Yam Zapolskaya truce - he maluhia kuikahi ma waena o ka mokuaina, a me ka Lūkini aupuni

Rusia a me Poland ua kaua nei kaua me kekahi i kekahi no ka kenekulia. I kekahi o kēia mau kāna hana e lawelawe i Ua ka integral hapa o ka War Livonian, oiai i ka Baltic States ke ehuehu o ka pono o kekahi mau Hawaii.

Pehea i hana ai i ka Livonian War

I ka 1558, Russian Tsar Ivan ka weliweli i ma ka ?? eoi? O ka Livonian Papa. He makemake e loaa i ka Baltic'āina i loko o ka mokuna o ka mohaiai-lā Estonia a me Latvia. Mākou i noho ai ma mua o ka aina nei, a ma ka XIII kenekulia, ka Crusaders hiki iʻaneʻi Kakolika. Ka mea, hoʻokumu i ka Livonian Papa, kukulu iho la i ka Riga, a he nui nā hale aliʻi.

Na Crusaders kaua me ka hoʻomaloka ma luna o ia 'ana i loaa mai i ka Pope. I ka poe, ma ko lakou manao, a me ka heluia, Orthodox, ka mea nana i uku i ka waiwai auhau i ka Gula iā Goga. No laila, a me ka Livonian naita kaua Alexander Nevsky. I ka wā e hiki mai, i ke kaua ua lilo ia i paʻa, a keʻakeʻa wale i ka hua'ōlelo o ka truce.

Ma ka manawa aʻu i hoʻomaka aliʻi Grozny, Rusia hui a puni Moscow, hemo aku la lakou i ka Tatarʻauamo, a me ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka holomua anoe? I ka hikina (i ka hopu ana o Kazan a me Astrakhan). Ivan IV manaoio aku i ka hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia Livonian Papa hiki ole e kaumaha mea e kū'ē'ē mai.

Ka mua wā o ke kaua ua maoli holomua no Rusia. Voivod ke alii hoopio Dorpat, Narva a me kekahi mau 'ē aʻe nui kulanakauhale. ka wā kokoke na mea mana, a kaʻiʻia i loko o ke kaua ana a pau hoʻololi. Ua ua Kuekene, Rzeczpospolita (ka hoao ana kālai'āina o Poland a me Lithuania), a me Denmark (i ka uuku loa). Mai ia manawa koke nō i ka weliweli loaʻa iā ia iho i loko o ka mea pilikia kūlana kaʻawale.

Depletion o ka belligerent aina

Aka hoi, ma ka makahiki lōʻihi o ke kaua i hele kōkoʻolua ai i ka? Aiaiiuie pomaikai nui i loko o ka confrontation me Poland a me Lithuania. No laila, i ka 1564 Lūkini poʻe hao wale i naʻi ai Polotsk (kulanakauhale, i ka i ka weliweli, ua kuleana like Rurik). Akā, laila, ma muli o ka make ma ke kaua o Chashniki.

Kuwaho hoʻolako 'ole' pu ma ka makaʻu i loko o Rusia. Ma hope o ka mea pohihihi i ka make ana o kana mua wahine o Ivan Grozny ia i lilo hana kupua ma ka pili ana i kā lākou nā wahi. Paranoia, a kau mai ka makau o ka betrayal alakaʻi ana i ka hainā. Oiai ma Moscow, ke kanaka nunui wela skillet ke alahouana, e ke kiaaina, i ka poʻe hao wale i ae make ma hope o pio.

Eia hoi i ka 1577, ua kau aku oia i hoʻi iā Polotsk, a me ka Swedes hoopio Narva. He wale mililani aku i ka heroism o ia'ku na kanaka i ka a e hoʻokele i ka pau ana haole 'uao. Auamo i loko o 1581-1582 GG. unsuccessfully precipitated Pskov a me Kuekene ua nele ma lalo o ke kukui. Ke kaua i mua 24 o kona mau makahiki, a me ka depletion o ka aina e pono ai ka maluhia.

Haku mele 'ana o nāʻaha huiʻelele

Best o nā mea a pau Yam Zapolskaya truce, a me nā naʻe i lewa i loko o nā memoirs o Antonio Possevino. Ua ua he Jesuit a me ka hoao ana i ka diplomat. He poe i ka pono o ka Ekalesia Hui i loko o ka naʻe ma waena o Poland a me Rusia. Eia hou, oia ua he akamai kakauolelo, a ua hiki ke hoolilo i na lāliʻi o keia luna 'ina hana.

Ke kūkā 'hoomaka December 13, 1581. A Ua koho ka wahi i wahi he mau mile mai Zapolskoho lua (ma keia hope aku i ka inoa). He ua kokoke ia i ka mua palena kokoke i ke kulanakauhale Lūkini o Pskov, i ua nō nei i hoʻopilikiaʻia e Polish King Stefan Batory. Yam Zapolskiy maluhia i i loko o ka wahi o ka hala koke paena kaua.

None o ka mō'ī i ole hele i ka i mea kamaʻilio. Lākou mau pono i na poe ma ka lehulehu diplomats. Maʻauamo, a me ka Lithuanians hiki Braslavsky kiaaina Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh a me Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill a me kakauolelo Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny no hoi i ole stint ma luna o nā parliamentarians. Ka mea, he Kashinskij Kiaaina Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy kiaaina Roman Alferov a me ke kakauolelo Nikita Vereshchagin. Yam Zapolskaya Truce Ua manao mediated ma ka hoʻoili Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Concessions ma Livonia

Ke kūkā 'hoomau no e pili ana i ka mahina. Eia hoi, January 15, 1582 Ua kakauinoaia Yam Zapolskaya truce. Kona mau kumu, he paʻakikī no Rusia, akā, ma ka piha kaʻaeʻana i kēia kaʻawaʻawa loa aku o ka lanakila.

Ivan IV hoole i nā kūlanakauhale a pau āna i lanakila ma Livonia. Ua he ōlaʻi i ka pakaua o ia wahi nui like 'ole. Eia ua pololei he uuku ka papa inoa o nā examples: wahi a Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, uku, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, etc. ua lilo ka hapa nui o kēia mau inoa historicism ... Ano, i kēia mau kūlanakauhale loaa wahi inoa i loko o ka 'ōlelo ke aupuni - Lakawia a me'Ōlelo'Esetonia. Ke koena o Livonia ma ia manawa i noho ia e Kuekene (Ua kakauinoa ia o ka makahiki ma hope o kona aelike).

Other hua'ōlelo o ka aelike

Eia hou kekahi, Yam Zapolskaya truce stipulates i ka hopena o ke kulanakauhale, a ma kekahi mau manawa i ua pio Ivanom Groznym i loko o ka Luna Nui Duchy o Lithuania. Ka mea, he Velizh a me Polotsk. Russian ke alii hoole ia (eia nae keia ua wale he formality, mai i ia manawa ka mea, i lilo ia e Stefan Batory).

Polish ke aliiʻae e hoʻi i nā kūlanakauhale, i kona lawe pio i loko o Rusia. Ka mea, ua ka Great Luke Hill, Nevel a me Zavolochye. Yam Zapolskiy honua iloko o ka 'atikala ma i wahi hoʻi a me Pskov kaiāulu, ku iloko o ka hope ka hoʻopuniʻana.

Land mea i pio ma Livonia Kuekene i ka manawa o ka wehe 'o ka palapala, i hoʻokoe' ia mai i ka pepa. Aka hoi, i kaʻauamo, i ka hoakaka i ka mea i koi ma luna o kēia mau panalāʻau e noho. A i manao kekahiʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai Yam Zapolskaya truce. I ka lā o kona hōʻailona Mamao aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka palapala.

Ka hopena o ka truce

I loko nō o kēia, kela mea keia mea i hoomaopopo i keia mea he maha wale, a me nā hostilities oki i kekahi manawa. Yam Zapolskaya truce me Poland i ua mau hōʻailona no ka manawa o 10 makahiki. I ka wā e hiki mai ka mea hiki ke waiho loihi ana. Mōʻaukala ua hoike mai i ka berita koe pono a hiki i ka Time o ka pilikia i loko o Rusia. Ivan Grozny make ma hope o, kana keiki Theodore a me nā mea a pau o ko lākou mau hope, i ka Rurik aliʻiʻoki pōkole. E hoomaka ana o ke kaua ma waena o nā boyars pūʻulu koi mana.

I ka Ia manawa o ka Polish-Lituania mokuaina hele mai hoʻopunipuni i kapa aku ia ia iho i ke koena o Tsarevich Dmitry - ke keiki Ivana Groznogo, ka mea i make i ka keiki i loko o Uglich i ka 1591. Adventurer inoa Grigoriem Otrepevym. He ua he kanaka mahuka mōneka. He Ua kākoʻoʻia e ke Polish ke alii, i lailaʻo ia kaua akula Rusia, i hana kue i Yam Zapolskaya truce. Makahiki, ua hoʻopuni Smolensk, a laila, pokole noho Moscow. Ma ka hopena, i ke aupuni Lūkini militia kipaku i nāʻauamo, a me na boyars koho alii Mikhail Romanov, ka mea i lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka hou aliʻiʻana i alii iho la oia maluna o ekolu haneri makahiki.