Volga: Heluna a me ka hoʻokele waiwai

Volga - ka nui Lūkini muliwai, ka mea i lilo ai i hōʻailona no ko kakou aina. About ia i haku mele, ua lilo i ke ano ma ka manao, moʻolelo, manao a me ka palapala, ai 'hana. Ma ka maka o ka nani o Landskap, Kauaikép i ka papa kuhikuhiE artery o Europa Rusia, ua piha i ka uhane o kela patriot me ka olioli, a me ka maluhia. I ka nui o ka Volga māhele ua haku o kanaka o kekahi mau lāhui kanaka e noho pu ana a me ka hana ana no ka nani o ko lākou māhele 'āina a me ka pau o Rusia.

poʻo hina kahiko

Russian Volga lilo i koke: mai ka manawa mau loa aku ma luna o kona kapa a me ka nānā 'i ko lakou noho ana hoʻonaʻauao lā hui, a ua lilo kahiko no loko o ka Volga māhele' āina. Heluna kanaka he Bulgars, Cumans, Mongols, Khazars, a me nā 'elele o ka hawaiian lāhui kanaka. Hulikoehana loaa akamai hoike i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka Volga ka noho i nā kenekulia. Ua loaʻa pū he wahi no na kumu ikaika ma kona aoao a hiki i ke komohana olalo i mau poe a pau o ka Astrakhan Khanate a me Golden iā Goga. An nui mōʻaukala milestone ua i ka manawa o ka Astrakhan a me Kazan Khanate. Russian heluna o ka Volga hoʻomaka e hoʻonui hoʻomaka koke i ka anoe o na palena o Rusia. Ka mua kūlanakauhale ma luna o nā kapa o ka muliwai, i lilo ai i Samara, hoʻokumu i ka 1586, a laila Tsaritsyn (1589), a Saratov (1590). A mahope mai o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XVI kenekulia, ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka colonization o na aina Volga. Ka mea, i o Laielohelohe i Lūkini autocrats olalo i ka iʻa a me ka lepo kumu waiwai, e like me mākaukau nui i loko o geopolitical hua'ōlelo, strategically ke aupuni ', hiki i ka mana i ka Asia-ʻEulopa kuai ala.

agrarian māhele'āina

A hiki i ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia na aina Volga malama me ke kumu no ka hooulu ana o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu. Local soils ae e ulu maikai ulu, ka iʻa waiwai ua incalculable, a ua lilo i ka ululaau o ka waena bana i maoli waiwai no na nā hoʻohua, e waiho i ko lakou mau huahana i nā kihi o ke aupuni a pau. Nā mahinaʻai lilo i wale mai ana no ka nui loa kālepa poʻe, a hiki papaʻaina o ke aliʻi. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XVII kenekulia o ka heluna o ka Volga māhele i inā a ua waiwai ia e nā meaʻeʻe moku mai Hawaii, kono e Ana i ka Nui, e hoʻoikaika 'i ka helu wehewehe kiʻi o ke kihi a me ka i lawekahikiʻia Europa mahiʻai loea. Ka Mahiai ma mua o ka kipi hoʻomau i e nui ka kumu o ka loaa ana o kela a me keia o ka moku'āina waihonakala. Nuiʻaneʻi ua hleborobstvo, a me na holoholona, a, ma ka hou ana i na mea a pau, a hiki hoʻouku i ka paʻakai. Ukrainian heluna o ka Volga māhele 'āina i loko o kekahi counties mai i 7% o ka huina, a ua hōʻike mai iā ia "Chumak" noho nei, i ka mea he' oihana wale mai ana o ka papaʻaina paakai, no laila, nui a me ka hiki ole no ia i ka manawa o ka huahana. I kēia lā, Little Lūkini inoa i ole uncommon.

hanalima mea hoʻonui

Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia umikumamaiwa, i ka heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ana o ke Volga māhele ua undergone nui loli aie i ka inevitably ho onui ana momentum o ka hanalima kipi. Ua kukulu ia ke aupuni a pau, ua nele i ka lepo pipili, a ma ka Saratov māhele 'āina e noho ana i ka nui? iecaianoaaiiuo pono hana. E hoʻomōhala ana i kanu, ka mea e pono ai kila mīkini - a ua haakei paipu mīkini kila hana Tsaritsyn. Volga ua lilo increasingly nui nationwide amo Kanal - ma Nizhny Novgorod Sormovo shipyard kukulu. I loko o ka hapalua a nā makahiki, ua mahuahua ka hanalima Loaʻaʻia o ka aina na manawa he nui no. Ke kua'āina heluna o ka Volga māhele akoakoa mai ana i ke kulanakauhale, pii ke ano maoli no ka industrially hoʻomōhala i ka aina i ke kaʻina hana o ka urbanization. ʻOiʻenehana a me na kanawai kaua hookuku kaua, i ukali ia e ka papakaukau pololi, ka meheu o ia i ke kūpono 'ana o ka aina, akā,ʻaʻole no ka lōʻihi. Volga Loaʻaʻia ua loa kiʻekiʻe.

pololi

Na Kanawai War lawe untold ke kālā i ka lihi. Heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ana o ke Volga māhele ua emi mai i ka hopena o ke kaua a me ka merciless kuwaho o ka meaʻai requisitioning lawe mai ma ka Bolsheviks ma ka aina. I ka 1921, ma ka aina o ka wī, exacerbated ma ka wi, a alakai ai i kekahi mea kanu ole. Kona mōhai, he elima miliona kanaka, pili i nā mea a pau nohona hui a me nationalities e noho ana i loko o ke kihi. I ka helu o ka heluna o ka Volga māhele i ka manawa ua 25 miliona kanaka. Ke'ī mai, mai ka hiki wi pepehi kekahi i ka elima poe noho nei pomaikai māhele o ke aupuni a pau. ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe luahi o ka hewa i ka Ukrainian peasantry, a malalo iho o ka like ruthless ua haawi ma lalo o ka pretext o ka wi ke ola. I ka echelons o kaʻai, hele Loko, ua piha oia me ka Red Army mobilized mai o ka loli wahi. Lenin koi, e hea aku i loko o ka Red Army Volzhan miliona.

Hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma ia Bolsheviks kaua pololi, lakou waiwai ekalesia waiwai, a ua hoʻohaumia i ka luakini. Great kōkua ana ma ka'āina'ē aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho. I ka 1921, pololi ua lilo emi huʻi, akā, kona hopena loli no ka lōʻihi manawa.

ma waena o nā kaua

Ma ka interwar wā, mahiai kihi a ulu e like me ka mea i aponoia haku kumumanao. Iloko o ka elima-makahiki kuka i kukulu mana mea kanu, kukulu iho la hana o ka malamalama hana. Hoʻomano hoʻohana like me ka hoʻoilina o ka tsarist? Eia (kekahi o ko laila waiho nā hale hana hana a hiki i kēia lā). Ua uku ia no ka hooulu ana i na hana hoʻonaʻauao kulanui ma kotoryhy hoomakaukau hou proletarian cadres nui noonoo. Ano o ka heluna o ka Volga māhele hiki ole ke AOON - aia no he pono i loko o ke kaupaona ana, no na kulekele, a pono i ka kūikawā hoʻokokoke i loko o kēlā me kēia hihia. Me lakou i mea hoike, i na hana hiki 'ai pono i loko o ke kukuluia'na o ka repubalika o ka Volga kēia kanaka Kelemānia, i ola mai ka 1923 a hiki i 1941.

Ka uuku ae la i hōʻeleu i kūpono 'ana o ka aina i ke kaua. Ma ka Volga māhele 'āina i evacuated, he nui no ka mau o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, i ka pio Nazi occupiers. Ka hapa nui o kēia mau poʻe i noho maʻaneʻi, a ma hope o ka lanakila.

Development i loaa i ka Nine Inch a me kaʻaila kā hana.

Hanalima ulu a me nā limahana

ma ka Volga industrialization hoʻoikaika alaila kuu aku la i nā hualoaʻa. O na kaa he umi hua mai la i ka aina, ehiku i hua mai ma luna o nā kapa o ka nui Russian River (Ulyanovsk a me Tolyatti). More uku oihana e pili ana me ia i kona kalaka, akā, na umi - mea no hoi iʻuʻuku. Ma ke kulanakauhale o Engels (Saratov māhele) hana i ka ikaika Trolleybus Plant. Ka māhele 'āina i ka pau huahelu o nā pāʻoihana, manufacturingʻoi loa-kūlike loa huahana Instrumentation (me ke pale ana). Mokulele a me ka mīkini kila hana i hooku iho la ia mea. I ka nui o ka Volga māhele - he kumu o ka palapala hōʻoia no nā limahana, me ka makaukau o i ka pae'āina ma na mea he nui maluna hoʻonaʻauao kulanui. I nui ka mahalo i paʻi i ka aina me na mea e hoʻomōhala ana i hanalima like me na Urals a me Central.

I kēia lā

Volga māhele 'āina i keia la - he nui loa o ka aina o Rusia (oi ma mua o 6% o kona wahi a pau), i ka loaʻa o ka wahi, conventionally puunaueia iʻekolu pūʻulu.

1. Verhnevolzhskie: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Kostroma a me Yaroslavl;.
2. Hapalua like: Samara a me Ulyanovsk, e like me ka Repubalika o Chuvashia, Tatarstan a me Mari El.
3. Nizhnevolzhkie: Samara, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd a me Saratov hua hoʻohui i ka Repubalika o Kalmykia a me Tatarstan.

Ka mea, i kekahi hapa o nā aupuni pekelala apana (Volga a me Hawaiian).

17 miliona Lūkini e noho ana i loko o ka māhele 'āina.

I ka pa apŘ o ka heluna o ka Volga māhele mea loa heterogeneous, ia mea,ʻekolu piʻiʻana ma luna ma mua o ka aina awelika (31 poe i noho ma / sq Km..), Akā mea uuku loa i loko o ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Kalmykia -. Wale 4,3 kanaka / sq Km. ei.

National haku mele 'ana o kekahi': malaila ola 16% o Tatars, 5% Mordovtsev a me Chuvash, makana a me nā lāhui kanaka, akā, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau Lūkini - mai i ka 70%.

Ma ka Volga māhele 90 kūlanakauhale, ekolu o ka i - "kekahi miliona" (Samara, Kazan a me Volgograd). Paha i loko o ka hope mau makahiki ka mea, e e hui Saratov.

Ka heluna ulu Ua wehewehe aku ma ka uku kiʻekiʻe, akā, me ka mea i nui keia mea aie a hiki i ka helu nui o nā kānaka eʻe'āina. Kaʻe ua maoli maikai, oia wānana maikai ka manaʻolana 'ia, a hele mai iʻaneʻi no ka paʻa noho oluolu.