorist o ka hana keaka, keaka kau wela, alakaʻi mele, polemicist, ka mea i lilo i kaulana no kona keaka mele, a i loaa i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hopena ma luna o Western mele. I waena o kona nui hana - "Ka mea lele e Dutchman" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan a me Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 ,) a me ka tetralogy "der alii Des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 GG.).

Richard Wagner: he pōkole Kawaihae a me kaʻike hoʻokumu

Wagner Ua hānauʻia ma luna o May 22, 1813 ma Leipzig, ma ka uku ohana. Kona makua kāne make koke hānau kana keiki i ka hope, a me loko o ka makahiki o kona makuwahine mare Lyudviga Geyera. Ua ua i hōʻikeʻia mai ka hope i ka leha Mea Keaka, ka maoli makua kāne o ke keiki. Wagner mele hoʻonaʻauao ua huikau, a ka mea i 18, ka wā āna i kana a i ka makahiki ma Theodore Vaynliga ma Leipzig. He hoʻomaka i kona 'oihana i loko o ka makahiki 1833 me ka pü maila alakaʻi mele i loko o Würzburg, a kakau iho la i kona i kakahiaka nui hana, i ka Mohai o ka Kelemānia pilialoha mele. I ia manawa, i kona mau papa kuhikuhiE kiʻi ua Beethoven.

kakau iho la Wagner kona mua keaka mele "fairies" i ka makahiki 1833, akā, ka mea i haawiia mai ai ka haku mele o ka make wale nō ma hope. He ua wahine ka luna hoʻokele o ka hale kiaka ma Magdeburg, mai 1834 a hiki i 1836, ma kona mau ia hana, "i papaia Love" ma muli o Shakespeare ka "ana no ana", i o ke kahua ma ka 1836. Opera, waiho wale aku i ka loa fiasco, a hana keaka bankrupt. Naʻe, ka mea kālā pilikia o ka haku mele piha o nā mea a pau i kona Kawaihae. Richard Wagner i ka hookahi makahiki ma Königsberg ia mare Minna kuhikuhipuʻuone, mea hoolea a me ka mea hana keaka, ua 'Imi komo i loko o ka moku'āina keaka ola. A mau mahina ma hope, ua hoolohe mai i ka lāʻau kū o ka puolo luna hoʻokele o ke kulanakauhale Kino, a, nae, i koke aku la bankrupt.

Ke ole o Farani a me ka hoʻi iā Germany

I ka makahiki 1837, Wagner lilo ka mua mele ka luna hoʻokele o ka hale kiaka ma Riga. Mau makahiki ma hope, ma hope o ke aʻo 'ana i makemake ole i kona aelike e waiho loihi ana, ma lalo o ka uhi o ka po, huna mai aie a me ka Waihona Noʻeau, i ka hui i hele i Paris, me ka manao e hana ia i ka moku'āina. Richard Wagner, kona Kawaihae a me ka hana i loko o Farani loli Hawaiʻiʻano okoa, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ai no kona manawa, aole nui ka ikaika inaina o ka Palani wahine moʻomeheu, a ua noho pū me ia a hiki i ka pauʻana o ke ola. Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, Wagner,ʻike piʻi kālā ka pilikia, kuai lilo aku la i ka Paris Opera kōmi'ōkuhi "Ka mea lele e Dutchman" no ka hoʻohana ma kekahi haku mele. Ma hope, ua palapala mai kekahi mana o ka moʻolelo. Hooleia e ka Parisian bila koʻikoʻi a hanohano, Wagner hoʻomau i ke kaua no ka mea, 'o: haku mele ma ka' ōlelo Palani hāʻina o nā haʻawina, palapala iho la i ka aria no Bellini ka "Norma". Akā, hoao mai ana e kau i kā lākou mau hana a pau ma ka makehewa. Ma ka hopena, i ke alii o Saxony ae Wagner, e hana i loko o ka Dresden pā hale keaka, a me keia kūpono ma kona Parisian ola.

Richard Wagner, kuhi hewa ma ka hoʻolako 'ole, i ka 1842, ua hoi aku ia Kelemania, a noho iho la ma Dresden, kahi ana i ua kuleana no ka mele no ka' aha hoʻokolokolo Chapel. "Rienzi" nui lono kaumaha keaka mele i loko o ka Farani kaila, i hoʻomaha ai uku pomaikai nui. Overture mai ia mea nō mahalo. I ka 1845, ma Dresden, ka Ka Mua o "Tannhauser." Ka mea, ua ka mua kanalua pomaikai ma Wagner ka 'oihana. I Nowemapa o ka ia makahiki, ua pau i ka palapala o ka libretto no ke keaka mele "Lohengrin" i ka hoʻomaka o ka makahiki 1846 i hoomaka ai e palapala aku ai i kona mele. I ka Ia manawa, hoopio ia e ka Scandinavian sagas, la oia i hoʻolālā no kona tetralogy "ke alii o ka Nibelung." Makahiki 1845, ua hoʻomākaukau i ka kōmi'ōkuhi no ka hana keaka mua o ka tetralogy "Ka Make o Siegfried," a i hope Kapa hou i ka "wanaao o ke Akua."

Richard Wagner: he pōkole Kawaihae. makahiki o ke pio

Ke kipi o ka makahiki 1848 wawahi mai i na kulanakauhale he nui ma ka Germany. Mawaena o lakou ua Dresden, heʻeleu aku i komo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i lilo Richard Wagner. Kawaihae a me ka hana ana o ka haku mele pili kēia a hiki i kēia wā o kona olaʻana. He paiia mea hō'ā ahi i loko o tirades ke aupuni Magazine, kino mahele ana manifestos i waena o ka poʻe hao wale Säkona, a hoi ola i ke ahi i loko o ka hale kiai, mai a ia i nānā i ka hana a ke koa. May 16, 1849 i ka palapala hopu i hoopukaia no kona hopu ia ana. Me ke kālā o nā hoa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana ma-kānāwai Manuela Liszt i mahuka ai mai Dresden, a hele Via Paris i Kuikilana. Aia, mua i loko o Zurich, a laila, kokoke Lucerne no ka mea e hiki mai ana 15 makahiki, a loli Hawaiʻi i kona Kawaihae. Richard Wagner i noho ai,ʻaʻole me ka paʻa 'oihana, kipaku mai Kelemania, me ka papa, e komo' ana i loko o ka German keaka ola. A pau i kēia manawaʻo ia i hana i ka "alii Des Nibelungen" i Kīwala'ō i kona makakū ola ka mea e hiki mai ana nā makahiki.

Ua paʻa ke mua staging o Richard Wagner ka keaka mele "Lohengrin" ma Weimar ma lalo o ka lima o Manuela Liszt i ka 1850 (o ka mea kākau i i ike i kana hana mua 1861). Ma keia manawa i ka German haku mele i loaa kaulana me ka polemicist, a me kona mau pono kīvila kanakaʻimi naʻauao hana, "Opera a me ka hana keaka" hele mai i loko o 1850-1851 GG. Ua discusses ka nui o nā kaʻao no ke keaka, a pehea e kākau i ka libretto, a i hoʻolauna i kona manaʻo ma luna o ka manaʻo o ka "huina hana o ke akamai" i hoʻololi i nā moʻolelo keaka wale ke ola i loko o Hawaii, ina i ke ao nei.

I ka makahiki 1850, Wagner i paʻiʻia (essay) "Iudaio ma Music", i loko o ka mea ana i ninau aku i ka loa manawa kūpono o ka ola o ke kaikamahine Iudaio haku mele a me ka mele, o ka oi aku i loko o ka Kelemānia lehulehu. Anti-Semitism koe i keʻano o kona kālaiʻike no ke ola.

I ka makahiki 1933, i ka Soviet Union, i paʻi i ka puke ma ka "Life o kupaianaha People" moʻo AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Pōkole Kawaihae no ka German haku mele mua Lunacharsky olelo i e oleʻilihune aku i ke ao nei, e holo mai i kana hana, akā, i sulilos "Auwe i ka mea nāna e e keia kupua i loko o mākou e hoʻomoana ai."

hoohua hana

Richard Wagner na hana loa kaulana palapala ma waena o ka makahiki 1850 a me 1865 - ia ia ka mea aie i kona kūlana i keia la. Ka haku mele ka noonoo e shied aku, mai ka mākau hana, e ho okumu i ka moʻolelo kalapona o keia nui, i ole i kekahi ma mua ona, i ole encroach. I ka makahiki 1851, Wagner i kākau i ka libretto no "Young Siegfried", hope inoa "Siegfried" e hoomakaukau i ka honua no ka "wanaao o ke Akua." He hoʻomaopopo i ka mea, e hoapono ia kona 'ē hana, ma ka hou ana i keia, ka mea e pono, e kākau elua hou hana keaka, a ma ka hopena o ka makahiki 1851 Wagner sketched i ke kikokikona koe no na "apo". He pau "Das Rheingold" i ka 1852 ma hope o ka hou ana o ka libretto i "Valkyrie."

I ka MH 1853, i ka haku mele i kauoha aku hoʻomaka kākau "Das Rheingold". Ke orchestration Ua pau i loko o 1854th. Next hana ua seriously hoʻomaka Richard Wagner, "Die Walküre", ka mea i paʻa i loko o 1856-m. I keia manawa, ua hoomaka ae la e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kākau "Tristan a me Isolde". I ka 1857, ua pau i ka lua o ka hana o ka "Siegfried" a me ka haku mele piha bapetizo ana ma ka (essay) "Tristan." Kēia hana i pau i ka 1859, akā, kona Ka Mua i wahi wale nō i loko o ka makahiki 1865 ma Munich.

nā makahiki

I ka 1860, Wilhelm Richard Wagner loaa 'ae e hoʻi i Hawaii, Ma waho aʻeo ka Saxony. Full e pili ana i ke kali ana ia ia i loko o nā makahiki. I ka ia makahiki, ua hoʻomaka kākau mele no ke keaka mele "Ka Mastersingers o Nuremberg", i kona hapaiia iloko o 1845-m. Wagner Keoni a hana ma "Siegfried" i loko o ka makahiki 1865, a hoʻomaka e sketches o ka wā e hiki mai "Parsifal", no ka manaolana o ka mea āna i mālama mai i ka hapalua like-1840s. Haku mele keaka mele hoomaka ma ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o kona hoa Bavarian mō'ī Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" Ua pau i ka 1867. Ua paʻa ke Ka Mua ma Munich aʻe makahiki. Wale ma hope iho o kona i hiki ke hoʻomau 'hana ma ke kolu o ka hana o ka "Siegfried", i i pau i loko o September 1869. I ka ia malama, ka mea i hana mua keaka mele "Das Rheingold". Ke mele no ka "wanaao o ke Akua," ka haku mele kākau ai ma waena o 1869 a me ka 1874

No ka mea manawa mua i ka piha kalapona "der alii Des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "Siegfried" a "e hiamoe ana no ke Akua") Ua i loko o ka "Festspielhaus", kaʻahaʻaina keaka i Wagner kūkulu ai iā ia iho i loko o Bayreuth i ka 1876, ma hope o 30 makahiki ma hope o kēia manaʻo mua i hele mai i ona lā. He pau hana ma "Parsifal", me kona mau hope hana keaka i ka 1882. February 13, 1883 ma Venice, Richard Wagner make, a kanuʻia ihola ia ma Bayreuth.

kālaiʻike tetralogy

"Ke alii o ka Nibelung" ninoaaeyao he kikowaena wahi i loko o ka hana o Wagner. Here ia i makemake e hoike hou manaʻo o ka pono a me ka kanaka hana, a makemake i loli loa i ka papa o ka mōʻaukala. He noonoo wale i ka honua me ka hoomana hoʻokalakupua ka noho kauā kuapaʻa, a ia i manaoio i ka hopena maikaʻi keiki ma luna o ka noho Western mai kahiko Greece a hiki i ka keia lā. Wagner i noʻonoʻo i ke kumu o nā mea a pau hana kanaka, e makau oukou ia e kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, o ua kanaka la i hiki ke ola i ke ola hemolele. Ke "alii o ka Nibelungen" ia i ho'āʻo e wehewehe i ka holo 'awelika kiekie ae no kanaka, na mea e e Kīwala'ō ma luna o ka poʻe emi Pomaikai. I huli ai oe, e like me ia, olelo mortals i, eʻike lākou mau kūlana haʻahaʻa, a haawi nani maikaʻi meʻe. Complications e pili pū ana hulina o ka pono a me nā hui pili koko ka pololei, i ka integral hapa o ka manao, i ke awa o Richard Wagner.

Na hana o ka haku mele hula ma ka manaoio i ka huina o kaiapuni i loko o ka sensory ala wale hiki hookuuia ke kanaka, mai na nā palena o ka rationality. Mea paha i Ua he waiwai manao, akamai ola ua manao Wagner me he keʻakeʻa nei no ka hoʻokō 'ana i ke kanaka loa piha o kaʻike. Wale i ka wa a ka maikaʻi ke kanaka, a me ka maikaʻi wahine e hele pu, transcendental'ōlohe wiwo kiʻi hiki ke hana. A me Siegfried Brungilda kila unbeaten hope i hoʻouna 'ia ai i kekahi i kekahi; kaawale ka mea, hooki iho i e hemolele.

I Wagner ka mythical honua meaʻaʻohe wahi no ka lokomaikai a me ka idealism. Hana wale ke hauoli nei i loko o kekahi i kekahi. All kanaka pono, e ike i ka superiority o kekahi o na mea, a laila kūlou i ko lakou makemake. A kanaka ke huli no kona naue like, akā,ʻo ia, e hoolohe ana i ka makemake o ka mea kiekie loa, ina o ko lakou mau kuamoo i kela kapa. Ke "alii o ka Nibelungen" Wagner makemake ai e huli i kona hoʻi ma luna o ka noho ili mai ka Hellenic-Judeo-Christian honua. He makemake e ike i ke ao nei, a ua Kīwala'ō ma ka ikaika a me ka wildness, hīmeni ma ka Norse sagas. I ka hopena o keia kālaiʻike no ka wā e hiki mai ana o Kelemania, lilo nalu p.

Kālaiʻike nā keaka mele

Ma "Tristan," Wagner Ua pau hoʻololi kona hoʻokokoke, hoʻomohalaʻia e ia i loko o ka "alii o ka Nibelung." Akā,ʻo ia kaupaona i nā i kaʻaoʻao lipolipo o ke aloha, e luu i loko o ka hohonu o ka io ka hoao ana. Tristan a me Isolde, hookuuia, i hoʻopaʻi aloha potion ka mea, ua inu oukou, i kona makemake ana e luku i ke aupuni, e aloha a me ke ola; ke kino mana o ke aloha ua manaoiaʻaneʻi i luku, a me ka mika wahine chromaticism a me ka nui orchestral pulsations mea maikaʻi no ka hōʻike i olelo mua iaʻi hana keaka.

Narcissism Wagner, ka mea i ole tolerant o na mea a pau, aka, makapo i kona flaws, hele mai la i ka mua i loko o "Die Meistersinger." Ke moʻolelo mea e pili ana i ka'ōpiopio meʻe-mea hoolea, e lanakila i ke kahiko o ka papa, a kauo iho la i ka hou, oi pīhoihoi kaila i na mooolelo pili i poe o Nuremberg - he poʻe hoʻokalakupua moʻolelo o ka "ke komo lima" i loko o ka iki okoa lākouʻaʻahu. Wagner aku la ma ke akea i "Tristan" o ka "alii" ma ka'āhihi. ʻae nō hoʻi, ma ka "Die Meistersinger" haku mele e hōʻike ana i ka messianic kii o kekahi keiki German haku mele a me ka hoolea i lanakila i ka makana, a me ka hope aponoia e ka luna o ka hou ke kaiāulu - e pili loa intertwined fiction mea kākau a me kona Kawaihae. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" a hiki hou intensively e hōʻike ana iā ia iho me ka meʻe-ho'ōla, ka hoahanau o ko ke ao nei. Nā Kakalema, a himeni iho la i ke keaka mele, lakou e ia i ka nani o ka mea kākau, aʻaʻole i kekahi akua.

Ka wahine 'ōlelo

I ka nui o ko Wagner ka hihiʻo Ua like pīhoihoi like repel i kona naau, a metaphysics. Me ke mele, me kona hana keaka makemake nō noho palena'āina i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Western manaʻo. Richard Wagner, kona mele multiplies ka waiwai o kana hana na manawa he nui, spawned i ka 'ōlelo, e pono ho i kona kālaiʻike. He manao e mokuhia e ka ia'ku o na koa o ke kumu ma ka bila ano. Maikaʻi loa, e mau loa i keʻoli, a he hapa o ka lole, ulana pūʻia me ka nani pūnaewele o orchestration leo a me ka kikokikona. Ia hoʻi 'ōlelo, pinepine loa e hoʻohoka a syntactically torturous, i mahaloia ma mele wale.

No ka Wagner ka mele i loko o kekahi alanui i ole he kumukanawai, i ulana i loko o ka hana keaka ma hope o kona paʻa, a me ka mea, ua oi ma mua o ka hoʻokō 'ana i olelo rhetoric, "ʻoe no oe i ka pono." Ka mea, e hoopaa ana i ke ola a me ke akamai, ike maopopo a me ka illusion o ka hookahi symbiotic hui, kulia kā lākou mau hana kilokilo ia ma luna o ka hoolohe. Wagner ka wahine 'ōlelo ua manaoia e debunk i ka naauao, a i unquestioning ae o ka haku mele i ka hilinaʻi. Ma Wagner heluhelu Schopenhauer maikaʻi bila dramas - keia mea i ka manaʻo o ko ke ao nei, akā, ke ao nei no ia.

Personal ano

Oia ka hope o ka makakū ola o Wagner, aole ia e olelo aku i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka kekahi hihia i loko o kona kino ola, a, ma ka huli, i ka hopena ma luna o kona keaka mele. He ua io he charismatic huahelu mea i lanakila pōpilikia. Ma Kuikilana, ka haku mele noho ma luna o donations mea i loaa me ke kōkua o ke kahaha ko oukou naau maalea, a hiki i ka manipulate kanaka. Ma kekahi, ia ka pilina i ka noho maikaʻiʻana o ka 'ohana Wesendonck, a me Matilda Vezendonk, kekahi o ka nui ipo o Wagner hooeueu ae la i aku la ia ia, e kākau "Tristan."

Ka haku mele ka ola ma hope o ka hele ana o Saxony i he mau moʻo o ka hana malu, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka ho'āʻo 'ana e lanakila i ka palaka o ko ke ao nei, imi no ka mea lea wahine pono o kona aloha, a me ka maikaʻi haipule e pono haumāna haʻawina kālā o ke dala a ka mea, ke lilo i. Lorna Lim av Kalākaua Liszt i ka pane i kona manaopaa no ka mea hemolele wahine, obsequiously a fanatically mea laʻa i kā lākou maikaʻiʻana. Ia Wagner a Minna no kekahi manawa noho wale nō, ia ia i mare ia Cosimo, 1870, aneane he umi makahiki ma hope o ka make ana o kana wahine mua. 30 makahiki kaikaina ma mua o kana kane, Lorna Lim koena o kona ola Hoolaa iho Wagner ka hale kiaka ma Bayreuth. He make i ka 1930

Ua hoao iho la ia he maikaʻi haipule Ludwig II, ka mea literally hoolaia Wagner mai ka aie 'o ka hale paʻahao, a hoʻoneʻe i ka haku mele i Munich me ka aneane pepa blanche no ke ola a me ka hana. Crown wahi Lyudvig o Bavaria hele i ka Ka Mua o "Lohengrin" ma ka makahiki o ka umikumamalima. He aloha Richard Wagner -ʻaʻole waimaka o ka olioli i kauhale nei i loko o kona mau maka, hoʻokahi nō ke kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe tālena admirer o ka haku mele i loko o ka hula. Opera lilo i ke kumu o ke Alii o Bavaria Fantasy honua, i loko o ka mea ana i holo pinepine i loko o kona mau makua ke ola. Kona pulakaumaka nui me Wagner ka keaka mele alakai aku ai i ka hana o nā fairytale nā pā kaua. "Neuschwanstein" mea paha ka loa kaulana 'ole, hooeueuia lakou e ka hana o ka Kelemānia haku mele.

Ma hope o kona hoʻopakele, nae, Wagner naʻauao ai offensively i blindly Hoomana opiopio mō'ī ia ma hope o 2 makahiki i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka holo. Ludwig, ma muli naʻe o kona kuhi hewa, ua he staunch kākoʻo iā ia, no ka haku mele. Mahalo no kona lokomaikaʻi i ka 1876, ua i hiki muaʻahaʻaina hana o ka "der alii Des Nibelungen" ma Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner Ua hoomaopopoia o kona superiority, a me nā makahiki, ua lilo i kona manic manaʻo. He ua intolerant o kekahi kanalua, kekahi 'ole e lawe ia ia, a me kona mau puke i haku ai. Na mea a pau i loko o kona hale wale revolved a puni ia, a me kona kuleana i ka wahine, mistresses, hoa, hoʻokani pila a me philanthropists ua hoaie dala. No ka laʻana, Hanslick, he koʻikoʻi Viennese mele manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, lilo iho la ia i ka prototype Bekmessera ma "Die Meistersinger."

Ka wā he opiopio poe akeakamai Fridrih Nitsshe Wagner i halawai mua, alaila, manao ae, ua loaʻaʻo ia i konaʻaoʻao i ke Akua, no laila, radiant a me ka mana ka mea, ua i aku la ia ia. Hope Nietzscheʻike ihola i ka haku mele ka nui emi ma mua o ka pono incarnation o Superman, oia ikea mai ana ia ia, a huli aku i konaʻaumakua. Wagner, aole wale aku la oia i kona mahuka ana Nietzsche.

Place ma ka moʻolelo

I retrospect loaʻa Wagner ma mua o kona mau hana, a me kona hoʻoilina. He hoʻokele ke ola i ka ke wńnana i rejection o mahope hanauna o i ka haku mele. Wagner i hana ia i kekahi, kū hoʻokahi bila 'ōlelo ka hoʻokō, ka oi aku ma ka "Tristan" a me ka "Parsifal" i ka hoʻomaka o kēia mele ua pinepine i hana ia a hiki i ka manawa o ka hanana no ke keaka mele mau.

Richard Wagner, kona kaulana hana i ole kaupalena i ka maemae a me ka formalism Hōʻuluʻuluʻimi naʻauao? Acaeoey, hoike mai i ka mele o ke ola mana i kanaka ka ola ke hoʻololi. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hoao aku au ia ia i ka hana keaka keaka o ka waihona o ka manaʻo,ʻaʻole i ka loa o ka e pakele ai, mai ka lanakila a me ka lealea. A hoike mai ai oia i ka haku mele ke rightfully lawe kona wahi i waena o ka nui hoʻokahuli aupuni thinkers o Western noho maikai ana, ka nalu nui a me ka hoomaau mea i ikeia'ku me unacceptable ma ke ano hana kuʻuna o ka hana, ka hoao ana, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me nā kilokilo ana. Together me Karlom Marksom a me Charles Darwin Richard Wagner Kawaihae,ʻike hoʻokumu, mele haku mele pono, e lawe like me ka maʻamau i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka moʻomeheu o ka XIX kenekulia.