ʻO kēia māhele 'āina ulu mau kapa a pau. International a me ka 'āina' ulu mau kapa a pau

Mai aneiai crises emi paha loli wahi me ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohui 'a me ke kaʻana like o ka waiwai. Ma ke kuai me na kihi ma a noa neʻeʻana o ka waiwai, kumu waiwai, kapikala, hana ikaika, aia no he ano waiwai kūʻai aniau a me ka maikaʻi rula no ke kahua o ka ikaika Manufacturers. Ma lalo o ia mau rula, ka mea maoli i ka pono no kekahi 'ole kālā -' āina 'mau kapa a pau.

naue like

Regional ulu mau kapa a pau i hanaia me ke komo ana o ka moku'āina. Ka mea, i akaka mau mea o ka hana hoʻokō i ke aupuni o ka hoʻohui 'i loko o ka waiwai a me ka nohona poepoe, kākoʻo haole kalepa ana, hoʻolako loan i ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino-pepa paia pāʻoihana. No ka laʻana, ka mea kōkua i hoʻolako 'ia e ka' Eulopa waiwai kūʻai Bank i ka 2010, Hungary,'Āina Hao, Greece, Latvia, ua kokua mai e stabilize i ka waiwai a me ka haʻawina kahua o nā'āina. Regional hooulu mau kapa a pau e he nui na makana i ka manao ulu o ka lālā'āina, e kōkua lanakila i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ke kālā crises. Ma ia mau ana, i ke kūlana o ka i waena o-moku'āina kālā kulanui. E noonoo i au mamuli o ka kuʻina o ko lākou alu like 'ana.

Mōʻaukala o? Acaeoey

Ka hoʻomaka wahi hiki ke kapa i ka wā o oicyenoaaiiie loaa ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. I ka 1949 ma Moscow na luna o Hungary, Albania, Romania, Pulakalia, Poland, o ka USSR, a Czechoslovakia hoʻoholo i kūkulu i ka 'Aha no ka manao lokahi Economic kōkua (CMEA). Ka pahuhopu - e hoʻolako i nā kālā, iao? Iiaie oaoieei alu like 'ana, e kokua ma ka manaʻo o ke ami hana. Ma mahope makahiki,ʻo ia i hui ma ka German aupuni Repubalika, Mongolia, Yugoslavia a me Cuba. Ma ka hapalua like-70s CMEA mālama ana me ka ma kanakolu lahui kulanui.

e piʻi like

A hiki ma ke kahua o ke kahua o ke pili hui ke hālāwai ka pono o allies ma ka wahie, heʻiʻo maka nō mea a machines hana pu ia? I ka hana o ka mea nui loa aila pipeline "Druzhba", i i hoʻohana 'e lawe aku maka mea ma Hungary, Poland a me Czechoslovakia. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o na 60s i hana Intermetal Park kaa. Ma papa hoʻolaukahi CMEA hoakaka kuai ma waena o nā aupuni elua, e paa ana ka paa'ōnaehana mea kuka, functioningʻano papa hana o ke alu like 'ana.

Hungary lako i ka Allies nā kaʻa'ōhua ka GDR - kapa, Poland - nā mea hoʻonani, pharmacology, Czechoslovakia - uila, Cuba - kōpaʻa, Romania -ʻoihana. Ua like kēia mau waiwai no nike aila, kinoea, i eliiaʻi, nā huahana o ma paʻi 'enekinia, instrumentation a me ka mea e malu ai na hana. Ma hope o noho male 'ana o ka USSR, keia' ole kekahi i oki ia nei. Akā, i kēia hana 'ē aʻe like kulanui.

Hawaiian Regional Development Bank

ADB Ua hoʻokumu 'ia ma 1966 ma ka Waiwai a me Social Komisina no Asia a me ka Pākīpika. Organization Pahuhopu:

• hoʻolaulaha aneiai ulu ma Asia, a me kaʻAʻole loa East;
• i ka holomua o nā wāhine i loko o ke kaiāulu;
• hoomaopopo ana hana Nā Aupuni Lālā i nā kumu waiwai.

Regional Bank no? Aeiino? A Development ma Asia hoʻolako:

• loan no ka mea e kō o ka waiwai a me ka pilina papahana;
• ia kūkaʻi 'ana i ka makaukau o ka papahana;
• loan i ka lehulehu a me ka uku hana no ka ulu ana;
• Ua kōkua pūʻana i loko o ka ōhumu o nā lapuwale kou akamai a me ka pahu hopu.

At Union kēia manawa he 56 lālā'āina. I kaʻaha hui 'ole ninoieo o ekolu pae o ke aupuni:

• Peresidena;
• ka papa alakaʻi;
• nā alakaʻi.

Ka waiwai nā kaʻana like 'ana poʻo, hookoe dala, loan mai kūikawā haawina hanaia no concessional laweʻae'ē. Regional Development Bank mea hana i nā mea a pau nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Akā, ua uku hou hoʻolohe i ka mahiʻai, kapikala aha kanaka, ikehu, amo a me ka palapala.

Ka Inter-American Development Bank

I mea e kōkua i loko o ka ulu ana o Roma 'Amelika'āina i loko o 1959 ka mea i hanaia e ka IDB. Kuhikuhi ana o ka hui:

• paipai 'o ka waiwai kūʻai ma Lakina Amerika;
• e kauoha ana a pau i loaʻa waiwai e Waiwai nui aneiai hana;
• paipai 'o ka waiwai kūʻai;
• kokua i ke anoe o ka haole kalepa pilikino E pili ana i komo;
• hoʻolako 'ia' ana o ia kūkaʻi 'ana i ka manaʻo o ke kuka.

IDB ua oi mamua o 48 lala. I kaʻaha hui 'ole mea like penei:

• Komite nā alakaʻi;
• ka papa alakaʻi;
• hooponopono;
• luna;
• oihana.

Ka waiwai nā 'iaE, ke hookoe poʻo, ' āina noho kahu kālā concessional laweʻae'ē. Ka hapa nui o ka waiwai ma ka pepa i koe i loko o ka palapala o ke dala, i hiki ke koi, a me warranties o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i loko o ke kuai. Bank ana uhi i nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā, ua uku hou hoʻolohe i ka mahiʻai a me koʻa, hana, nā lawelawe kaiāulu e, hoʻolālā, nā mea hoʻololi a me nā waihona kālā.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka IDB ma RomaʻAmelika functioning like me ka Inter-American waiwai kūʻai Inc, CDB, ka Central American Economic hoʻohui 'laweʻae'ē kula.

Na wahi lulu kuai

Ka Central Bank koi ia ma waena o "ola" a me ka nui o ka ipu hao mea i pololei pilina. ʻO kēia māhele 'āina? Acaeoey kapa pāʻani pū kūlana nui i loko o ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai moku'āina. Ka mea, ua oi efficient a me ka maikaʻi i ka mea i Kekahi Mau 'o ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino-pepa paia pāʻoihana. Hope ha awina hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka loaʻa nui o ka aie i loko o ke kula. Wahi a ka 'ikepili helu, poʻe e hana ana ma ka aina me ka pono-ulu kālā'ōnaehana, hoomahuahua i ka mämä holo ma ka 67% wikiwiki ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka pau aina.

Ma Rusia, mau kulanui mea ole loa mahalo i waena o nā mea kūʻai mai. Nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā i loko o ka Urals, Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa hikina i mau hiki ole ke loaa i ka aie kulanakauhale alii. Ka mea, i ke pili i nui ai kulanui. Regional ulu mau kapa a pau e e hui no ia nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā. Nui ai kulanui ia nā mea kūʻai mai iʻaʻole loa hana hoihoi. Ka moku'āina kula hoʻoholo-ana kaʻina hana ma luna o ke kahe o ka aie dala i ke hoopanee no kekahi mau mahina. Ua mea maikaʻi, e leka uila i ka Regional Regional Development Bank. Alakai kulanui i oi kama'āina i ka i Kekahi Mau 'o ka hana. Ka pahiki o ka maikaʻi hoʻoholo ma luna.

Branch - i ka pali,

I ka nui aie kulanui, o ka papa, he mau lala ma keʻena wahi o ka aina. Akā, ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO nele pakiko-reliance a me wale i ka oaoieei-hana hana ma luna o ka ohi ana o palapala. A hoʻoholo 'ua i ma ke alakaʻi ma Moscow, a i ole e ike i na i Kekahi Mau' o ka aina a me ka pāʻoihana. Nui kapa makemake i pale aku pilikia nā mea kūʻai mai. A kokoke e pau uuku pāʻoihana e noi mai ana i kekahi kanaka hiki mai. Regional maka makaukau e delve i loko o ka hiʻona o ka hana, a hiki ia i kekahi koho i loko o ke kula o ka hui panakō lawelawe i ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino-pepa paia hana.

ka ho'ēmiʻana

Ma June 1, 2014 hoʻohana 888 kapa ma Rusia. He nunui emi ma mua i loko o Germany (1.8 ths.) A o ka US (oi ma mua o 5,8 tausani.). I ka nui o ka aie lawelawe i loko o Rusia - 0,6. Ia mea, i ke kanaka, ua emi mai o kekahi aie wahi i loko o ke aupuni. Ma ka US, ka huahelu ka 2, a me ka eu - 1.8. pilikia kekahi a, oi kaʻoi loa, he hiʻona o ka manawa - a pau i ka nui aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho i ke aupuni ma lalo nei. Sberbank, VTB (24), a me Gazprom Rosselhoz 'ō aku o 53,8% o ka heluna kanaka. Over ka hope 5 makahiki ua mahuahua dramatically i ka helu o ka aie kumu ma Moscow: mai 15,4% e 22%. E like me ka hopena, pāʻoihana e loaʻa iaʻu i ka Kauhalenui ka hoʻonohonohoʻia i loko o ka nohoʻana ma nā hana i ke kapakai a i ka hoʻonohonohoʻia ma Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa East.

hoʻolako 'ia o

Ka hooulu ana o ka 'āina' pukapuka o ka puu ka poʻea pau i ka yeiiiie? Ulu o ka wahi. Keia ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ke kahua i loko o Rusia. Ma Siberia, eia 258 kapa me ka lala ma ka hikina, a hiki emi - 118. A o keia mamua o ka mea i nui hou oki ia nei i loko o ka 10 makahiki i hala iho nei. No nā kalana hiki ke kaena i na huahelu. Kākoʻo kēia māhele 'āina? Acaeoey kapa a puʻu e hoʻolaha i meaʻuʻuku. Ka mea hiki ole i ka hui ana me ka mea waiwai. E like me ka hopena, i ka nui o GDP i loko o kēia mau wahi, he mau manawa e emi ma mua i loko o Moscow. A me kanaka ke i wale heʻuʻuku laulā o nā lawelawe. Kēia Ua e hoikeike ai ma ka hōʻike manaʻo.

Regional Development Bank ua oaeuiinoe like me ka lākiō o ke kulanakauhale alii me ka i kā mākou nui o ka aie. No ka laʻana, ma Rusia, he 140 a papa hana i hiki haawi aku i ka Client ka hoaie i loko o ka nui o ka 1 ieeeea? Rubles. O kēia 37 huahelu i ke aupuni 'o Moscow, 6 - ma Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk) a 3 - i loko o ka Hōʻole akula Hikina. E like me ka hopena, e hāʻawi pio pāʻoihana i mamao apana, e pili no ka loan i ka nui paukü 'ole, a no ka "Regional Development Bank".

mai kulana home 'ole

Regional aie kulanui e hoʻomōhala. Ua hiki loa he hoʻonui i ka kikowaena kapa, capitalized he uuku hui. Oe ke hoi ho okumu ana i kekahi ano o ka hooponopono ana, e Loiloi i ke kahua ma ka algorithmʻokoʻa mai ia i ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka nui nā hale. Now kūikawā liʻiliʻi kapa kākoʻo ana mea ole ma ke aupuni pekelala 'ilikai a ma ka Central Bank. Akā, inā i ka kūloko Aupuni e lohe a hiki i kēia pukana, ka helu o ke kapa a nele o ka palapalaʻae male ma ka māhele mea nui emi. Akā, hiki ina ia, a ma laila nō, ka mea, i ole pu ma ka leo scandals, ana aʻe i loko o ka Media, a mahope panic. A like kulana home 'ole iloko i ka 2013, ka wā o ka laikini i ka liu o nā' āina 'ulu mau kapa a pau. Hoʻokomo kālā o nā mea kūʻai mai nō i ole hoi ia. I wale na makahiki elua i hala, i ka Central Bank hoopau i ka palapalaʻae male o 62 aie kulanui. Ia mau 'ikepili helu ua hoʻomākaʻu ana. Inā ke kulana 'aʻole e hoʻololi i, laila, ma hope o 5 makahiki o ka hui panakō kaiaulu e noho ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ka nui moku'āina-waiwai kālā kulanui.

ka hopena

Hoʻokele waiwai a me ka nohona kūpono 'ana o ka māhele hilinaʻi nui ma ka hiki ia,ʻo nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā me ka kūloko pali kālā. I ka nui, he 888 Lūkini aie kulanui. A me ka mea, e hele liilii lakou ma ka aina o haoʻa. E like me ka hopena, nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā ma Siberia, a me kaʻAʻole loa hikina hiki ole hoʻohana i ka hiki ano o ka aie kulanui lawelawe. Ka mea, e kokua ia lakou, e loaʻa, e hele i ke kumu nui Kauhalenui a me nā 'āina' ulu mau kapa a pau. Rating lawe mai i ka 2014 hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hana kūikawā keʻena ma lalo nei ma ka hua'ōlelo o ke kaulike (Rusia, MDM, AK Bars) i kia ma St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk a me Kazan.