Consumer kaiāulu - He aha ka mea?

He aha ka consumer kaiāulu? Ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE aneiai nā mea hana keaka i ka mahiʻai Free. Ke Company Ua hanaia ma ka mohai manawa. Ua Ua manaoia e hoomalu aku i na pono a me yeiiiie? Pono o kona mau lala - ona o nā hana liilii, a me ka aina.

Ka muli o ka consumer nā kaiapili

Ka mua consumer ke kaiāulu kanaka, iʻikeʻia i loko o Beritania ma ke kakahiaka XIX kenekulia. Mua ka mea, hoʻonohonoho i ka poe waiwai philanthropic manao. Akā, ke kiʻekiʻe o Ua iho me ka manao, a me ka wahine e ku ana ma ke poo o na hana ia lakou iho a me ka mahiʻai i loaʻa iā lākou iho haku o nā mea wili, pōʻeleʻele loa a me bakeries.

Poe hana i hana mai i kekahi consumer kaiāulu i mea e hoʻoikaika i ka kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau ola. Loko o ka hui, kona mau lala ke kūʻai ho'ēmi huahana mea o ka maikai e like ai. Makeke-operatives lilo oi a People ka Bank. Ka mea, haawi aku loan i ka mea nele. Inā ka consumer ke kaiāulu ia e waiwai, ka mea, hoi ka i lilo Papa Mālama Kālā wealthier. I ka pono o ka hui uaʻano nui, e hoʻonui i ka ae paukü, a lawe mai loaa i ka mea a pau kona mau lala.

I ka pomaikai o ke alu like 'ana

Pelekāne Free o ka XIX kenekulia i hana i ka helu o nā kumu i nā hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ke kālā no consumer nā kaiapili, a e e'ōleloʻia ma lalo nei. Ka mea, Ua wehewehe aku e haʻahaʻa kaʻana like 'ana nā haʻawina, he kaupalena helu o ka mahele no kela a me keia lala o ka hoʻolālā, e hoʻokolokolo pono o nā mea a pau nona o ka mahele like hoʻi me ka mea ia kumu kūʻai pilikino E pili.

I ka pomaikai o ka neʻeʻana i alakai ai i ka mea i loko o 1860 na Free hoomaka ae la e hui uniona kālepa. Mau papa hana e lilo nui ikaika, a oi influential i loko o ka pau ana o ka hoʻokele waiwaiʻEulopa. I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia i loko o ka Old World, malaila hoi au i elua miliona Free mau lālā. International consumer ke kaiāulu kanaka, i kā lākou e hana kūmau dictated ma ka Socialist International. Kēia nā heʻewalu-hora hana lā, free mālama 'a me ka hoʻonaʻauao, e like me ka mea i ka ho omaulia ana o ka OAXA hoomau i? Aaiuo. Poe hana a me nā kauwa oluolu massively hui ka hou hoʻolālā, me ka manao no lākou kōkua i ka 'ohana ka palekana o ka hana pono.

Ka mua consumer kaiāulu i loko o Rusia

I ka Ia manawa, Rusia ua aoia hoi ana mea he consumer kaiāulu. Reviews ma keia'ōnaehana i pūnāwai i na wahi lulu mahiʻai 'ia. I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia Lūkini kūlanakauhale i loko o ka hoʻoponopono ulia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka hala koke abolition o serfdom. Na kauwa hoʻomau i ka noho ma kaʻilihune. Ke kumu no keia kulana ua ke kiekie ma ka hanau ana i ka 'ohana a me ka overpopulation,'āina fragmentation, haʻahaʻa productivity, he nele i ka lio a me na bipi.

Ma keia manao, i ka 1900 i hana i ka papa oʻaʻole loaʻaʻoihana, i ka helu o ka i nui ma kahi o 23 miliona kanaka i. A no keia mau kanaka i ka hana heluna. Ma ia laua me keia ulu ana Bedroom, a waiho ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o ka poe ilihune, ua kauwa.

Ka mea, ua alaila mahiʻai mahi ole mahiʻai Free lehulehu. Mahiʻai aʻo e pili ana i ka pomaikai o ke kākoʻo '-ana i loko o ke West, hoomaka ae la e pakiko-÷ ino i loko o kēia mau ia hale e hoʻopale ai i kona kuleana i loko o ka wahi lulu kuai.

Consumer nā kaiapili ma ka mahiai

Ka hou nui hui ana o ka hana, a kuai i ho'āʻo ai i ka e pono no na kauwa, no ka mea, i nā kūlanakauhale e makemake e loaa i ka pomaikai i haawi nui hana, a me ka mea, aole i lilo aku i ka pilina a me kā lākou mau liʻiliʻi-unahiʻole, i ka mahiai. Union o Consumer nā kaiapili hoʻolako kona mau lala i ka wa pono.

Ma mua o ke kulanakauhale, aia ua mea he ano o Free, mahiʻai nā hoʻohua pilikia mai ka uku kuala, a me ka nui helu o ka hoʻokali kūpono 'intermediaries. I ka Akuma ka mai, i ka lulu popilikia? Aeaciui wale hiki ole lawe aku i ka waiwai a pau i lawe i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. No ka mea, o keia, kanaka i ho'āʻo i ka "overstock" ma ka mua, ka hana ana i ka naciiiuo berena kala i slumped.

Ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kua'āina hoʻokele waiwai i loko o Rusia, e lilo kona maoli hiʻona a huli i kālepa? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ma keia manao, o ka hoʻokele waiwai lulu popilikia ua urgently pono ai i ka hou ano o ka hui ana o kuai i loko o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu. Ka pukaʻana consumer ke kaiāulu i ka nui loa-kakali Akala a, e höʻike aku mahiʻai mai AND hopohopo a me moneylenders. Prior i ka mea, o ka berena mua oe e hele ai i ka eea, i kekahi mau lima o intermediaries. Ma ia i ka'ōnaehana i nā landowners ia lakou iho i ka uku i ka loaa ana o Dealers a me speculators.

Ua i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia, ua lilo ia Rusia i ka honua alakaʻi i loko o ka helu o ia i ka hoʻolālā a me ka helu o ko lākou mau lala. Ka mea, uaʻAʻole pono ulu aneiai, ka mea, ua he maoli Jump. Ma ka Ewa o 1917 ma ka aina ho'āʻo o aneane 50 tausani Free. Kēlā me kēia 'ole-e pono ai consumer ke kaiāulu kanaka, ma ka awelika komo i hou aku 50 i komo. I nui mai ai i 14 miliona kanaka i komo i loko o kēia hoʻokele waiwai neʻeʻana, a me ka 80% o ka mea helu, he mau kauwa. O ka hui ana o ka consumer ke kaiāulu i loko o ke kulanakauhale, pohala me ka pau ikaika ma hope o ka 1905 kipi. I ka Ia manawa i kōkua mai i ka Stolypin mihi, ma i kauwa i hiki pono, e haʻalele ia i ke kaiāulu. Lakou aie, a hoouna aku la i Siberia, kahi e kali ana no ka untilled'āina. Ma kēia māhele 'āina, ka oi aku o ka ulu' āpana consumer kaiāulu.

Alu like 'ana i loko o ka USSR

Kuokoa Free neʻeʻana i loko o Rusia i hoopau ma hope o ka IkuwaʻOiʻenehana, a me ka Bolsheviks hele mai i ka mana. Ua alakaʻi nā Socialists ma ka rula o ka "a pau lawe a kaʻana like." Ma ka ia kumu i kāheaʻia kekahi o nā 'āina hui ana o ka consumer nā kaiapili, ano laulā,ʻaʻole i laweʻia i loko o nui.

Ka hopena ua lono kaumaha. Mahiʻai i nalowale ole wale he mea hana o ke alu like 'ana ma waena o lākou, akā, koke a pau i koe me ka aina. Mau kama'āina i bipi i loko o like aina. Hahai no ke kōkua 'ana me ka Soviet Aupuni hai aku punched, a malalo iho o repression. Papa Mālama Kālā He nui mamua o ka consumer nā kaiapili loaʻa iā lākou iho i loko o ke pioʻana i loko o aneea oneiaey a me nā mamao wahi. Moku'āina ke kemu a banned uaoʻana, i paʻa i ka mua Free.

Consumer ke kaiāulu i loko o ka palapala o ka mea kahiko oki i nei. Aka hoi, i kekahi o ko lākou mau hiʻona hoomaka ae la e lawe mai kekahi aina o kauwa, a like-aina poʻe akamai. Mau hopohopo, punahelu mua ke alu like ae na kauwa, e ola, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ei o ka n ieaie? Moku'āina hoʻokele waiwai.

Consumer Society ma ka hopena o Soviet au

Ma ke kakahiaka nui '90s, i ka wa a ka Soviet Union e hina, malaila i wale kākauʻia i loko o ka ikaika? Aieao o consumer alu like' ana. A laila, ua ka Central Union mua, a laila Rospotrebsoyuz. Mau papa hana i noho mana ana ma ka la mua o ka hou consumer nā kaiapili.

I ka makahiki 1990, 40% o ka heluna o ka RSFSR i mālama ai ma keia kahua. Ua oia o 30 miliona mau kama'āina. I nā lā o ka wī a me ka ai queues kēlā me kēia 'āina' consumer kaiāulu i ka nui waiwai hana no ke aupuni holoʻokoʻa. Ke kaʻana like 'ana o ka'ōnaehana hoike no ka 25% o ka kalepa kuai ana o ka waiwai, kokoke e hapalua uala preforms kolu o ka mea nō hoʻi loaʻa, a laila, ma luna o. D.

I kēia Rusia

I ka 90 makahiki, Lūkini consumer ke kaiāulu kanaka, e hele ana ma pilikia manawa. ma hope o ka paʻamau o ka 1998, a me ka depreciation o ka ruble na mea a pau hoʻololi. Hookuuia oia aneiai niches ae kākoʻo '-operatives e hoʻi i ke kuai. I kēia lā, i loko o nā māhele o ka Russian Hui, he 20-25 mau papa hana. Ka hapa nui o ia komo o ka mahiʻai consumer nā kaiapili. Ma keia hihia, kokoke nō e pono a pau o ia ka nānā 'ana i ke' ano o ko lākou oicyenoaaiiie hana.

No keia nui aneiai poepoe o ka auhau Code. Ka " 'Aʻohe" makahiki, ia ia i ka helu o hoololi, e hoolako ia e pōmaikaʻi ai consumer nā kaiapili, komo aku la i loko o ka Central Council o ka Russian Hui. Kēia 'ole o ka papa kuhikuhiE coordinating kino no ka hapanui o ka Free.

It Tsetrosoyuz hoʻoholo na ka manaʻolana 'ia o kona holoʻokoʻa oicyenoaaiiie kaiaulu. Kēlā makahiki, e like me ka hapa o kona congresses, a me ka hālāwai kūkā 'ana i mālama i ka lehulehu hoopaapaa ma pehea e hoʻoikaika i ka'ōnaehana o consumer nā kaiapili ma ka lulu popilikia mahiai.

No keia la ka consumer nā kaiapili

Ua Russian a me kekahi lahui consumer kaiāulu mea he nonprofit 'ole. Ia mea, he hui pū i loko o entrepreneurial haʻawina, akā, i ka mea ia manawa hoʻomakaʻia ka waiwai no ka mea, mea,ʻaʻole ka iniiaiie a me ka wā o ka hana. Oia ka hui ana ua hanaia ma ka mohai kumu no ka hoomalu ana i ka pono o kona Papa Mālama Kālā. Ke kumu nui koʻi o ka consumer ke kaiāulu o kona kuleana i loko o ka puunaue o ka makahiki, i loaa kona mau lala. Ke'ī mai, ma ka makana, a komo i loko o ka aneiai ola o ka like Papa Mālama Kālā insure kekahi i kekahi, a me ka lakou i palekana mai ka hopena o ka hana 'ole.

I ka lā, i ka consumer ke kaiāulu o ka loa a me ka pono e like me ka ano o ka Free mahiai. Loko mea hiehie keʻano o nā hana a me nā hiʻona. Mua, keia mea he kū hoʻokahi kahua o nā hoahanau, i mea ma ka manao lokahi waiwai kūʻai o ka Papa Mālama Kālā. ʻO ka lua, ka waiwai huli ia lŘlŘ therebetween. Apana, i ka consumer ke kaiāulu mea he nui 'ia e halawai me ka nohona a me ka mea pono o na Papa Mālama Kālā. Ma keia kumu, ua hiki ke olelo aku i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia Lūkini kua'āina nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā ka nui maʻalahi a me ka lua pele, e hana lākou hana ma ka kuikahi me kona hoalauna ma mua o ke kuai wale i ka 'ike pōpilikia.

oihana

Kekahi o na kumu nui mana o ka consumer ke kaiāulu mea e pale aku i nā kuleana o nā mea kūʻai mai. Poe kanaka e pili ana i ka papa hana no kā lākou kākoʻo i loko o ka palapala o ka loio i aʻo. Hoʻomalu ke alakai i kuokoa ninaninau ana i ka pono o questionable waiwai. Loio kālailai palapala a me aelike o kuai, e like me ka mea hiki ke kū no lākou nā mea mālama mai i ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo. Keia ua hoikeia nui nohona manao o ia nā kaiapili.

Na hana o ia ka hui regulates kaʻo Samuel o ka consumer ke kaiāulu, a ua hana i kekahi mau halawai ana o na nā mea hōʻoia o ka mahele. Kēia palapala Ho'ākāka 'na hana a me nā kuleana o nā lālā o ka hui. Mai Papa Mālama Kālā i ka preferential pono e kuai a me ka kuai o ka waiwai, a no ka lawelawe ana i hoʻolako 'ia e ka hui. Kona lala i kōkua i ka hana o ka hui ma lalo aina, e like me ke kūʻai akuʻana lākou me nā huahana. Consumer kaiāulu i ke aloha i kona 'ano nui o ka waiwai. Ka hapa nui o keia mau dala ua puunaueia iwaena o na Papa Mālama Kālā. Ke koena dala i hoolilo ia ma luna o ka ulu ana o ke kaiāulu wale.

Ka moku'āina i loko o nā makahiki i hana nui e hoʻomaʻa i ka laulā o Free pili. I ka mana o ka lehulehu kākoʻo, i mea he nui aneiai pa alima o ka wahi lulu mahiai. Ke kumu o kānāwai no ka hana koe ke kānāwai "Ma consumer ke alu like '". Ke Company hāpai mai consumer hoomalu ana ma luna o ka muli o kekahi palapala "Ma palekana 'ana i nā mea kūʻai mai' Rights.

Loio i mäliko a me ka mōakaaka Free hana hoʻoponopono e ia i pono anuu no ke alu like 'ana o nā nona a pau o ka aina i loko o ke kauhale. He nui e hoailona oukou i na kanawai o ka olelo i kākau moku'āina ka e pili ana i kēia mau papa hana. Consumer nā kaiapili a me nā uniona kālepa - ia la - mea nui he ololi i loko o ke aupuni o ka nohona ola.

Tsentrosoyuz

I ka wā hiʻona o ka consumer nā kaiapili o ko lakou aupuni a ka lehulehu. Oia ka hoʻonohonohoʻia e noho mana ana ma ka mau ana o Papa Mālama Kālā, kēlā lala i kahi o ka pono e koho. Aia ma lalo o kaʻaha hui hulili ua i ka 'elele kino, i mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hana ahaolelo poai puni ia e ka luna hoʻomalu. ¶ A i loko o ke kaiāulu e ia i ka Hooia a me Na Makuahine Komisina, i mea kuleana e kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka legality a me ka pono o nā manaʻo hoʻoholo.

I haiia ae maluna,, i ke kumu nui lakou ke hoomaluia ke kino o ka Free hana i loko o ka pau o Rusia, ka Central Union o Consumer nā kaiapili, a pololei Tsentrosoyuz. I huli ai oe, ka mea, ua noho mana ana ma ka Ahaolelo hoa. Ua loaa 'elele o nā wahi lulu consumer nā kaiapili. Ahaolelo e halawai ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, hoʻokahi nō ka makahiki, ka wā i loko o Moscow e hele mai i nāʻelele mai a puni ka aina. Ma ka halawai ana no he pilikia a me ka manaʻolana 'ia o? Acaeoey o ka consumer kaiāulu.