Pōkole Kawaihae Radischeva Aleksandra Nikolaevicha. Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana i ka mea kākau moʻolelo

Radishchev ma kana hana kaulana, kakau iho la o pehea inhumane lilo konohiki a me kā lākou mau serfs. He kaulana i ka nele o ka pono o na kanaka, a me ka ikaika perpetrated ma luna ona. Alexander i mea e hoohalike o ke kipi ana o serfs, kipakuia i ka manao. No keia mea, he e uku aloha nui. Ua hoouna Aleksandra Radischeva i loko o ke pioʻana ... Me nā mea a pau i kēia a me ka mea 'ē aʻeʻoe i haʻi mai Kawaihae Radishchev.

me Kinohi Radishcheva

E ka hoʻomaka me ka hōʻike o ko mākou meʻe. Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich - ke kaulana Lūkini kākau moʻolelo a me ka follower o "hoʻonaʻauao kālaiʻike." Kawaihae Radishcheva hoʻomaka August 31, 1749 (Old Style - 20 August). Ua Ua laila, hanau Alexander. Radischev Afanasiy Prokopevich, ke kupuna kāne o ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo, ua kekahi o Petero ka amusing. He kū aʻela i ke ano o ka brigadier. Kana keiki ma Rotehama Athanasius Petrovich i hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i ka pono. Ma Rotehama ua Afanasievich Radishchev Saratov landowner. A me Thekla Stepanovna, Alexander ka makuwahine ua mai o ka 'ohana Argamakovyh, he hanohano ohana kahiko. O kana makahiapo-kane, ua Alexander Radishchev. Kawaihae a me na hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui i kaulana ma ia inoa.

Aʻo i loko o ka Ablyazov pono ma Moscow

makua o ka waiwai i aia i loko o ke keena Ablyazov. Alexander aʻo i ka heluhelu, a kākau Russian ma ka Psalter, a me ka buke o Nā hola. I kona ua 6 makahiki kahiko, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka'ōlelo Farani, akā, i ke kumu o ka poʻe uʻi a hoao iho la ia e ka nele. Ua Ua hope aoia i ka Farani i kekahi kanaka mahuka koa. Makua manao, e hoouna aku i Moscow kana keiki. Here oia i waiho ai i ka malama ana o ka Farani-aʻoʻia, ka mea mua i ka kuhikuhi ana i ka hale kanawai o Rouen, akā, ka mea, he e holo i pakele ai mai ka hoomaau ana o Louis XV.

Ua hoouna Alexander i ka 1756 a hiki i ke kula aliʻi, o ma ke Kulanui o Moscow. Eono makahiki o ka hoomau aʻo i loko o laila. Ma Moscow, ma September 1762 ka poni ana o Ana II. He nui nā aliʻi i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai i ka hoouka i ke kaua ma luna o kēia manawa. Kawaihae Radishchev Ua kaha maha e ano nui i hanana no ia ma 25 Nowemapa: Alexander i haawi mai ai i nāʻaoʻao.

Like Radishchev hele wale aku no

He hiki ma St. Petersburg ma January 1764, a ua aʻo ma ka pūʻali Pages i 1766 A lohe o Ana Hoʻoholo ihola e hoouna aku i ka 'epekema haʻawina ma Leipzig 12 opiopio noblemen, a me - 6' aoʻao, kūlana e piʻi like ma o ke aʻo a me ka hana, ua lilo kekahi o ka laki poʻe a me Radishchev . I ka wa i hoouna aku i na haumana, Ana II kino palapala kuhikuhi i ka mea a lakou e hana ai. Nui ke kālā i ua häʻawi mai ai iä lākou maʻiʻo - i mua no ka 800 rubles, a ma ka 1769 - hoʻokahi tausani no ka makahiki.

Life ma Leipzig

Eia naʻe, Major Bocoum, Ua kau like ke caregiver i nā kaukaualiʻi, e aua ana i nui dala i loko o lākou ka lokomaikaʻiʻia mai, no laila, nā haumāna e pono ai. Radishchev, kona Kawaihae mākou i hoihoi i loko, kamailio e pili ana i kona noho ana ma kahi e aku i loko o ka "Life o FV Ushakov". Mākou, ua kokoke nā papa o ka opiopio kanaka ma Leipzig. Ka mea, aʻo kālaiʻike, kānāwai, mōʻaukala. Mamuli o ke kauoha Ana II mau kauoha, i nā haumāna ke ke pū ma ka makemake, a me "ka mea'ē aʻe sciences." Radishchev koho kemika a me ka laau lapaau. He lilo hoihoi i loko o ia mau mea,ʻaʻole e like me ka loira, akā, mea nui. Alexander a hiki i hala ma luna o ke kauka o ka hookolokolo ana, a ana pū ma ka lapaau. Kekahi o kana mau punahele mea, e noho mau loa me ka papa ma ka kemika. Radishchev ike kekahi mau 'ōlelo (he Roma, Palani, Kelemānia). Ma hope,ʻo ia hoʻi i lohe mai Italian a me ka Pelekania. Ma hope o Noho 5 makahiki ma Leipzig, Radishchev, e like me kona mau hoa, ka mea, ua poina i ka Lūkini 'ōlelo. A hoomaka ae la oia e hana me ia ma luna o lākou e hoʻi i Rusia ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Ekateriny Hrapovitskogo kakauolelo.

A hoʻi hou aʻela ia St. Petersburg, i mālama ai i loko o ka Senate

Ma ka pau 'ana o aʻo Alexander lilo i aoia loa ke kanaka, a ma ia manawa ua ole he puu,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ko kakou aupuni akā, i loko o ke ao nei. I ka 1771 Radishchev hoi i St. Petersburg. He koke hui i ka moʻo'ōlelo a hiki i ka Senate. Ke ano o ka titular Kuhina Alexander pokole i mālama likeʻeha ilihune ike i ka 'ōlelo, a me kekahi kaupaona ma ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē' ana bosses a me clerks ē aʻe.

Service ma ka ke keʻena luna o Bryusova I V kamerts College, mare

Radishchev Hoʻoholo ihola e komo i ka ke keʻena luna o ke Kuhina-ma-Nui o Bryusov, ka mea i kauoha mai ai i loko o St. Petersburg. He lilo ka luna Luna Hooia. Alexander i ka 1775 hoi, e ala ana i ka ano o ka lua nui. Rubanovskii, kekahi o kona mau hoa o Leipzig, hoʻolauna Aleksandra Radischeva me ka 'ohana o kaikuaʻana. Anna Vasilievna, ke kaikamahine o ka hope, a me ka mare Alexander.

I ka 1778, oia hou-hoʻolālā i loko o nā kamerts-papa no ke kūlana o ka assessor. I ka 1788, i hoololiia Radishchev i ka St. Petersburg aoao. He lilo hope manakia, a laila manakia. Ma na aoao, a me ka kamerts College Alexander Radishchev kūlana wa i ka hana, selflessness, nui e pili ana i kā lākou mau hana.

Ka mua ka palapala, ai hana

Heluhelu a me ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina Lūkini'ōlelo, alakai aku la ia ia e ho'ōla i kāna mau palapala, ai 'Eia kekahi laʻana. I ka 1773, Radishchev paʻi i ka unuhi ana i na hana o Mably, a laila, hoomaka ae la e e mōʻaukala o Rusia o ke Senate, akā, luku iho la i ka palapala.

O ka puke, a ua lawe mai kona kaulana a me ka lilo ona

Kawaihae Radishcheva nei i ka make ana o kana aloha wahine. Ua hiki i ka 1783. Ma hope iho o kēia, Alexander hoʻoholo ihola e plunge i loko o ka palapala, ai 'hana, a loaʻa ia hōʻoluʻolu. He paʻi i ka 1789 "Ka Life o Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova ...". Radishchev, lawe ka lanakila o ka manao paa o Empress o noa pai mea kanu, hoomaka i loko o kona hale iho, a ua hookuu ia ma 1790, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kana hana me ke kuleana "Holoʻana mai St. Petersburg a hiki i Moscow."

A hiki i ka puke i hikiwawe loa kuai mai. Wiwo ole a kuhi Alexander Nikolaevich no serfdom, e like me nāʻike manaʻo o ka pili a me ka pilina i ke ola ana o ia manawa i kekahi i ka loa Ana II, i kekahi i "Travel ...".

Censorship hala "Momi O ..."

Nui hoʻi kona hoihoi Kawaihae Radishchev. Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana ia ia, ua lehulehu. Ka mea hiki ole pono i loko o ka waihona o ka hoʻokahi 'atikala. Naʻe, i kekahi o ia mau mea, e oiaio no e oleloia. Book Radishchev Ua hookuu ia me ka ae o ka ahalunakanawai decorum, oa ka huapalapala o censorship. Eia naʻe, e kū'ē i ke kumu o nā mea a pau i ka hana i hoomaka. Pehea o kēia hiki? Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka "Momi O ..." i hooholoia censorship pono, no ka mea censor manao i kēia alakaʻi. Ua, ma mua kilohi, ka mea, i mea ai - ke poʻo ua haawiia keia i ka wahi a me na kulanakauhale. Censor Nānā maʻiʻo wale, a i ole delve i loko o ka puke.

Hopu a me ka hoahewa ia

Mākou i koke aoia i ke kumu o ka hana, e like me kona inoa i loko o ka puke i ole i hoakaka ia. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hopu ana o ke kalepa Zotov, i ka hale kūʻai i kuai lilo aku i ka hana o Radishchev mākou i aʻo ia ia i ka mea ino-ola me ka make Alexander i kākau, a paʻi i kona hana. Radishchev i hopu, a me kona mau hihia i "waihoia mai i ka" alakai Sheshkovsky. Empress poina i Alexander Radishchev aʻo "maoli kānāwai" a ma waho, a me ka pūʻali Pages, i iho la, haawi mai i ka ae, e hai aku a hai aku i na loina o ke kanaka, a i oleloia ma ka "Travel". Ana II reacted i ka hana o Alexander Nikolayevich me ka nui pilikino loa. Empress Radishchev limahana mea, a kauoha aku ma Bezborodko okoa mea.

Alexander i loko o ka hale kākela, kahi āna i interrogated Sheshkovsky. Pinepine ae la oia i olelo ia i ka walania, hoole Radischev puke i kākauʻia e ia. Pōkole Kawaihae no ia, naʻe, e ole kala i ka mea i loko o kona hoike ana, ua make pinepine loaʻa ai i ua mau kino i ka mea i kākau i nā loko o kāna hana. Mākou meʻe o ka olelo o ka walania i manao e mitigate i ka hoopai, e olelo hooweliweli aku ia ia. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia hiki ole ia oe ke huna i kona hilinaʻi Radishchev.

Pōkole Kawaihae o kona hope makahiki, Ua kūlohelohe. Ua mea akaka i ka hopena o Alexander Nikolayevich i Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i mua. He Ua loaʻa hewa ia ia ma ka manao paa o ka hookolokolo ana. Ua Ua i kekahi manawa pōkole ana o ke karaima keena. Kona maʻiʻo hōʻike ma ka palapala i ke Kauna Bezborodko Bruce, he Alihikaua Nui la ma St. Petersburg. Radishchev i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make.

Mitigating hoʻopaʻi

Ua hooholoia ma ka Senate, a laila, i ka 'Aha o ka'ōlelo i ua hookupaa iho la ia i loko o nā o kēia mau mea he nui, a laila, hooku iho la ia i ka Empress. September 4, 1790 Ua puka mai ka edict,ʻae Alexander Nikolaevich hewa o ka hewa a me nā kūlana hana kupa hoohiki paiia o kēia puke. Waina Aleksandra Radischeva, Ma waho o laila, ka poe i ka mea hewaʻiʻo i ka make uku. Eia naʻe, mai o ke aloha, a ma hope o ka hopena o ka maluhia Kuikahi me Kuekene ia ka nui hoopai i UAIAaIN ma ka pili ana i ka Ilim halepaahao, ke aupuni 'o Siberia. He e noho ma laila no 10 makahiki. Au i koke i loko o hooko i ke kauoha.

Hard makahiki o ke pio

Paʻakikī manawa ua hoano e Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. Kona Kawaihae paha ma kekahi pilikia ho'āʻo koke ma hope o sentencing. ʻO wai ka mea i hopuia ma ke kauwela o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i laweʻia aku ai me ka mehana kapa mai o ka pā kaua. Apparently, Ana II manaolana, ua loaa ana i kona i kona manao, e lilo ma ke ala e Radishchev ia e. Ua ua ikeia e helu Vorontsov hoouna aku i ke kālā i ka Kiaaina o Tver i Aleksandru Radischevu i kuai nā mea a pau e pono ai no ka huakaʻi lōʻihi.

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev, kona Kawaihae mau Ilim halepaahao, noho 'aneʻi no ka aneane 5 makahiki. Naʻe, oia i pauaho a. Radishchev lapaau ana na kamaaina. Alexander variolating keiki, e iai? Oaiaaiiua ma ka hale he uuku umu, kahi i lilo ai ae hoʻolele Pottery. A, o ka papa, ae hoomau ana i kana palapala, ai '' oihana.

Ua noa i ka noonoo ana o Laielohelohe i ke kaumaha hopena o ka mea kākau moʻolelo kaulana like Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Pōkole Kawaihae no ia e ole e hala, a ua ka hoohewaia e kau mai ai ma luna ona, ua hiki ole. Ua nui na manawa i hui, he mau lono i Alexander kalaia, i kona makemake koke hoʻi, mai ke pio. Naʻe, ka mea, i ole hoaponoia mai.

Aina e me EV Rubanovskii

Ma Siberia hele mai i ona lā EV Rubanovskaya, i ke kaikuwahine o kona make wahine, a lawe mai la kana mau keiki muli iho me (e e hoʻonaʻauaoʻia nō nā keiki noho me ka hoahanau). Radishchev i Ilimsk i aikane oe i keia wahine. Naʻe, i ka pono, e mare, aole lakou i i. Ua equated e incest, a ua i ka 'aʻe' o ka ekalesia rula. I ke pioʻana Radishchev Elizabeth V. hanau ekolu keiki. Ua make i ka 1797, mai ka anu i loko o Tobolsk, hoi mai, mai ke pioʻana i ka wa. Naʻe, i ka mama o ka wahine i mua mai i ka Decembrists,ʻaʻole wale nō ia i mahalo ma o kona wā. A hiki ma hope o ka make ana o Elizabeth V. ia me Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem hoomau iho la oia i ka'Āhewa. A lohe o Radishchev wahi, Nikolay Afanasyevitch kona makapo makua kāne, hoole, e lawe i ka moopuna. I mai la ia mea i mare i ka sister- ma-kānāwai mea hiki. Inā koho Radischev kaikamahine o ka aina, nana e lawe iā ia, a me Elizabeth V. hiki ole.

Ohana

Soon ma hope o ka ka piʻiʻana a hiki i ka noho aliʻi o ka Emperor Paul hoi mai Siberia ia he nui lehulehu huahelu like Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Pōkole Kawaihae o kona hope makahiki, nae, ia ia e hou pilikia. Kala kauohaʻia e November 23, 1796. Alexander Ua kauoha, e noho i loko o ka kauhale Nemtsov Kaluga'āina a pau, ma o kona waiwai ua. No ka palapala a me ka hana i hāʻawi Radishchev me ke alii kiaaina. Alexander ma hope o ka noho alii ana o Emperor Alexander I loaa piha ku okoa ana. He Ua kiiia ai i St. Petersburg. Aia lilo i lâlâ o ke Komisina no ke kaha kiʻiʻana kela kānāwai Alexander Radishchev. Pōkole Kawaihae o kona mau, mai hemo mai, he palaka. Pehea i keia hana? Ano, e ike pehea make HE Radishchev. Kona Kawaihae manao he hana.

ka make Radishcheva

Born a me Ilyinsky, Alexander Nikolayevich wā, hoike aku i ka moolelo o kona make ana, he oiaio ia mau mea. E like me ia ia ia, Radishchev i hoʻouna 'ia kikoo kau nā mea hoʻololi. It kekahi manawa hou i aku i ka liberation o na kauwa. A laila, i ka pakuhi Zavadovsky, kakauolelo o ke Komisina, Alexander Nikolayevich i ke kanana 'a'ōlelo hoʻohali no kona mau manao, haʻahaʻa akula' ia o ka hala kona ohohia. Zavadovsky a hiki i olelo ia i ka Siberian pio. Radishchev, kona ola kino ua loa kōkua, a me nā nä olonä shattered, Ua ai naueue e olelo hooweliweli a me ka Kalanimanuia Zavadsky, a hiki hoʻoholo i ka hana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho.

Alexander inu i ka make. He make i ka nui ehaeha. Radishchev make ma September 12, 1802 ma ka po. Alexander Nikolayevich Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka Volkov ilina.

Papa inoa Radishchev a me ka hoʻopulapula

E mau ke kau i ka pāpā ma ka inoa o ka mea kākau nui like KE Radishchev. kokoke i ole hōʻike pōkole Kawaihae o kona pono i keia la na mea he nui, akā, ma hope o ka make ana o kona inoa ma ka puka. Kekahi mau 'atikala e pili ana i Aleksandre Nikolaeviche i kākau koke ma hope o kona makeʻana, a laila, i loko o ka moʻokalaleo kokoke nalowale i kona inoa. Loa kākaʻikahi ua oleloia. Wale kāpili a fragmentaryʻikepili ua'ōlelo ma luna o Radishchev. Aleksandra Radischeva Batyushkov hoʻolauna i loko o ka polokalamu hana ma ka 'ōlelo akamai, i haku ia. Wale me ka 2nd hapalua o 1850 hookiekie ae i ka pāpā a me ka inoa o Radishchev. Mai ia manawa, hoomaka ae la ke kaomi, e hele mai i ka hailona o 'atikala e pili ana ia.

A hiki i kēia lā,ʻo nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi Kawaihae Radishchev. Pōkole ka maʻiʻo o kona "apuni ka ..." ua ike i na mea he nui o ko mākou compatriots. A pau keia olelo no ka make ole ana o ia e like me ka mea kākau moʻolelo.