Pipelines: Pipelines Rusia

Russian aila pipelines - kekahi o na ki eiiiiiaiou o ka wahie a me ka ikehu kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai. I ka lā, i ka Russian Hui hana he nui pukapuka o ka aila pipelines, kinoea pipelines a me ka aila pipelines o loli iki manaʻo nui. Pipeline amo loulou ma ka hapanui o na kanaka o ka Hui, a me ka lawelawe 'ana no ka mea hoʻolilo o hydrocarbons a me kā lākou nā mea loaʻa.

Mea Maluna o pipelines

e maheleia Pipelines e like me kā lākou hana:

• Local ai pili aku mea i loko o koʻa, ka aila a me ka kinoea pūnaewele iauaeoia, refineries.
• Regional kahawai ana i hanaʻi i ka lōʻihi o kekahi mau umi o kilomika. Oilfields nakinaki i ka haku noaioee, me ka 'ikamu aila hoʻouka (ke hoʻoukaʻia) ma luna o ka wai a me ka hoino aku, i ka papa kuhikuhiE pipeline.
• Iwi kuamoo - pipelines, i mea ma luna o 50 ei, paipu anawaena mai 200 mm o ka 1400 mm o, a ma luna. Ka mamao ma i nā huahana hiki e lako i loko o ia mau pipelines, i loko o nā haneri, a me na tausani o kilomika. Pumping ua lawe mai i kekahi mea'opihia koa a me ka mau, kaulike ma ke ala o ka pipeline. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka aila EII ni, ua kapaia ka papa kuhikuhiE pipeline pipeline (maka aila pumping) a me huahana (aila),ʻeleʻele aila, he kakolina, kerosene, a me na mea e ae.

i hoʻohana noke kumu laina, ka mea hiki ia i ka wā pōkole, hooki aku i loko o ka pilikia, oaeouee hoomau a hope o nā māhele.

Ka hooulu ana o kaʻaila i loko o pipelines Rusia

I ka moolelo o ka ulu ana o pipelines ma Rusia ua inherently ua hoʻopili i ke kūpono 'ana o ka aila hana. I ka 1901, ka moku'āina produces kokoke ka hapalua o ka huina honua aila? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Me ka hoʻoulu puke o ka maka mea ua increasingly hoala mai i ka ninau o kona halihali. ka aneiai feasibility o ke kūkulu o pipelines i ua hooiaioia e emi i ka workload o na aeaciui ai, a emi i ka waiwai e lilo aku ana o kekahi kaʻao ka.

Ka mua Russian kumu pipelines me ka nui loa o ka 1147 ei i ua kūkuluʻia ma ka huli ana o ka XIX a me XX kenekulia, a pili mahinaʻai i loko o ka wahi o ka Baku aila refineries. Ke Initiative e kūkulu i ka mua huahana pipeline waiwai e DI Mendeleev. Ke kuka Ua hoʻokō i ka 1906. Ke pipeline lōʻihi o ka 831 ei, 200 mm o na ohe, a me ka 13th mea'opihia wahi i ka mea nui i loko o ke ao nei i ia manawa, a nele kerosene mai Baku a hiki i Batumi no ka mea hoʻolilo.

Ma ka prewar makahiki, i ke kumu nui lua i pele o ka aila a me ka aila me nā huahana e noho ana i loko o ka Caspian Sea, ka Caucasus a me ka Volga kīʻaha. Ua Ua Komikina'Āina ma Grozny-Tuapse aila pipeline (649 ei, 273 mm o anawaena), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 ei, 300 mm) a me huahana Mangyshlak - Samara a me Ust-Balik - Almetyevsk.

A hou puni o? Acaeoey o ka Lūkini aila pipelines (laila USSR) i loaa i loko o ke kia-kaua makahiki. Ua ihu lua i loko o ke au o kokololio? Acaeoey o ka hoʻouku a me ka aaioee o kaʻaila i loko o ka Volga-Urals pa holoi, a? Acaeoey o hoʻokomo kālā i loko o Siberia. pipelines o ka nui loa mai i ka 1200 mm o anawaena i kūkulu. Mahalo i kekahi o ia (e like, Surgut - Polotsk), hoomaka ae la Siberian aila e e haawi i ka Central wahi o Rusia, Belarus a me ka Baltic States.

Pono o ka pipeline amo

Ka loa mālama nui kūpono 'ana o ka aila a me ka kinoea pipelines Rusia i loaa i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XX kenekulia. I kēia lā, ka leo a me kekahi 'umekaumaha o ka kaʻi aku hydrocarbon pipelines mea steadily displaces wai mau aoao a me alahao halihali ana i ka aila a me ka aila me nā huahana. Ke kumu pono o ka aila a me ka kinoea pipelines i:

• A nui huahelu o ka pumping, pilikia-noa ana, he nui bandwidth, palena iki poho.
• A laulā (viscosity) huahelu o kaʻaila EII ni.
• Ka pilina paʻa ana i loko o nā climatic cii.
• Manawa kūpono no ke kūkulu 'ana i kekahi pipeline maʻaneʻane pau mau mea.
• Ke kiʻekiʻe nui o ka mechanization i kūkulu.
• Hana nona iho nenoai no ka mana o keʻanoʻenehana keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE keakea o pipeline amo ua manaoia e auanei ko lakou nui waihona kālā i loko o ka hana pae.

Ka nui loa Lūkini aila pipelines

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - he pipeline e EII ni Caspian kaʻaila a hiki i ka awa o Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - o ka mua Lūkini aila pipeline hahao i loko o ana i ka 1878. Kino pipeline hoʻohuiʻia Balakhani lawaia ma ka Absheron Peninsula , a hoohehee maemae au ia nona iho i loko o ka wahi o ka Baku.
3. Baltic pipeline i ulanaʻia. Design nona iho - 74 miliona na tona o ka aila no ka makahiki. Ua hoʻohuiʻia ka seaport o Primorsk mai kaʻaila kihapai ma Western Siberia, a me ka Ural-Volga māhele 'āina.
4. Hawaiian Siberia - Pacific Ocean - he pipeline ai pili aku Siberian mahinaʻai me ka aila awa Kozmino kokoke Nakhodka. pipeline Aʻole - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Lōʻihi o ka 4188 ei i mea e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻolilo Lūkini kaʻaila a hiki i Asia-Pākīpika a me 'Amelika wahi kanaka.
5. Ka aila pipeline "Druzhba" - o ka honua i ka nui loa nenoaiu o ka papa kuhikuhiE pipelines, i kukulu ia no ka aila a me kaʻaila kā nā huahana ma ka Socialist aina o Hawaiian Eulopa. Ano, e hoʻohana no ka mea hoʻolilo iāʻEulopa.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - ka mua Lūkini kumu pipeline meakino anawaena, kūkuluʻia i loko o ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia no transporting Haole aila a hiki i ka Black Sea kahakai.
7. Ka Caspian Pipeline Clarita (CPC) pipeline hoʻohuiʻia ka mahinaʻai i ka komohana aneea oneiaey i ka maʻi ma luna o ka Black Sea kahakai kokoke Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk pipeline me ka 'auhau o 80 miliona tons hoʻohuiʻia kaʻaila kihapai ma Western Siberia a me ke awa o Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - ka aila pipeline e kuhikuhi ana Western Siberia me Belarus, a laila, i ka Baltic aina a me Poland.
10. A kū hoʻokahi wela ka papa kuhikuhi aila pipeline Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Mea hoʻolilo Via aila pipelines

Currently, ka Lūkini aila pipelines hoike no ka 84% o ka waiwai hoʻolilo mai i ka aina o kaʻaila. Ka i koe, 13% o ka hoino aku halihali a me 3% - koʻana koko a me ka muliwai amo. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- ka wale Aʻole o kaʻaila i loko o pipelines Rusia. Ua hoike no ka 97% o ka aila kaʻi aku hua mai la i ka aina. Ka lōʻihi o ka pipeline'ōnaehana o ka poe -. More ma mua o 217 tausani kilomika, i hoʻohuiʻia i ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi o ka aila? Iecaianoaaiiuo ma Rusia, a kuai ana wahi kanaka maʻEulopa. 46,7 e Iesu ke. Km o ka huina amo'ōnaehana pili ana i ka aila a me ka pipelines 19,3 e Iesu ke. Km i loko o nā pipelines.

Main aila pipelines i loko o Rusia, e komo i loko o ka mea hoʻolilo o:

• Ke Baltic pipeline nona iho - 74 miliona tona no ka makahiki;
• Ka pipeline'ōnaehana "Druzhba". Kekahi o na lala o ka pipeline hele i Poland, i ka lua o ka - ma Solowakia. Huina nona iho - 90 miliona tona;
• Black Sea aila pipeline - 43 miliona tona.

Ka loa, olelo pomaikai oia ia wahi no ka hooulu ana i Lūkini aila waiwai hoʻolilo o ka East Siberian, ma muli o ke brisk ulu i loko o kaʻaila i loko o hokii, China.