Ferghana māhele 'āina (Uzbekistan): mau mea o ke kulanakauhale

I ka nani Ferghana Valley ua ke aupuni 'Ferghana māhele' āina (Uzbekistan). 'O kēia kekahi o ka mea kahiko a me ka loa nani loa o ka aina. Aia mea he nui kahiko kulanakauhale a me ka mea uuku kulanakauhale me ke kahiko ala. Ferghana māhele ua ana he nui na makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai moku'āina a me ka mea o ka nui hoihoi no ka oo? Ecia.

Hoikehonua a me ka kālaimeaola

Ma ka naau o Central Asia, ke aupuni 'o Uzbekistan. Ferghana māhele ua aia ma ka hema o ka Ferghana Valley, a mea kekahi o 13 hoʻomalu-ia kenekoa apana o ka aina. Kona wahi, he 68 km². Ka māhele ninoaaeyao ka i lalo ?? eoi? Me ka uuku elevation luna o kaʻilikai i ka hema-hikina. Ke awawa ua poe ma kela ano keia ano o ka panorama: ka mea i malama i ka Hawaiian mauna huahelu, oiai ka'ākau hapa ua noho ma steppes. Ka māhele 'āina Ua waiwai i loko o ka wai kumu waiwai. Muliwai e kahe ana mai ka mauna hana he ākea ka wai pukapuka, a hōʻiliʻili ma Syrdarya. Additional ka wai lako i haawi mai i ka Central Ferghana? Aieeeua.

Ke kupono wahi i loko o ka momona awāwaʻo ia paʻakikī waiwai flora a? Aaoa o ka Ferghana māhele. he ākeaʻano o nā mea kanu ulu 'aneʻi. Ka hapanui o nā flora a pau i ka nohona kāʻei kua, like maoli kanu - ia ka paakai o ke kula mauʻu, punctuated ma oases. Eia naʻe, ke kanaka i huli i kēia māhele 'āina i loko o ka paradaiso maoli. Ka holoholona ao ka hoi loa hana hoihoi. O na holoholona nui oe e hālāwai hihiu pokole, na alopeke a me na iliohae. Akā, ke 'ano nui o? Ueo hoike no na holoholona liʻiliʻi, a me nā manu.

hōʻoia Mōʻaukala

Ferghana māhele 'āina i noho a hiki i ka 1-2 kenekulia, ka wā kela Turkic ohana i hoomaka ai e makaikai i ka wahi. Naʻe, na kahua loa kahiko o kanaka e i ua loaʻa ma archaeologists lā hoʻi i 7-5 kenekulia BC. Ma ka māhele o na mea paahana pōhaku, a me nā koe kokoke Selengur i? Iaie? I loaʻa. Ma huinaʻepekema i helu 13 moʻomeheu papa ma keia honua. Mai ka 1709 ma ke kahua o Fergana māhele ia i hana i ka Kokand Khanate. Paula II a me kana poe mamo alii iho la oia i ka aina, hiki kona palena ma ka lilo ana o kokoke Hawaii.

I ka 1821, hele mai la ia i ka mana no 12 makahiki Madali Khan, ma lalo o kona noho alii o ka moku'āina me ka nui loa hoʻonuiʻia aku ona, a ikaika ae la. Khanate ua he loa ikaika ke kino a me ka noho mālie i ko lākou mana a hiki i 1842, a hiki i ka honua neʻe Kyrgyz luna. No ka mana ma luna o kēia momona kihi o mau ua, pili kaua ma waena o noho kanaka a me nomads Sart Kipchak. Ke poo o ke aupuni i mau auou caiaiai kekahi i kekahi. Ua piha ka lono kaumaha Episode i ka moolelo o ka wahi. Ikaika aku turmoil alakai ai i kekahi mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ka pale mana o ka aina i alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka mana i hopu ia e ka 'Emira o Bukhara, i i pepehiʻia e Lūkini lehulehu ma ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia.

Russian a Soviet manawa

Mai 1855, Fergana māhele 'āina, a laila, e noho ana ma lalo o ka mana o Turkestan, o Hoamakeikekula i lapalapa o Kivila kaua. Khudoyar Khan, ke kiaaina o Bukhara, Kokand, ua hikiʻole i ka noho ma ka mana maluna o na ohana i ala mai, a ma lalo o ka puʻe o Lūkini kūpono 'i haʻakoiʻia i loko o 1868, eʻae i ka oihana berita me ka Russian aupuni a pau. Ano, Russian a kokandtsy haawiia ka pono i noa neʻe, manaʻo o ka oihana, no ka mea ana i loaaʻi, e uku i ka auhau o 2,5%. Khudoyar Khan i ke alii kiaaina ana o ka ?? eoi? Ee. I ka 1875, Kipchaks alakai Abdurahamnom-Avtobachi kipi aku i ka mana o Khudoyar, a i huiʻia i nā clergy a me nā hoa paio o Lūkini ana. Ke hou ikaika mea e pili ana i 10 tausani kanaka kaua akula i ka'āina, subordinates Lūkini, ai hoopuniia a hiki i ke kulanakauhale o Khujand, a entrenched ma hūlili Mahram.

August 22, 1875, General Kaufmann a me kona poʻe koa o nā poʻe kipi kikeke ana mai o ka pakaua, a hoopio Kokand a me Margelan. Honua, ua hoʻokuleana i Lūkini ia Auguseto. Eia naʻe, e like me ka wa o ka poʻe i hele, unrest wawahi mai hou. General Skobelev, ka poe i poai puni i ka Oihana o Namangan, ikaika i hana ia me na kipi, a i hoohuiia i ka ?? eoi? Holoʻokoʻa o ka Ferghana māhele i ka Lūkini moku'āina. Skobelev lilo ka mua kia'āina o Ferghana māhele. Ma hope o ke kipi i loko o Rusia, ka Soviet Aupuni i hele mai, a Uzbekistan. I ka makahiki 1924, ua lawe mai hoʻomalu mihi, a me ka mokuna, i alakaʻiʻia e Kokand lilo kekahi hapa o ka Uzbek Socialist Repubalika. Ferghana māhele - I ka 1938, he hou ia kenekoa pa alima i hana. Iloko o ka Soviet wā o ka māhele 'āina ua' Imi na kanaka] ma ka Lūkini heluna kanaka, ka mea, o ka industrialization a me ka aeuiiai ieaia? Ieoaeunoai.

Hawaii moku'āina

Ma hope iho o ka'opi o ka USSR Fergana māhele 'āina, a mau mea iʻia me ka nui loa hooikaika ma aneiai hua'ōlelo, ka mea, ua koe i kekahi hapa o Uzbekistan, a hai kona kuokoa i ka makahiki 1991. I 1989-90 ka mea, he nui hookui hookahe koko ana a me ka Kyrgyz heluna kanaka, i ka poʻe Polenekia huli no. I kēia lā Ferghana māhele 'āina hoʻi i kona mau makahiki-kahiko ala o ke ola. Hanalima ke keʻena haawi ala e hiki ai i na mooolelo mahiʻai. Area, like hoʻi me nā mea a pau moku'āina a me ka hooponopono i Muslim aoao, a me ka aoao o ke ola, e like nae ana me Rusia e ole e nalowale. Over 25 makahiki o ke kuokoa, hookupaa hou Hawaiʻi a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ano laulea. Ferghana māhele 'āina i kēia lā embodies ka hiʻona o ka kuʻuna Uzbek māhele' āina.

aniau

Na Ferghana Valley - he hanana wahi. Puni ma ka mauna, ka mea, i ke kupaianaha climatic ana. Ia mea,ʻaʻole no kekahi mea i kapaia o ka momi o Uzbekistan, e like me ka mea io i hana mai i aneane maikaʻi olelo no kanaka ola. Ferghana māhele 'āina i kekahi ikaika Hawaiian aniau, meʻano mehana winters a me ka wela ka luna hoʻomalu. Ka awelika hoʻoilo ka mahana o -3 degere, ke kau - +28.

Ka wale drawback o ka kūloko aniau i ikaika makani, ka oi aku i ka luawai, i dries ka lepo, halihali topsoil, depleting i ka honua. Ka wahi no hoi i kekahi wahi kimu, akā, i loko o ka ona mau koi o ka mahiʻai uhi ia e ka wai, nicaaiea. Ferghana māhele ua wehewehe aku ma ka mehana aniau, ma mua i loko o ka kokoke wahi o ke awawa. Aia ka loa i ka pilina paʻa ino, wahi prone i ka pahi fluctuations. Ma ka wahi hele pono na rula no ka mahi ana i na mea he nui wela-puni ulu, a me pulupulu, raiki, a me ka kī.

heluna kanaka

Ferghana māhele 'āina (Uzbekistan) - densely na kanaka] wahi mea nui iho la ia. He wahi noho i kokoke i ka hapakolu o ka heluna o ka pau aina. Kona pa apŘ He 450 kanaka no 1 km². Ka lāhui haku mele 'ana o ka wahi mea like. 82% o ka heluna kanaka - i Uzbeks. Other lāhui pūʻulu poe ma ka mea uuku Tajiks - ma kahi o 4%, Lūkini - 2,6%, Kazakhs - 1%.

Official ōlelo - Uzbek, akā, e noho ana o ka wahi mea i aʻoʻana iā Kalani ma Russian, a me ka wā'ōpiopio mau poʻo e aʻo 'ōlelo Pelekānia. Ka oihana hoomana, hooia ma ka 95% o ka heluna kanaka - Hoʻomana Mohameka. Keʻano o ka heluna ka ulu ana i loko o ka aina o 1-2% no ka makahiki. Ke kiʻekiʻe o ulu ola expectancy, i kēia manawa i ka mooolelo no 70 makahiki. Ka awelika makahiki o ka noho ana o Fergana māhele o 23 makahiki. Ka heluna kanaka i keia la ua increasingly i kia ma hoʻokiwikā wahi.

hoʻokele waiwai

Ferghana māhele 'āina i kēia meaʻAmelika, mahiʻai māhele' āina. Oiai ke kapikala o ka māhele 'āina - he mele hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hanalima waena. Eia nō ka nui nui hana i loko o ka Nine Inch, ka ai, ka malamalama hana, petrochemical hana. Eia ka mea, ua hanaʻia iāʻoe māhele, lako, fertilizers, aniani, lepo pipili, a he nui nā huahana. Nui na makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka aina e hana mahiʻai hana i ulu pulupulu, raiki, na holoholona, ka hoʻolako 'ole wale lulu popilikia e pono ai, akā, i' Imi kuai me nā'āina. Hoʻomohala a me kumupaʻa o ka hoʻokele waiwai ka poʻea pau i ka pōʻalo o nā minelala hao: aila, sulfur dioxide i, limestone, i mea nui ka mea o ka mea hoʻolilo.

Ka māhele holo i ke apo no ka ihu alahao, ai pili aku i ka nui kūlanakauhale o ke aupuni, a me ka māhele 'āina. Ka huina pau loa o ke alanui, he 200 ei.

Ke hoʻomalu māhele o ke kulanakauhale, a

Ferghana māhele ua maheleia i loko o 15 ka noe - hoʻomalu apana. Kēlā me kēia e noho mana ana ma ke poo, ka mea i hoonohoia ma ka Hakim. Major kulanakauhale o Ferghana māhele (Uzbekistan): Ferghana, Kokand, Margilan, Kuvasay - i ke kūlana o ka 'āina' subordination. Ka mea, i kia loa o ka heluna o ka māhele 'āina.

Fergana

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kūlanakauhale i loko o ka Ferghana māhele - kona kapikala. Ka loa ka inoa unuhi mai ka Persian - "waiwai" - wahi a ka puu e pili ana i kēia wahi. Aia nō ma kahi o 350 tausani kanaka o kekahi mau nationalities. Kona mōʻaukala, ke kulanakauhale helu ia mai 1876, ka wā o ka Lūkini kiaaina o keia aina, Gen. Skobelev, hoʻokumu i ka hou poʻo. No ke ana i ke kulanakauhale, a hiki i hanau i kona inoa. Kēia moʻolelo i ka lewa i loko o ke ano o ka mea mawaho helehelena o Fergana. Mua ka mea i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka Europa kaila hale: luna 'halawai, Post Office, Aupuni House, ka ke keʻena luna o ke keaka, ka Alexander Nevsky Hale Pule Nui - a pau ia i ka hoʻomaka o ke kulanakauhale nui, atypical no Central Asia. Here? Ieoaeunoaa me ka pololei alanui i hoʻolauna initially.

Ka loa kokololio ka ulu ana i loko o Ferganaʻike piʻi i ka Soviet au, o ka oi aku ma hope o ka Apana World War, ka wā malaila oia i kukulu i ka nui helu o hanalima hana, e wehe i kahi hoʻonaʻauao kulanui.

I kēia lā Fergana - loa nani a me ka uliuli kulanakauhale. Aia nō he nui helu o nā kīhāpai a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii i ka House o na ilamuku, mua House luna - keaka, ka Hale Pule Isalama ʻiʻo pepa Masjid, ke kahiko pā kaua.

Kokand

Kekahi nui-oaio? A - i ke kulanakauhale o Kokand (Ferghana māhele 'āina). Kona mōʻaukala hoʻomaka ma ka 5-6 kenekulia. na ohana kahiko Here noho. Mai ka 1709 o ke kapikala o ka ikaika Kokand Khanate. Ka mea maikaʻi wahi ma luna o ka kilika Road, a hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hooulu ana o ka waiwai o Kokand, a mau,ʻo komohewa. mea he moʻo o na kaua a me na luna i hoʻololi - Ka lōʻihi moolelo o ke kulanakauhale. Mai ke kukuluia'na o Soviet mana loaʻa malie i ke kulanakauhale, a ma hope o ke Kuahaua o ke Kuokoa o Uzbekistan hoi i kona aupuni, a me ka moʻomeheu kêia kanaka.

I keia la, i ke kulanakauhale o ka hale ma kahi o 260.000 kanaka e. Eia, ua hoonoho iho i ka nui hanalima hana i loko o ka Nine Inch, manufacturing, ka meaʻai a me ka hana 'enekinia, na hana. Ke kūlanakauhale hoʻomaka koke ka ulu 'oo? Enonei-? Hana: hotel i kūkulu, e wehe ae Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, e ulu ana aeuiiai ieaia?. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii i na madrassas Norbutabi Kokand (lohi 18th kenekulia), Zhomi Hale Pule Isalama (1800), a me ka Palace Khudoyar Khan i kūkulu ai i ka 1871.

Margilan

Kekahi apo o ka aina - Ferghana, Margilan. i kapaʻia kēia kūlanakauhale kahiko ua i ke kapikala o ke silika. Moʻolelo i loaʻa ko läkou 'o ke ola i loko o kēia wahi o ke kanaka hooponopono, a hiki i ka 4-3 kenekulia BC. I ka moolelo o ke kūlanakauhale ua pili i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie a me ka kalepa o ke silika. I kēia lā ka mea, o ka aina i ka nui loa silika hola, a me 'oe ke ike loa o nā lāʻau silika. Ke kūlanakauhale o ka hale ma kahi o 220.000 kanaka e. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Hawaii i Marghilan mea hoomanao Pir Siddique (makahiki 18), medreses I mai la ia Ahmad Hodge (makahiki 19) a me ka silika hola "Yodgorlik".