Patronage - Ua ... Famous Kau waihona. kēia Kau waihona

Ke aloha ... i ka hua'ōlelo mea,ʻaʻole nō kama'āina iā mākou. A pau i lohe ia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, hoʻokahi houʻana i loko o ke ola, akā, i ka pono, e wehewehe i ka pā o ka manawa ma lalo o ka ikaika mea,ʻaʻole no ka kela mea keia mea. A he kaumaha, no ka mea, Rusia ua mau Ua kaulana no ka mea i ke aloha a me ka philanthropy i ka integral hapa o kona moolelo loa.

He aha ka philanthropy?

Inā 'oe e noi aku i kekahi ee e ia patronage, mau kanaka e makemake ana, i koke, e haawi aku i ka plausible olelo. Ae, ua lohe o ka waiwai kanaka a pau i ka hoʻolako 'ana i kālā kōkua i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, orphanages, Ho' Oponopono, na keiki o ka haʻuki a papa hana, keiki Artists, hoʻokani pila a me ka haku mele. Akā, ina paha a pau keia kōkua mea patronage? Aloha nō ke aloha a me ke kākoʻo. Pehea eʻike këia mau manaÿo mai kekahi i kekahi? E maopopo i kēia mau luna 'nīnūnē a kōkua i kēia' atikala.

Patronage - o ka mea 'ole' ē aʻe kākoʻo i nā noa kanaka, aka ma ka hoʻonohonohoʻia e like me lunamakaainana o ka moʻomeheu a me ke akamai.

I ka moolelo o ka muli mai o ka makahiki

Ke kumu o ka hua'ōlelo ua koi ia maoli mōʻaukala kanaka. Ia Gaio, Maecenas - 'aneʻi nona ka inoa i lilo synonymous. Noble Roman alii, ÷ ino o ka Emperor Octavian, ua kaulana no ko lakou kokua i ka haku mele loea a me nā kākau moʻolelo hoomaau ia e na Aupuni. He Ua hoopakele mai o ka make ana o ka mea kākau o ka "Aeneid" make ole Virgil a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe Artists kona ola i hooweliweli no ka pili kalai aupuni kumu.

Mākou a pau i loko o Rome, a me ka waihona o ke akamai, ke ole ia Gaio, Maecenas. No ke aha la ka mea i ka hale ka inoa, a ua lilo ia i kēia manawa? I ka mea e pau ai ka'ē aʻe waiwai he poe hana lokomaikai hoole, e ku mai no ka makaia o haku mele paha artist mai o ka makau o ka Auguseto. Akā, o Gaio Maecenas i i Octavian Augustus loa ikaika keiki, a ua mai makau, e hele ku e aku i kona makemake a me na kuko. He hoola i ka Vergil. No ia mea, kākoʻo i ka pili mau hoa o ka Auguseto, a no ka mea, o ka mea i hāʻule mai o ka lokomaikaʻi. A me ka mea wale nō kanaka i hele mai i kona kōkua, - Kau waihona. Nolaila, i nalowale i ka inoa o ka mea 'ē aʻe Kau waihona no kenekulia, aʻo ia e noho mau loa i loko o ka hoomanao ana o ka poe i selflessly kōkua a pau kona ola.

I ka moolelo o ka muli o ke patronage

Ke mau lā o ka helehelena o ka patronage hiki ole ke kapaia. C. Brewer mea wale nō ka mea i ka pono no ka kōkua i ka 'elele o ka no oe ma ka aoao o ka mana a me ka waiwai o kanaka i na manawa a pau mamua. Ke kumu no ka mea kōkua, heʻokoʻa. Kekahi kanaka maoli aloha oe, a me ka manao pono ho'āʻo e kōkua haku mele, Artists a me nā mea hoʻokani pila. No na mea e ae, ka mea, ua he kanaka waiwai paha i ka auhau, e like paha me ka makemake e hōʻike iā ia iho lokomaikaʻi mau pou a me ka haipule haipule a pau iloko o ka maka o ke koena o ke kaiāulu. Ka mana ho'āʻo e patronize i nā mea noʻeau, a me ka manao, e hoopaa iho ia lakou ma ka hoolohe wale mai.

Pela, ua patronage i loko o ka wā ma hope o ka hanana o ka moku'āina. I kahiko, a me ka Middle Ages haku mele a me nā Artists ua i loko o ka moku'āina o kaukaʻi mai na Aupuni. Ka mea, ua aneane wahi lulu ka noho kauā kuapaʻa. Ua malama keia kulana a hiki i ka'opi o ka feudal nenoaiu.

I ka wā o ka piha aupuni mō'ī ke kākoʻo i ke ano o ka hoomau, hoʻolilo 'ia', hanohano, 'aha hoʻokolokolo pou.

Ke aloha a me ka philanthropy - Ua loaʻa he okoa?

Aia o kekahi huikau me ka terminology a me ka manaÿo o ka philanthropy, ke aloha a me ke kākoʻo. kauoha a pau no ia mau mea kōkua, akā, i ka likeʻole ma waena o ia mea nō loa ai nui, a me ka hoailona o ka like makemake e he kuhihewa. He kumukuai o ke kokoke nana ma ke kahe ana o terminology. O ka manaÿo ekolu o ka loa 'okoʻa ke kākoʻo a me ka patronage. Ka mua kau kēia e kōkua ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, a i ke kālele 'ana ma kekahi hana. No ka laʻana, e kākoʻo i ka artist hiki ke hoomaopopo i ka Loulou o kiʻi a e hōʻike 'ia i kona inoa i loko o ka Media. Aloha kau, ka ke kākoʻo mea e loaa kekahi pomaikai. Patronage - Ua disinterested a me ka gratuitous kōkua i ka mea noʻeau, a me ka moʻomeheu. Maecenas ole e kālele ana ma luna o noho hou pomaikai no lakou iho.

I kekahiʻanuʻu kēia kumuhana - aloha. He kokoke loa i ka manaʻo o ka patronage, a me ka likeʻole ma waena o ia mea māhunehune kekahi '. Kēia ke kōkua ka poe i nele, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE maka pua o ke aloha i Konakele.ʻaneʻi. I ka manaʻo o ke aloha loa nui a me ka patronage hana me kona maopopo type.

No ke aha la e poʻe komo i loko o patronage?

Lūkini philanthropists a me Kau waihona mau mai nā Western i kona kokoke ana i kōkua nā lālā o nā kilokilo ana. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i Rusia, ka patronage - o ka mea kākoʻo i ka mea mai o ke ano o ke aloha, he makemake e kōkua me ka lawe i kekahi pomaikai no lakou iho. Ma ka West keia manawa kaua ma ka mai ke aloha, e like me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana a kū'ē lula mai ia. Nolaila,ʻaneʻi e kamailio e pili ana i ka piha unselfishness ole i ke Akua.

No ke aha lā i ka XVIII kenekulia Lūkini nō Kau waihona e increasingly e hoomaka ana e patronize i nā mea noʻeau, a me sciences, e kūkulu hale waihona puke, Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, a me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni?

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ka hoʻokukeʻana ikaika 'aneʻi i ka kēia mau kumu - kiʻekiʻe pono, pono a me ka hoʻomana Kau waihona. Public manao ua 'Imi kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o ke aloha, a me ke aloha. Pololei mau mooolelo a me ka haipule hoʻonaʻauao ua alakai aku ia ia i ke ao alohilohi i kŰia i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Rusia like me ka uluʻana nō patronage i loko o ka hopena o XIX - i kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia.

Ke aloha i loko o Rusia. I ka moolelo o ka kumu, a me ka moku'āina ka e pili ana i na hana

Ke aloha a me ka philanthropy i loko o Rusia i ka lōʻihi a me ka hohonu i waha. E nakiki iho ia i loko o ka mua wahi, mahope mai o ka helehelena o ke Karistiano i loko o Kievan Rus. Oiai ke aloha ola like pono'ī kōkua i ka poʻeʻilihune. I ka mua o ia hana pū ma ka ekalesia wehe hospices no ka mea kūpuna, ka polokalamu JavaScript a me ka nawaliwali a me ka haukapila. Omaka ke aloha i Prince Vladimir, formally koiia e komo i ka ekalesia, a me ka hale mōneka o ka lehulehu ke aloha.

ʻO kēia Lūkini Kiaaina, puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi 'oihana e nonoi ana, nae, hoomau iho la oia e lawe mālama ana i ka oiaio nele. E hoʻomau i ka kūkulu Ho 'Oponopono, almshouses, orphanages no ka mea illegitimate, a me ka mentally maʻi.

Ke aloha i loko o Rusia i ana ke kino i ke aloha i ka wahine. No oi i kōkua i ka nele o ka Empress Ana I, Maria Feodorovna a me Elizabeth A ..

I ka moolelo o ka philanthropy i loko o Rusia, mai ka pau ana mai o ka XVIII kenekulia, ka wā e lilo i keʻano o ke aloha.

Ka mua Lūkini Kau waihona

Ka mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini oe haipule ua helu Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov. Kekahi o ka mea nui landowners o ka aina, i ka pakuhi Ua kaulana loa me ka lokomaikaʻi he poe hana lokomaikai a me ka ÿauhau. A hailona o ka hele, Stroganov i hoihoi i ka i hoʻouluulu i ka ohi ana i pena, nā pōhaku a me nā malihini. A hailona o ka manawa, i ke kala a me ka ho'āʻo pono Earl uku i ka hooulu ana o ka moʻomeheu a me ka akamai, e i kōkua a kākoʻo i na kaulana haku mele me Gabriel Derzhavin a me Ivan Krylov.

A hiki i ka pau ana o kona ola helu Stroganov i ka paʻa Peresidena o ka imperial Halau o Arts. I ka Ia manawa,ʻo ia ua i hoonohoia maluna o ka imperial Public Library, a ua kona mea kuhikuhi. Ka mea, ua i ka hana o ka Kazan Hale Pule Nui ma luna o kona Initiative, ke komo pū ole haole a me ka Lūkini nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone.

People e like Stroganov wehe i ke ala no mahope Kau waihona, selflessly a me ka manao pono kōkua i ka hooulu ana o ka moʻomeheu a meʻoe i loko o Rusia.

Ka mamo aliʻi kaulana o ka Demidov, na Mamua o ka Lūkini metallurgical hana, ua ikeia no ka,ʻaʻole wale nō he nui na makana i ka hanalima kūpono 'ana o ke aupuni, akā, no hoi no kona aloha. Mamo aliʻi 'elele i malama o ka Moscow University, a hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokuʻu' ana no nā haumāna mai haʻahaʻa-loaa mau ohana. Ka mea, wehe i ka mua kalepa kula no na keiki o ka poʻe kālepa. Mau kōkua Demidov lopa ka home. I ka manawa hoʻokahi nō ka mea i hana ma kaʻaha kanaka o ke no oe ohi. Ka mea, ua lilo ka honua i ka nui loa o na hoiliili ole.

Kekahi kaulana haipule a me Loulou o o ka XVIII kenekulia - helu Nikolay Petrovich Sheremetev. He ua he connoisseur o na akamai, o ka oi aku hale kiaka.

I ka manawa,ʻo ia ua kaulana no ka mea scandalous mare ana i kona aina iho, i ka hale keaka mea hana keaka Praskovya Zhemchugovoy. Ua koke make, a i hoʻoili ai i kāna kāne,ʻaʻole e haʻalele i ka mea o ke aloha. Helu Sheremetev ko ia noi. Part o ke kapikalaʻo ia malaila ma ka kōkua i artisans a me haawina wahine mare. Ma kona Initiative, i ka hana o ka hospices ma Moscow. He pū ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o ka hana o ka hale a me ka luakini.

A kūikawā na makana i ka hooulu ana o philanthropy poe kuai

He nui nā kanaka kēia manawa i ka pono hewa manaʻo e pili ana i ka Lūkini kalepa papa XIX-XX kenekulia. Ua ua hana ma lalo o ke keiki Soviet Film a me ka palapala, ai 'hana, ma i ka ahu iho la ua paku ole ia i ke kaiāulu o ka ua i ka loa unsightly ano. All poʻe kālepa lākou mau poʻo i nānā poorly hoʻonaʻauao, hoʻomōhala wale nō ma luna o ka hana ana i ka waiwai i loko o kekahi alanui kanaka ana loa devoid o ke aloha, a me ke aloha no kekahi poe e ae. He fundamentally ka hewa manaʻo. O ka holo ana, 'ia i mau ma laila, a e ia, akā, ka hapanui poe kalepa, he i ka loa a me ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i informative hapa o ka lehulehu,ʻaʻole helu, a papa, i ka hanohano.

Akā, i waena o ka hanohanoʻohana o ka poe hana lokomaikai a me Kau waihona hiki ke helu ma ka manamanalima. Ke aloha i loko o Rusia - loa kānaka apau i mākaukau o ke kalepa papa.

Mākou i mua pokole oleloia, ke kumu o kanaka i ka hoʻomaka 'ana e komo i loko o patronage. No ka hapanui o ka poʻe kālepa a me ka Manufacturers ke aloha ua lilo kokoke i ka aoao o ke ola, ka mea, ua lilo i integral hiʻona o keʻano. Eia ke kūlana hoʻokani ma ka mea e nui waiwai poʻe kālepa a me nā moni he i nā mamo o ka Old poe manaoio, i i wehewehe aku ma ka hana pili i ke dala a me ka waiwai. A ua iki okoa ma mua, no ka laʻana i ka heluia, o ka Lūkini pāʻoihana a hiki i ka ha awina, ma ke Komohana. No ka ia, ka waiwai - mea ole ka fetish, kuai - i ke kumu o ka pono, akā, e aho i kekahi hana i hookauia iho e ke Akua.

Lawe mai i loko o ka hohonu kahuna mooolelo, Lūkini kāne e-philanthropists i manaoio i ua haawiia waiwai ma ka ke Akua, a, no laila, no ka mea, he mea e pono ia e kuleana. I ka mea, aole lakou i manaoio aku i ka malama, e komo i loko o ke ola. Akā, ia ia i coerced. Na mea a pau i hanaʻia ma ke kahea ana o ka uhane.

Famous Russian nō Kau waihona o ka 19th kenekulia

Kēia manawa ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka heyday o philanthropy ma Rusia. Ka hoʻomaka o kokololio oicyenoaaiiie ulu ka pilina e hīkākā nei i ka manaʻo laulā a me ka lokomaikaʻi o ka waiwai kanaka.

Famous Kau waihona XIX-XX kenekulia - loa pinepine na elele o ke kalepa papa. Na brightest lunamakaainana - Paulo Mihaylovich Tretyakov, a me kona emi kaulana hoahanau Sergei Mikhailovich.

Au pono aku nei au ia Tretyakovs poʻe kālepa i lilo nui waiwai. Akā, i ole keia ia pono e ohi i pena o kaulana Artists, Noho ma luna o ia i ka nui dala. Sergey ua oi hoihoi i loko o Western Europa pena. Ma hope o kona makeʻana,ʻo ia i hoʻoili ai i ka ohi i kona kaikaina, i komo i ka ohi ana i pena e Paulo Mikhailovich. Hoʻolauna i ka 1893, i ka inoa o ke akamai gale ma hope o nā Lūkini Kau waihona nui. Inā mākou e kamailio wale e pili ana i ka ohi ana o Paulo i pena, ma ka wa e ola haipule Tretyakov hoolilo ia ma luna o ka mea e pili ana i ka miliona rubles. An mea hiki ole dala no ia mau manawa.

He hoʻomaka 'o kona ohi ana i Lūkini pena Tretyakov i loko o kona wa opiopio. E like laila, ka mea, ua like ka pahu hopu - e wehe i ka aina lehulehu gale, i kekahi i noa ka hookipaia e ia, a hui i ka masterpieces o Lūkini nō.

Brothers Tretyakov ua aie i ka nani kia o Lūkini patronage - ka Tretyakov Gallery.

Maecenas Tretyakov i ka wale haipule o nā papa hana hana noʻeau i loko o Rusia. Savva Ivanovich Mamontov, he 'elele o ka nohoaliʻi ai kaulana, o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me ka hana ana o ka nui Lūkini hoino aku? Ooia. He i imi kona kaulana, a pau loa ia indifferent i ka hoʻolilo 'ia'. Kona kuko wale i ke aloha o ke akamai. Savva iho ua i ka hana ana 'ano, a me kona aayoaeuiinoe ma ka mea hoʻokaumaha loa. E like me ia wā,ʻo ia ke lilo i ka nani keaka mele hoolea (ʻo ia a hiki i kaumaha aku ai i ka hana ma ke kahua o ka Italia keaka mele hale), a me ka sculptor.

Kona waiwai Abramtsevo, huli i loko o ka maʻi o ka home no Lūkini Artists. Eia mau, he Vrubel, Repin, Vasnetsov, Serov, a me Chaliapin. A pau o ia Mamontov hoʻolako kālā kōkua a me ka patronage. Akā, no ka nui kākoʻo philanthropist i hoomakaukau mai ai i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni kilokilo ana.

Danau lokomaikai hana o kona poe hoahanau a me ka pāʻoihana i na hoalawehana i manao ai i hawawa mau manao wale,, akā, i ka i i hooki aku ia ia. I ka pau ana o ke ola Savva ikea i hōkaiʻia, a pakele o ka hale paʻahao. He Ua hewa, akā, e komo ma ka hana i hiki ole. A hiki i ka pau ana o kona ola i kākoʻo 'ia e nā mea a pau ka poe i ka poe ana i hookahi kōkua selflessly.

Savva Timofeevich Morozov - he mea kupaianaha philanthropist modesty e kōkua mai i ka Art Kino ma ke ano i kona inoa,ʻaʻole e'ōleloʻia e pili ana i kēia i loko o nā nūpepa. A ua hoomakaukau na lala 'ē aʻe o kēiaʻana invaluable kōkua i loko o ka ulu ana o ka moʻomeheu a me ke akamai. Sergey Timofeevich Morozov kilo ma Lūkini Nani Loa, a noi aku la ia oe, i kona ohi i ka waena o ka Handicraft Museum ma Moscow. Ivan Abramovich ua he haipule o ka mea ike ole ia Marc Chagall.

modernity

Ke kipi, a mahope hanana koke maila kona mau mooolelo nui o Lūkini patronage. A ma hope o ka Soviet Union ua he lōʻihi manawa ma mua, he mea hou Kau waihona o kēia Rusia. No ia philanthropy - ia mea māhele o ka 'oihana' i hoʻonohonoho 'ia hanana. Eia naʻe, ke aloha theme, a mai ka makahiki i ka makahiki e lilo ana i poe hanohano i loko o Rusia, e olelo iki e pili ana i ka Media. Ka lehulehu i ike o wale i kekahi mau hihia, akā, ka hapanui o ka hana o nā kākoʻo ana ma, Kau waihona a me ka lokomaikai aku kālā paa ma ka heluna kanaka. Inā 'oe e ninau i kekahi ee: "He aha kēia Kau waihona e ike ia oe", ia meaʻaʻole paha kekahi, e pane i kēia nīnau. Ia manawa, i kēia mau kanaka pono, e ike.

I waena o nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā Lūkini 'Imi komo i loko o ke aloha hana i loko o ka wahi mua ia e ke hoʻomaopopo i ka Peresidena "Interros" Vladimir Potanin ka paa ana poʻe, i ka 2013 a haʻi maila iaʻo Kalani'ōpuʻu i kona waiwai, e aloha. Ua ua io he nani loa hoakaka. He hoʻomaka 'ana i kekahi kumu e koho i kona inoa, a ua hana i ka nui-me ka unahiʻole, i ke kumuhana i loko o ke kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana a me ka moʻomeheu. Like lunahoomalu o ka Papa o Kahu no ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele, mea, ua mohai aku la ia ia 5 miliona rubles.

Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska, kekahi o Rusia ka richest a loa influential kāne e, o ka hoʻokumu o ke aloha puu dala "noa hana", i ua uku kālā mai pilikino kālā pāʻoihana. Ke Foundation pau keia la oi ma mua o 400 papa hana, ka Bedroom o ka a ua like me ka huina o ka aneane 7 ieeeea? Rubles. Deripaska ua komo i loko o ke aloha hana i loko o ke kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana,' epekema a me ka moʻomeheu, a me nā haʻuki. Nō hoʻi, i ka puu dala e hoʻolako kōkua i ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele, he nui hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, monasteries a me ka hoʻonaʻauao-oaio? A ma ka aina.

Ma ke kūlana o philanthropists i loko o kēia Rusia ke hana ole wale nui hana, akā, i luna a me nā kālepa hale. Ke aloha pū i loko o "Gazprom", JSC "Lukoil", CB "Alfa Bank" a he nui nā poʻe a me nā kapa a puʻu.

I makemake makemake e hōʻike Dmitriya Borisovicha Zimina, i hoʻokumu a OJSC "Vimpel-Hoʻokaʻa '". Mai 2001, loaʻa mea hānai ka puka waiwai o ka poe, hoi aku la oia, a hoolilo ia ia iho i ka loa ke aloha. He hoʻokumu i ka ia nā kumu kāki "Illuminator" a me ka "ʻana" puu dala. E like me ka hapanui Zimin, a pau ke kapikalaʻo ia hâʻawi wale 'ia ke aloha loa noa. He hana i ka Foundation i ua kākoʻo kumu 'epekema ma Rusia.

O ka holo ana, ke kālā no philanthropy i ole ma o ka 'ilikai i i ike i ka "gula" o ka XIX kenekulia. Ano ia mea Patchy, oiai na philanthropists o ka hala kenekulia i hoomakaukau i ka moʻomeheu a me ka 'epekema o kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana kākoʻo.

Ua loaʻa ka wā e hiki mai ana o philanthropy ma Rusia?

April 13 ia he kupanaha Holiday - ka Day o ka philanthropist a me ka haipule o nā papa hana hana noʻeau i loko o Rusia. Ka lā ua hopena mākaʻikaʻi ai i ka lā hānau o Gaio Maecenas, i ka Roma haipule o nā haku mele, a Artists, a me kona inoa ua lilo synonymous i ka hua'ōlelo "philanthropist". Ke initiator o kaʻahaʻaina i ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele, na poe ma kona kuhikuhi Mikhail Piotrovsky. Kēia lā ua i ka lua o ka inoa - o ka Lā o ka Mahalo. Mua i olelo ia ia i ka 2005 a me ka mea, ua manaolana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai,ʻaʻoleʻo ia e nele i kona pilina.

Ano, he mea i kekahi henua e pili ana i ka patronage. Kekahi o na kumu nui no keia mea i ka henua e pili ana i ka waiwai kanaka i loko o nā kūlana o na i keia la, a pau ka ikaika kaiapili stratification. No kekahi hihia ma ua pinepineʻole mai o ka waiwai mea,ʻaʻole loa pono a hiki i ka hapa nui o ka heluna kanaka o ia hoʻi. Akā, loaʻa nā helu o ka waiwai kanaka a me ka poe i haawi miliona i ke ana a me ka malama ana o 'epekema a me ka moʻomeheu, a me nā lokomaikai aku ae paha. A ka mea makemake e nui ina ke aupuni hoohihiaia e pili ana i ka mea i na inoa o ka Contemporary Lūkini nō Kau waihona i lilo ike i ke ākea pōʻai o kanaka.