Subculture "hackers": hiʻona a me ka mōʻaukala

Ma ka huli ana o XX-XXI kenekulia, manaʻo kanaka i hele ma ka papakaukau kipi i loko o ke kula o ka nuipa a palapala. Hanaia'na o ka World ākea Web ka pilina i ka muli o ia kekahi hanana kŰia like me ka punaewele puni. Ka hooulu ana o ka 'ike loea hou i alakai ai i ka muli o kekahi kūikawā subculture o hackers, poe akamai i hana i loko o ka ulu ana, ao a me ka manaʻo o ke kamepiula HOU.

I ka moolelo o ka hanana

I ka lā, 'ike mea ole wale cognitive hana, akā, i mea he mea mana o ka manipulation, he mea e loaʻa ai kekahi hana. Me ka nui a waiwai hoʻi o ka Internet i loko o na ola o na kanaka a pau, aia no na kanaka, ka poe e imi hohonu a oi manaʻoi e maopopo i ka oaoieei-nīnūnē a me iaaiey Hidden World akea Web uea '.

E maopopo i ka pahu hopu a me nā Pahuhopu o keia nohona pae, e hoʻomaka e ike hou aku, i ka mea he subculture o "hackers". A manawa pōkole pane i keia ninau mea i oluolu, no ka mea, o ko lakou mau kaiaulu mea nō kekahi, a ua paʻa i ka hapanui. Oiai keia kŰia mea i ai hou, mai ka hoʻomaka o ke au o ka 'epekema noiʻi i mau i kanaka e imi i ka e paionia', e 'imi' ike loea hou a me nāʻaoʻao o ko lākou e pili ana.

Subculture o "hackers", i ka makahiki o ka hui i ka loa paʻakikī i ka inoa, ua i waho e like me ka puali kaiāulu o ke alakaʻi o huahelu e imi ana i ka maikaʻi ike, a ike i ka'ōnaehana, e e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mea a me ka pāʻana ia. Ma ka makahiki 80 o ka iwakalua kenekulia, programmers ua hoano e ka ala o ko lākou neʻe, kā lākou hana i nona ma ka paa a me ka hana o ka 'ike loea hou. He nui no ia, he maoli enthusiasts, hoʻolaha noa punaewele, a ao ka hookipaia ana i nā kumu waiwai.

Naʻe, a me ka ulu o ke kūlana o ka Media, ka i lawelawe, a me ka waiwai pili i ke ola o ka aina, a me ka Hekikai o kona palena kūpono ma ka Internet makahiki, a hoʻololi i keʻano o ka iaaiey hana. Ua hoʻomaka ke au o online, hoopunipuni, cyber ho'āhewa wale a me ka weliweli.

ka wehewehena

Ke Hekikai no kino kamepiula 'ē aʻe ua i ka hoʻomaka wahi o ka hanana o ka neʻeʻana, i ua manawa e kapaia ke "wa opiopio subculture" hackers "." Ka unuhi 'ana o kēia ho'ākāka' ana me ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia i ole analogues ma ka Lūkini' ōlelo, ka verb e hack i loko o ka mau hoohalike ia hoʻi "e kua", "okioki i mau apana", e like me ka noi ana i ke kahua o ka 'ike loea hou' ike - ". One ia" "hack i ka'ōnaehana" a Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka olelo o ka hana.

He nui na ka hoʻomaopopo 'ana o nā mea kūpono ai ka subculture o "hackers". Ma Pelekania like ma Russian, ka olelo he nui kona manaʻo, a me ka mea, noonoo kekahi a me kekahiʻaoʻao o ka i Kekahi Mau 'o kā lākou hana. A mau ka wehewehena hiki e ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo like penei:

• kekahi kanaka i lawe pio aku a me ka ae nanea ana i ke ao o ka lako polokalamu nenoai eiiiiiaiou;
• makemake e makaikai i ka i kā mākouʻanoʻenehana uea ';
• kekahi mea mea he akamai a me ka hoihoi i loko o kā lākou hana;
• kaukau aloha e loaʻa ka pane ana i ka pilikia o ka naauao nenoai.

Eia naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki, wa opiopio subculture "hackers" Ua ike me ka lehulehu o ka hewa, extracting anamanaʻo 'ike a me ka aihue i ke kala mai i ka mooolelo o kanaka. Crackers (no laila, i kapaʻia unscrupulous programmers) hana i ka hailona nui, nui loa ka hoowalewaleia ka poe ola, a me ka maʻalahi ke kala.

ano

I loko nō o ka dissimilarity o ka hooulu ana kaʻina hana i like me nā moʻomeheu-strata hoʻi o ke kaiāulu, subculture "hacker" i na hoailona a pau o ka lawelawe differentiation, i kona mau loina, 'ōlelo a me ka kaila o ka hana, ke manifesto a me kona mau ideology. No laila, Eric Raymond, programmer a me ka activist, ua hoi i houluuluia, a hoʻoponoponoʻia encyclopaedia, a iloko ona i kakauia a pau o kaʻikepili e pili ana i kā lākou mau hana maʻa.

Ma kēia 'ia, aia no he maopopo' ole, cracker kūlana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona kaulana, ka loiloi 'hiki wale ke maliuʻia e ia i like a oi holomua Aʻole. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, oko ma luna o ka manaʻo, akä, o ka ha awina: ka ai-kapaia Black ua inaina i ka, a ua inaina i ka White. "White ua inaina i ka" eʻimi ana i ka'ōnaehana, nä ka nawaliwali, a me ka mahope hoʻopau o ka pilikia, oiai ka "ʻeleʻele ua inaina i ka" a crackers, hana hacker ho'āhewa wale, kidnap ike a dala, a me kekahi hana ma ka hanaiia'na mai o malicious papahana - nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ka hope i kekahi mea'ē aʻe ma mua o like maʻamau hewa, wale hoʻololi i ka 'āina a me nāʻaoʻao o kaʻaihue. I ka manawa, ma nā mea a pau o ka honua aina pili ikaika punitive ana e ku e ia mea.

pokole Hiʻona

I ka hoomaka ana o ke kenekulia iwakalua-mua, ma laila nō 'epekema hana nona ma ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka mea he subculture o "hackers". Pokole e pili ana ia ke olelo aku i ka kēia: ka noiʻi e kālele ana ma luna o ka pilikia o ka loaa i ke au hou o ka 'ike loea kiʻekiʻe, i ka hopena o kēia moʻomeheu ma luna o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me ka wā kamaliʻi mai. Kēia e ulu i mea ole accidental, ka hapanui adolescents ike ma hackers like me ka ano o pirates, meʻe, kekahi flick o ka na pulima oʻu hiki e kekahi mea unimaginable.

I ka honua o ka 'enehana -ʻano paʻa' ole, i ka oi ana o ka terminology a me kaila o ka 'ōlelo'ōnaehana ke hana,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka naʻauao o ke ano o kanaka. No ia mea, o ka ke kaiāulu i kekahi mau ia ma luna o ka muli o stereotypes e pili ana i ka mea he subculture o "hackers". Lole, Outdoors, ala o ka olelo a me kā lākou nāʻano i ike ia mākou wale conditionally, nolaila, o ka loa he mea hiki ole hana i hanau ai.

Ma ka nānaina o na mea he nui programmer - mea heʻano o kaʻinoʻino, unkempt kanaka opiopio, he wahine puupaa, a me ka hope i ka maoli ola, a pau ka lā hana ma ke kamepiula. Kona mana a me ka ike ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ka mīkini honua, kahi i hiki ia i ka hihio nui, a me ka hoopunipuni nui.

I ka Internet like me ka nohona kaiapuni

Subculture "hackers" hoomaka ae la e 'Imi hoʻomōhala a paka kona mau loina a me ka muli, a global laha ana o ka World ākea Web. Nā kumu o kēia kŰia e hoʻokele waiwai, ka manaʻo politika a me ka kaiapili ano. No ka nui kanaka, i ka Internet ua lilo ka mea, o kahi au e hōʻike i kou akamai pū nō hoʻi, e ka poʻe e ola ana, a imi i ka hoʻoponopono-paa.

Inā ma ka wanaao o ka kamepiula 'ē aʻe kilokilo i hana ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka bulky kamepiula, laila, ma ka pau ana o XX - hoʻomaka o ka XXI kenekulia. kā lākou mau hana e hoopau ai i ke hoʻoneʻe i kaʻike kamepiula ao nei. Ano, aia no he subculture o "hackers", a me kona 'elele hana me ka nui dala o ka' ike a me ka 'imi naʻauao kumu waiwai, a me ka' Imi hoʻohana i ka Internet makahiki no ko lakou mau mea e pono ai.

The World akea Web ua lilo increasingly like i ka lawelawe aku o ka lanakila. Eia ka mea, he pili aupuni, waiwai, loio a me ka uhane spheres kahi kanaka e 'ike a i hana. Kela a me keia makahiki, heʻike kamepiula ike maopopo na mea me ka hou kanaka, a hookipa mai ma luna o ka akea Geographic hohola.

waiwai moe

Kēia kaiaulu He loa ai hakina a me ka, loa importantly, conspiratorial. Lākou mau slogans, rula a me na kanawai i ole ka pū'āʻana, akā, lilo iho la kekahi o lakou, no ka mau loina o ka neʻeʻana. Value moe ua ua ua kālaiʻia mua ideologists Steven auhau, L. Blankenship, E. Raymond, ke kumu nui ai o i i hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai, a imi ae la ia e ka subculture o "hackers", heluhelu ia penei:

• Kona palena ke kōkua o ke kamepiula 'ē aʻe;
• Free 'ike ma luna o ka pūnaewele puni honua;
• ka paio e hooponopono, mai kekahi kikowaena wahi;
• ka hoomaopopo ole i ka ili waihoʻoluʻu a me ka hoʻomana;
• hoakaka kīloi paʻewa manaʻo;
• hookuu papahana loaʻa no ka mea a pau;
• kōkua i ka poʻe ma ka pono o ke kākoʻo;
• hoolilo o ka naauao a me ka akamai pū nō hoʻi;
• Kamepiula 'ē aʻe hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ola no ka maikaʻi.

He nui nā māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana wahi a slogans Hippies, e hea ae ana me ka maluhia a me ka noho kauwa ole ana ma. Akā, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i kekahi luawai-ikeia programmers maoli hoopili aku i kēia mau rula, no laila, ua Lino Torvalds hoʻomohala i ka noa Linux ke hoʻohana nenoaiu, me Richard Stallman aneane hapalua o kona ola hoolilo i ka paipai' ana i ka manaʻo o ka noa lako polokalamu. Ke Panel hiki pinepine e loaʻa propaganda palapala a me nā kiʻi o hackers: ka palapala manifesto, nā pelaha,, Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, a me nā 'ike.

Aloha Hawaii, pahaohao mai la kaila

Inā ka meakino mōlina, Emo, Hippies, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Style kapa mea he nui differentiating ololi, keʻano o ka olelo, i ka hoi na hana mana o ka 'ike i waena o lako polokalamu mākaukau. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE mea - mea i loaa ka ike, no ka mea, kela mea keia mea makemake e hōʻike lākou individuality a me ka mai e hele ma e pili ana i ka stereotype pahaʻano.

Ka hapa nui o ka manawa e pana aku au i loko o kaʻike kamepiula honua, a nui loli i nāʻano a me nāʻano o nā poʻe i kuhikuhi ia lakou iho e like me ka hahai ana i ke kaiāulu, haawiia keia i like "me ka subculture o hackers." Lula pili hoʻopili like me ka helu o nā kumu - i ka pono, ku okoa ana a me ka pono. Nolaila, e līkaia no kekahi kūikawā au mamuli, emphasizing i ke kanaka i ka a pau a hiki i kēia kaiāulu, ma ka rula, ole i ke Akua.

Ka poe i makemake ia,ʻo hoolohe, pinepine hoʻohana pālule, a me catchy slogans a me nā kiʻi. Loa pinepine ka mea, iloko o kekahi ua manaʻo, a hanohano malaila a hiki i ka subculture o hackers. ke kahupuaa aʻole i Ua kuapo i ka nuances o ka hana, akā, ma ka mea ku ole, i ke ano o ke kanaka hacker.

kamaʻilio Hiʻona

I loko nō o ka stereotype i ka hapanui o ka manawa burglars aimlessly ma ke kamepiula pale, keia mea he loa maikaʻi-heluhelu a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. Ke kaiapili o ko lākou mau pono, he ākea, akā, ua loa pinepine pili me ka iao? Iiaie oaoieei moʻokalaleo. Ma kēia 'ia, aia no he kūikawā mooolelo no e mālama nei i kamaʻilio. Subculture o "hackers", ma English ke ano, "oki i kekahi", "kua", hāpai 'ia e hoʻohana maopopo wale nō kona' elele terminology, nä hopuna, ka 'aoʻao a me ka Kimia hoʻi.

Ma keia a puni, ia mea kaila ia i ka hou 'ole Hobby, i kekahi manawa radically okoa mai ke hoʻohana hana: music, keaka, kamepiula lealea, Radio, manao o machines a me na manao ona maikaʻi kēia.

Subculture o hackers, a me kona hiʻona i kekahi hoikeia aku ai e ke kumu o ko lākou kamaʻilioʻana o kekahi'ē aʻe, a me nā kanaka. Psychologists këia i ke kanaka me kāna moʻolelo o kaʻoihana, kaulana kekahi na ano no ka hapanui o lakou: aneane a pau o ia i paa, e noho i loko o lākou iho honua, a no ka mea, nui na kanaka ke koena, a kākaʻikahi hiki maopopo a kaʻana like i nā mea naʻau moku'āina o kekahi kanaka.

kanaka hiʻona

Wa opiopio 'ole hackers i loa paʻakikī e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, kona' elele - individualists ma ke ano maoli, e ho'āʻo ana e hoʻomōhala i ko lakou mau manao i ke ola, ka mea i kākaʻikahi pili i ole i kekahi ka. Ka hapa nui o kēia mau kanaka i ka hoʻonaʻauao loa maikai, a me keʻano o ko lākou mauʻoihana kahuna, ai loa okoa mai linguists i mathematicians. A me ke kumu no ka ohohia kiʻekiʻe 'enehana lākou pinepine i'ōhumu mai ai me ka loaa ka ike, i ka huli' ana no ka hana naʻee pāʻoihana i ka pilikia.

Specificity o ka hana pono i ka programmer e ole wale kiʻekiʻe manao, akā, i ka maikai iaiyoe - ka hiki e koke hoahu, a loaʻa nā kekahi ike inā pono. A ikaika kumu hoʻopaipai no ia mea i ke kālā a me ka 'ike ai, akā, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau kuko ua loaa ia pāʻoihana i eiiieaena a me ka hana hoihoi hana.

hana oi loa aku hoi

IT-enehana hoʻomalu hiki ole ke kapa, ka mea i kukakuka i ia iho i ka connoisseur o ka maikai kamepiula nenoai. Mau kanaka, he mau 'Oihana oiaio i loko o kā lākou mau kahua, a ua hana i ka pono credibility no ka makahiki. Details o kā lākou hana, he mea paʻakikī i ka loaʻa, pili no ka mea, o ka pilikia o ka hoʻomaopopo i ka uninitiated kanaka, e like me ka hiki i ka mahuka ana o kekahi papahana.

Hackers-kaulana a - Kevin Poulsen, Kevin Mitnick, Dzhulian Assanzh a me Chris Kasperki - ma hope o ka pau 'ana o ka' oihana hackers makemake e kaʻana me ka lehulehu i ko lakou ike a me ka hoao ana, ho'āʻo e ao aku ui kanaka e ku e hewa a me karaima Pńk'pika. I neʻe Mamua hana i hana nā mea pono a me nā loina o ka "hoike ia, a loaʻa" (a "hana ole ia ia ka poino"). Eia naʻe, ka mea hou hanauna o programmers - pinepine pakiko-ao aku, ka mea i hele mai i loko o ka oihana no ka poe ola, i ke kālā a me ka leo nani.

He nui ka poe nui a papa hana e hooikaika e ia i loko o ka moku'āina 'ole mai o ka moku'āina limahana e like me ole waiwai, ka manaʻo politika a me ka nohona hana i kēia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ole ka hoʻohana' ana i nā 'ike loea hou kiʻekiʻe.

Pilikia a me ke kānāwai

Ma ke kaiāulu, a me ka moku'āina ua ulu ka loa straightforward auhau o ka hoʻomalu i ka 'ike loea kiʻekiʻe, nui pinepine lālā o ka fraternity noʻonoʻoʻia hewa. ʻOiai ka la mahope i kona manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, e like me ka mea i ole noʻonoʻo pono i ka ua hanaʻole lolouila haole waiwai. No laila, kēlā me kēia aupuni ho'āʻo e manaʻo akahele a me ka hoonohonoho loio i hoopai nenoaiu.

Ma Rusia no ka cybercrime nae kekahi mau 'atikala, me hoopunipuni, o ka makana o ka pornography,' ino ai komo 'ole i ka mea i hanaia a me ka hoʻokomo' ia 'ana o nā polokalamu hoʻopilikia.

periodicity

Kekahi mau hanauna o ka hacker neʻe hiki ke ike okoa, o ka papa, wale "keʻokeʻo" activists ia i loko o ka mooolelo.

• paionia 'o ke anaina kanaka hana i ka hana kamepiula' ē aʻe,ʻo kēia mau mea? aaiuo o Me kulanui, ka pilina a me enthusiasts e ho'āʻo ana e ike i ko lakou Kamehameha a me ka pīhoihoi;
• i ka pau ana o na 1970s ka mea, 'Imi i loko o ka hana pono, ka kamepiula' ē aʻe, iaono? ienoai lako polokalamu;
• i ka makahiki 1980, ua hana mai a pau i ka hoʻokumu paʻa polokalamu a me nā lātike, e like me ma ka manawa nā loina ua kālaiʻia nā lula a me na loina i e e hahai;
• ka papa hanauna o hackers ana e hoʻomōhala ana i cyberspace, imi e pale aku i ka global mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka Internet holoʻokoʻa.

Penei, ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ulu ana o keia subculture i wahi i loko o ka? Aieao o ka hoʻomaikaʻi kamepiula enehana, i kēia mauʻike manaʻo mau mea loa interrelated.

kaulana a

Like i loko o kekahi moʻomeheu, 'ia, hackers i ko lakou poe luna, a me ka poe akamai i kaao, kā lākou ola a me ka hana i mea i ao ai mea no beginners. Ma ka wanaao o ka hooulu ana o ka 'enehana kamepiula ua hoʻoneʻe i ke kuala o explorers, loaa ia manaʻo no Hawaii a me ka hou pāʻoihana.

lilo kekahi o na kanaka haku mua o malicious mea hoʻomaʻi Robert Morris, i ka 1988, "Morris ilo" lolo i ka hana o ka haneri o nā kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a ma hope ka mea i kauoha ia no keia hewa. Ua i loko o nā 2000s, Adrian Lamo i ana i loaʻa ka hewa i loko o ka maluhia nenoai o ka nui Internet poe, eia nae na mea he nui nō manao ia he nui HA akamai.

Makkinnon Geri i ka loa scandalous cracker hala makahiki,ʻo ia e hoʻokele i ka uhai i loko o ka'ōnaehana, NASA a me ka Pentagon, ka mea, ua hoaponoia ma ka mea āna i makemake e loaa ka ike e pili ana i huna ai i mea ma ka US aupuni hui 'ana me extraterrestrial maikai ana. Kēia kaiaulu He 'ano haiki, a pau na kii i kama'āina i kekahi i kekahi, a meʻoe ke huli' ana i kekahi mau Hawaii photo o hackers ma luna o ka Internet.

Kekahi o ia mau mea i hoʻolaʻa ai i ko lakou ola, aole wale i ka iaaiey pilikia, ka mea, kaheaia kaʻeleu nohona manao ma ka lawelawe latike a me ke kākau 'ana. Julian ka lomilomi umi makahiki aku nei paʻi i ka puke e pili ana i ke ola a me ka hana ana o hackers. He ua kaulana no ka mea i ka i hooleiiaʻi mawaho luna-huna ike mai na aina i loko o nā 'aoʻao āna i hana Wikileaks paena.

scandals

Ka papa hanauna perceives hackers like me ka pirates, hanohano powa, e kaua ana me ka'ōnaehana a me ka honua domination. Eia naʻe, ma lalo o kēia manifesto kekahi manawa i hūnāʻia kanaka i ole benevolent mau manao. Ka ai-kapaia crackers a malicious crackers, ka hana i loko o kekahi mau mea o karaima haʻawina, mai ka poe noonoo ole ka epa a me ka loaa ana hoʻolaha 'ike mai ai i ka make ana o holoʻokoʻa nenoai.

Loa pinepine ma ka waena konu o ka nui lehulehu scandals e pono hackers: kiʻi o kaulana a ma ka nude,ʻilikai na biographies o laila, nā loea kālai'āina, kiola wahahee 'ike i loko o ka mea ulana pukapuka, - keia mea he kāpili papa o predatory hana o unscrupulous haku polokalamu. Ano, kela kanaka keia kanaka i ka lehelehe i ka moʻolelo o ka Lūkini kumumea i loko o ke kahe ana o ke koho ana i loko o ka United States. Ostensibly, mākou hoʻomalu ma lalo o kaʻaʻahu o ke Aupuni, e ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o ka American koho kai eʻe a me ka pela' ana i kōkua mai i ka koho o Donald pu. No hoike ua ai mamao, ua hōʻike mai iā ia, akā, i ke Temepela puka mai ai nā mea a pau ma luna o ka honua.

Images o oe

Subculture "hackers" ka loa kekahi, a aole i pono i ka mau ana hoʻohālike a me ka helu, e haawi piha, a piha pane i kēia neʻe loa paʻakikī, nō naʻe ko lākou aʻo nō i ka manaʻoʻike a me ka kaiapili-moʻomeheu ke aʻo ia lŘlŘ pinepine ae la oia. Ole o ke kaiāulu ua ole kaupalena i ka poepoe o ka kiʻekiʻe loea, akā, kekahi ma luna o ka moʻomeheu 'ia.

Ma novels ikeia kākau moʻolelo e halawai ai i ka like theme, no kekahi laʻana, ma Vernor Vidzha "Hohonu lani" a me epigraph e "Maze Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo E" Sergei Lukianenko. Akā, kakau iho la oi pinepine i ka hopena o programmers hackers kahiko, e like me Kris Kaspersky, Dzhulian Assanzh, Kevin Mitnick a me Bryus Shnayer. Ma ka manaʻo, akä, o kekahi o na hana i hope i loko o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, oi mahalo nō i ka "Panel" a me ka "Hackers", nolaila ia i kuu i ka 1995, "Ka Pono Lehulehu Panel", "ka Elima Estate" a he nui 'ē aʻe. Ke Hollywood blockbuster i ka loli iki ana degere, keia kamepiula latike hacking kumuhana apau loa, manipulation o ano o mea hoʻohana, a me na mea e ae.

Hackers kahiko kula ua manawa 'Imi hana i ka hoihoi hou ana i ka nalowale prestige o kona kaiāulu, e kahea ana crackers, pirates, phishers a me nā attackers na hewa. Akā, i ka "keʻokeʻo pālule" hiki a e hana i hoʻoholumua i ka ana a me ka hana ana o ka mīkini hakahaka.