Fluoride - He aha ka keia? Nā waiwai o ka fluorine

Fluoro - Nine Inch hehee ai (hōʻailona F,'ātoma helu 9), ole-mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a e pili ana i ka halogen pae. 'O kēia ka K'lauea a me ka electronegative. Ma maʻamau mahana a me ka puʻe o ka fluorine lātoma mea he nahesa niho kinoea pale yellow me ka haʻilula F _2. E like me nā halogens, hakakino fluorine ka noho pilikia loa, a ma ka hui 'ana me ka ili a nā loa'ā.

i ka hoʻohana 'ana o

Fluorine a me kona hui e hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka 'ole. H., A no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, mōʻalihaku a me lubricants, a me nā mea hana o ka home. Hydrofluoricʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia e etch aniani, a me ka wai koko o ka fluorine - no ka hana o ka mea uholo uila a me nā pono hana. Low nā hoʻohui like o F Ion ma toothpaste a me ka wai inu hiki kōkua pale niho palaho, oiai kiekie nā hoʻohui like i kekahi hapa o kekahi mau insecticides. He nui na mau anesthetics i nā mea loaʻa o nā fluorocarbons. ¹⁸ F kālaiōewe mea he positron kumu no ka 'inikua kiʻi ma ka positron ea puka tomography, a ua hoʻohana uranium hexafluoride no ka hookaawale ana o ka isotopes o ka uranium, a ulu waiwai uranium no nukelea mana mea kanu.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Nā minelala hao i loaʻa ka fluorine hui, ua, ua ike no na makahiki mua o ka kala o keia Nine Inch hehee ai. No ka laʻana, ka mea pōhaku fluorspar (a fluorite), oia hoi o ka kalipuna fluoride, i ho'ākāka 'ia ma 1530 ma Agricola G. Gheorghiu. Ua Uaʻike i ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ke koko - ka waiwai e kōkua e emi i ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka metala a me na mea i eliia, a kōkua maemae makemake metala. No ia mea, fluoro kona inoa, mai ka inoa Lakina o ka loaa mai olelo fluere ( «e kapio»).

I ka 1670 Henry godu glassmaker Shvanhard loaʻa i ua etched aniani ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kalipuna fluoride (fluorspar),ʻakika-ʻia. Karl Scheele a me na mea he nui hope noiʻi, a me Humphrey Davy, Iosepa-Louis Māhū-Lussac, Antuan Lavuaze, Louis Tenar ho okolohua me ka hydrofluoricʻakika (HF), a i hoopuni loaa mai ma ka hana maikaʻi CaF kia sulfuricʻakika.

Ma ka hopena, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka HF he he mua ike ole hehee ai. Kēia waiwai nui, nae, ma muli o ia kona lōʻihi reactivity nele i līkaia no ka makahiki. Ia mea,ʻaʻole wale paʻakikī e hookaawale, mai ka hui, akā, ia koke reacts me nā eiiiiiaiou ona. Hoʻokaʻawale o elemental fluorine mai ka hydrofluoricʻakika ka loa pilikia, a me ka i kakahiaka nui ho'āʻo hoomakapoia, a pepehi iho la kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema. Mau kanaka la ia mea e like me ka "poe hoike aku o fluoride."

Ka mai a? Iecaianoaaiiie

Eia hoi, i ka 1886, ka Palani chemist Henri Muassanu pomaikai ae la lakou i ka kaʻawale i ka läÿau, o ka fluorine ma electrolysis o hoʻoheheʻeʻia potasiuma fluoride a me hydrofluoricʻakika. No keia mea, i i hookoia i ka 1906 Nobel makana i loko o kemika. Kona electrolytic hoʻokokoke ua nō ia i kēia lā no ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiie o keia Nine Inch hehee ai.

Ka mea mua nui-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o fluorine hoomaka manawa o ke Kaua II. He Ua koi 'ia no kekahi o na kuʻina o ka hanaia'na o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū i loko o ka Manhattan Project. Fluorine ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana uranium hexafluoride (Bufa ₆₎ a, ma ka huli, hoʻohana no ka hookaawale ana mai kela a me keia isotopes'ē aʻeʻelua ²³⁵ U a me ²³⁸ U. I keia la gaseous Bufa ₆ Ua koi' ia e loaa a waiwai uranium no nukelea mana.

Ka loa nui waiwai o ka fluorine

Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina hehee ai i loko o ke keena hapa 17 o ka pae (mamua Group 7A), a ua kapaia ka halogen. Other halogens nā chlorine, bromine, iodine a me ka astatine. A, F i loko o ka lua o ka wā i waena o oxygen, a Neon.

Pure fluoro - he corrosive kinoea (Nine Inch haʻilula F ₂₎ me ke ano pungent ala i ua 'akomi i ka lehulehu o ka 20 Nl no hano. E like me ka loa a me ka electronegative kū'ē o pau na kumu mua, ia hoopuni mauʻano a he huina lakou me ka hapanui o ia mau mea. Fluoride mea, ua kū'ē ke nei ma elemental palapala, a mai ia heʻo Solomona me ka hapanui mau mea, a me silikone, i ka mea,ʻaʻole e hiki makaukau a waiho ma ka aniani pahu. Ma humid ea, e reacts me ka wai, e lilo i emi hoʻopōʻino hydrofluoricʻakika.

Fluoro, interacting me ka hydrogen explodes a hiki ma haahaa ana wela, a me ka pouli. Ua reacts lawe wale i ka wai, e hana hydrofluoricʻakika a me gaseous ka oxygen. Kekahi mau mea, a me aniani, a finely puunaueia i eliiaʻi, ma ka muliwai o ka fluorine kinoea puhi huali lapalapa. Eia hou, i ka Nine Inch hehee aiʻano he huina lakou me ka hanohano kinoea krypton, xenon a me ka radon. Eia naʻe 'ana i ka naikokene a me ka oxygen, ka mea, aole ia i pane koke.

I loko nō o ka lōʻihi hana o ka fluorine, ua e lilo mākou i loaʻa ano o ka palekana pēpēʻana a me ka halihali. Ke hehee ai ke waiho waho ma ka pahu i ke kila a me Monel (nikala-waiwai oka a), ana mai ia mau mea ma luna o ka ili o fluorides i hana i keʻakeʻaʻole kekahi mea hou naoh.

Fluorides - he waiwai ma i ka fluorine Ua makana like me ka negatively hoopiiia ion (F ^-) i loko o ka hui pu ana me kekahi mau olelo ikaika mai, papa mai hehee. Fluorine i huiʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea i waena o ka loa lio paʻakai. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai, ka mea, ua mahele ia i Ion. Other ano o ka fluorine e eiiieaenu, e laʻa me, [FeF _4] ^-, a me H ₂ F ^+.

isotopes

Aia He He iiiaanoaa o isotopes o halogen, mai ka ¹⁴ F a pau me ³¹ F. Akā, fluorine kālaiōewe haku mele 'ana maupaʻa kekahi wale o ia mau mea, ¹⁹ F, a he 10 neutrons, no laila, i ka wa i ia mea hale lio. ʻO nā kālaiōewe ¹⁸ F - he waiwai kahi o positrons.

liluwelo 'ole

Fluorine i loko o ke kinoʻano nui i loko o ka iwi a me ka niho i loko o ka palapala o ka Ion. Fluoridation o inu i ka wai i loko o ka lehulehu o ka emi o kekahi hapa no miliona me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka mea hiki wale mai o caries - no laila, noonoo i ka National Research Council o ka National Academy o Sciences USA. Ma ka kekahi lima, he excessive hoʻomāhuahua o fluoride ke alakai i ka fluorosis, i hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka mottling o ka niho. Ua hookoia ia olelo ike i wahi ma ka maʻiʻo o ka haawiia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka inu wai lehulehu aku i 10 ppm.

Elemental fluorine a me ka fluoride paʻakai iʻawahia a me ka pono pono ia me ka malama nui. Hoʻokaʻaʻike i kaʻili a me ka maka e e akahele käpae '. Ke naoh me ka ili produces hydrofluoricʻakika, i koke komo iloko o ka'aʻaʻa a reacts me ke kalipuna i loko o ka iwi, ā 'inoʻino kekahi mea paʻa.

Fluorine ma ke kaiapuni

Ka makahiki honua? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea pōhaku fluorite o ma kahi o 4 miliona nā kana, a me ka huina o na mana ua kaupaona i nā hoʻokomo kālā i loko o 120 miliona tons, ke poʻo kumu a mea o keia mea pōhaku hoʻouku mau mea i Mexico, WesternʻEulopa a me China.

I maoli fluoro loaʻa i loko o ka honua o ka pńpa kahi i hiki ke loaʻa ma ka pōhaku, ka palolo a me ka kalapona. Fluorides i loko o ka lewa, i ka wa o ka makani ka'aʻaiawāʻana. Fluorine o ka 13th loa nui Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa - kona maʻiʻo mea 950 ppm. Ma soils, kona awelika lehulehu - ma kahi o 330 ppm. Hydrogen fluoride i ke kuu i loko o ka lewa me ka hopena o ke'ā keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka hana. Fluorides i mea i loko o ka lewa, e ho'ōla haule ma ka lepo, ka wai paha. I ka wā o ka fluorineʻano he hoopaa me ka uuku loa (particles), ka mea hiki ke noho airborne no ka manawa lōʻihi o ka manawa.

Ma ka lewa o 0,6 ppb o ka Nine Inch hehee ai makana i loko o ka palapala o ka paakaiʻehu a me ke aloha chlorine i huiʻia. Ma hoʻokiwikā hana kūpono lehulehu ihoiho 50 ppb.

i pili ai

Fluoro - ka mea, o ka hehee ai, i konaʻano a he ākea huahelu o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. Chemists hiki e puku i ka hydrogen nā'ātoma, ma laila e pili ana i ka ai iiiaanoaa o hou waiwai. Ua 'ano apau loa i ka lahui kū'ē halogen i huiʻia me ka maikai kinoea. I ka 1962, Neil Bartlett synthesizes xenon geksaftorplatinat (XePtF6). Fluorides o krypton a me ka radon ua, ua hoomakaukau no hoi. Kekahi hui Ua ftorgidrid argon, eii? Wale i loa haʻahaʻa mahana.

oaoieei-noi

Ke'ātoma a hakakino moku'āina fluorine ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka wai koko etching ma ka mea uholo uila hana, i lalo panel ka hōʻike' ana a me ka microelectromechanical nenoai. Hydrofluoricʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka etching aniani i kukui a me nā huahana.

A me kekahi o kona hui, fluorine - nui i kekahi hapa o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, mōʻalihaku a me lubricants, a me nā mea hana o ka home. Nine hehee ai koi 'ia no ka makaukau o halogenated alkanes (halons), a ma ka huli e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka lewa a me ka hoʻoikaika kino anuanu maila'. Hope i banned keia hoʻohana 'o CFCs, no ka mea, he hoʻonui ai i ka make ana o ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho i loko o ke keena lewa.

Ka sulfur hexafluoride - loa inert, ole-ʻawahia kinoea attributable i ka waiwai e kauoha ana i ka hoʻomehana honua. Me ka fluorine mea hiki ole i ka hana lula me ka haʻahaʻa kaʻi lau waiwai o ke kū'ē, e like me Teflon. He nui anesthetic konohiki (e laʻa me, sevoflurane, desflurane a me ka isoflurane) i nā mea loaʻa o nā fluorocarbons. paʻakai Geksaftoralyuminat (cryolite) ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Aluminum electrolysis.

Fluorine i huiʻia, a me NaF, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o toothpastes ma ka mea e ole caries. Mau waiwai i pākuʻi i ke kulanakauhale wai lako'ōnaehana no ka fluoridation o ka wai, akā, no ka mea, o ka hopena ma luna o kanaka ola, ua hana ka controversial. Ma nā hoʻohui like kiekie o NaF ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka insecticide, o ka oi aku e ku e ia cockroaches.

I ka hala, fluorides hoʻohana i ka ho'ēmi i mea hiki ke hooheheeia mahele heheʻe i ka mahana a me na mea e hooheheeia, a me ka mahuahua o ko lakou mau hua. Fluoride - mea nui i ke keʻena o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uranium hexafluoride, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hookaawale ana o kona isotopes. ¹⁸ F, ka kālaiōewe me ka hapalua ke ola o ka 110 minuke, kī ana positrons a ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia ma ka' inikua positron ea puka tomography.

Helu waiwai o ka fluorine

Kumukahua ano o Nine Inch hehee wale e like penei:

• 18.9984032'ātoma nuipa g. / Mol.
• Ka lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia o 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.
• Ke'okesaside moku'āina o -1.
• Nuʻa 1,7 g. / Ho'āo ai.
• 53,53 K. mahele heheʻe i ka mehana
• K. hoolapalapa 85,03
• 31,34 Heat nona iho J / (K · Mol).