'ōnohi aniani me ka convex-concave surfaces: hana, hoʻohana. Maka aniani, kiʻiona aniani

'ōnohi aniani - ka mea, mai ka 'i ka aniani moakaka lea, a ua hoʻohana i māhele i ka 'ōnohi manaʻo. Ka mea, i kekahi, mai ka mau ka pololei a me ka mäliko, uniformity a me colorless. Ua hoi pololei rationed lakou hoopuehu a me refractive mana. Hoʻokō 'ana i ia mau koi maoli ka ka manaʻo pohihihi a me ka waiwai e lilo aku o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

moʻolelo

Oe ke huli nui examples o ka lulu popilikia pono o nā aniani kaulona, e like me ke kiʻiona aniani - maʻamau kiʻiona aniani - ia kōkua e hana i kekahi meaʻuʻuku wānana mai ka maʻamau akamai kelepona, akā, i ka'ōnohi makaaniani ole pela lōʻihi aku nei lakou.

Nā nā aniani kaulona Ua, ua ike mai ka wā kahiko, akā, no ka ho'āʻo mua nui, e hana i kekahi puka makani i mea like me ia i hoʻohana i ke kālā no manaʻo, hiki e wahi ana i ka XVII kenekulia. Penei,ʻo Kelemānia chemist Kunkel i loko o kekahi o kana mau hana i hoike ia phosphoricʻakika a boricʻakika i loko o ke aniani ke keʻena. He no hoi i olelo mai ai o borosilicate kalaunu, i mea kokoke i kekahiʻiʻo nō o kēia mea haku mele 'ana. Ua hiki ke kapaia ka mua holomua ka hoao ana i loko o ka hana o ke aniani, me kekahi'ōnohi waiwai, a me ka lawaʻano o ke kino a me ka Nine Inch homogeneity.

i hana

Hana o ka'ōnohi aniani ma luna o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole, i lilo ai i loko o ke kakahiaka XIX kenekulia. Hawaiian Gian ka huipūʻana me Fraunhofer wahahee ma kekahi o na nā hale hana ma Bavaria kŘpa a nā lio nui hana no ka hana i ua aniani. I ka pomaikai o ka? Eaia i maule hoʻohuihui ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hoʻopoepoe noi hoʻopapakū bapetizo ma ka lepo aniani koʻokoʻo. E like me ka hopena, ka mea, ua hiki ke loaa ka'ōnohi aniani o kupono quality, me ke anawaena o ka 250 mm o.

kēia? iecaianoaaiiuo

I ka makaukau ana o nā pōpō'ōnohi aniani hoʻohana mea hoʻonui mea me ka keleawe, selenium, ke gula, i ke kālā a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Keiki hele mai ana, mai ka'ōhui. Ua Ua Hoʻoili aʻela i loko o fireproof nā ipu hao, a, ma ka huli, ua waiho ia ma ka aniani mahele heheʻe i ka lua ahi. Ke kauoha haku mele 'ana e komo mai i ka 40% o ka wao aniani, i ka nui wahi mea i ka haku mele' ana o ke aniani cullet a me ka imu. Aniani heheʻe i sayings noke ho'āla me ka spatula i ka pālolo a platinum. Pela ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka homogeneous moku'āina.

Kekahi manawa, o ka mahele heheʻe i ka ua ia e hookolokolo, ma i ka kbps ua lāʻau. An ka hoʻokahuli o ka hoolapalapa loloʻa: i loko o ke aniani, mai clarifiers waiwai mua i hoʻohuiʻia ai i ka haku mele 'ana o ka' āhewa 'ana, hoʻomaka koho paa nui o ke kinoea. Ano nui Oe e ala koke,'ālunu i ka mea ia manawa liʻiliʻi Oe inevitably i hanaʻia i loko o ka imu kaʻina.

Ma ka hopena, e extracted na ipu, mai ke kapuahi, a laila anuanu lohi. Anuanu, ae hoolohi kūikawā 'ana i kūpono, hiki mau mai ana i na la ewalu paha. It e eʻaʻahu, a hiki e hana i loko o ka hū o ka ÿano aʻo nui i i mawae.

waiwai

'ōnohi aniani - he mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā aniani kaulona. Lakou, ma ka huli, e puunaueia ma ke 'ano i loko o ka o kaʻohiʻana a me ka liʻiliʻi ia. Ohi pili biconvex a me ka plano-convex maka aniani, a me ka concave-convex, koho i ka inoa o "maikaʻi meniscus".

Ke'ōnohi aniani i ka helu o nā 'ano:

• refractive inideka ua nānā 'ia e spectral laina elua, i ka poe i kaheaia paʻakai lole;
• ka awelika ka hakaka, a ua hoakakaia ma ka likeʻole ma waena o ka refractive Papa kuhikuhi o ka 'ulaʻula a me ka uliuli laina o ka pae;
• lakou hoopuehu ololi - i ka helu i haawiia mai ma ka lākiō o ka awelika lakou hoopuehu a me refractive inideka.

Nā pōpō'ōnohi aniani ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke omo kānana. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mea, ma laila nō ekolu ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka'ōnohi aniani:

• 'okanikaʻole;
• Plexiglas (aloha);
• mea pōhaku a me ke aloha.

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka'okanikaʻole aniani nā oxides a me fluorides. Fused'ōnohi aniani i pili i ka'okanikaʻole (Nine Inch haʻilula SiO _2). Pōaka i ka haʻahaʻa refractive 'inideka, a kiʻekiʻe' inideka o ka malamalama EYI, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma ka ia'ku i ka wela. Akea mäliko huahelu hiki ke hoʻohana i ke kālā no kele'ōlelo (puluniu optic uwea, etc.), like silicate aniani mea paʻa mau i loko o ka hana o ka'ōnohi nā aniani kaulona, no ka mea hoike, e ke kiʻiona aniani o ka pōaka.

Ma ke kumu o ka silikone

Ka aniani moakaka ka silica i aniani hiki e nā'ōnohi a me ka oaoieei. 'ōnohi ua hanaʻia ma ka hauneneʻe pōhaku aniani, wale no laila, loaa oo homogeneous 'ole. Ke opaque makaaniani kuleana no ke ano o ko ka poe liilii, kinoea Oe i loko o ka mea.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka silica i aniani hua ma luna o ka silikone kumu, a me ka ai-kapaia silikone aniani, a, ma naʻe o ka like waihona ipu, he okoa'ōnohi waiwai. Ke silikone hehee wale ke diffract X-kukuna a me he pāhawewe i ka kekahi.

plexiglass

Ka ai-kapaia acrylic aniani ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka kemikala pīlali mea. Kēia aniani moakaka, a me ka paa mea mea he thermoplastic, a ua pinepine hoʻohana like me ka hope no ka pōaka aniani. Plexiglas hoʻopale i na mea he nui? Aneie kumumea like me humidity a me ka haahaa wela, akā, ia mea nui softer a nolaila hou susceptible i me mechanical stress. No ka mea, no ka palupalu o ke aloha'ōnohi aniani pono i loko o ka aaioee - ka mea, e "lawe" a hiki i ka simplest mea paahana no ke kalai mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Kēia mea mea pono pono no ke kukuna lapaʻau, ka mea, he mama, e pili i kekahi kumu paha engraving. E like me ka maka aniani, ia wahi aku me ka Hōʻike 'welaʻula kukuna akā,? Aaeaao ultraviolet kukui a me ka X-kukuna.

palapala noi

'ōnohi aniani mea i lohe nui ia no ka hana nā aniani kaulona, a, ma ka huli, e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na mea he nui'ōnohi nenoai. Single o kaʻohiʻana maka aniani hoʻohana me ke kiʻiona aniani hoʻonui. Keʻano hana nā aniani kaulona mea nui i kekahi hapa o ka iniiaiie paha nenoai e like me binoculars, scopes, microscopes, theodolites, telescopes, Panel a me ka lako a pan.

Like nui nō ka'ōnohi aniani no ka pono o ka ophthalmology, no ka mea, me ia paʻakikī a me ka hiki ole ke hooponopono i ka hewa o ka ike (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, mai ka pioloke o ka noho a me nā maʻi). Eyeglass me diopters hiki ke i kekahi mai pōaka aniani, a me ka kbps ea.

kilohōkū

'ōnohi makaaniani mea nui, a me ka loa pipiʻi ke keʻena o kekahi telescope. He nui kânaka iho ohi i refractors, keia pono i kona wahi, akā, me ka mea nui wale nō - plano aniani maka aniani.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia e e kekahi mana Astronomical nā aniani kaulona, a nui kaʻoi loa ma luna o kona anaiia, ka mea hiki ke lawe mau makahiki. No ka laʻana, i ka 1982, a hiki i ka millionaire Charles Yerkes huli i ke poo o ke Kulanui o Chicago Vilyam Harper nonoi Waiwai pele. Yerkes waiho i loko o ka mea, ma kahi o ekolu haneri tausani dala, a me nā tausani koa i lilo ma ke kuai ana o nā aniani kaulona no ka mana nui i ka manawa o ka telescope ma ka Honua. Observatory i ka inoa hope o ka financier Yerkes, a no laila, hiki ua noʻonoʻo i ka nui i loko o ke ao nei i kēia refractor maka aniani me ke anawaena o ka 102 knm.

Telescopes me ke anawaena nui nā reflectors, aia no he malamalama-kaʻohiʻana aniani hehee ai.

Aia o kekahi ano o nā aniani kaulona hoʻohana ma kilohōkū, a ma ka ophthalmology - aniani me ka convex-concave surfaces, a ua kapaia ka meniscus. Ua hiki e mai o ÿelua: ka hoopuehu a me ka ohi. Ke hoopuehu meniscus palena hapa pūhaka oaio a thinner i loko o ka ohi mea he kikowaena hapa.