Halogens: physical waiwai, Nine Inch waiwai. I ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka hui ana o halogens a me kā lākou mau

Nā halogens i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa a hiki i ka hema o ka maikai kinoea. Mauʻelimaʻawahia mea hao oihana mua i komo i loko o ka pūʻulu 7 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika pakuhi. O nā fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine a me ka astatine. ʻOiai astatine radioactive a i wale i ka pōkole-noho isotopes, ka mea, hoi like iodine, a ua pinepine manaoia i halogens. E like me ka halogen hehee wale, he ehiku valence electrons, ka mea nele hoʻokahi wale keu huina'ine e hana i ka piha octet. Keia ano hana ia oi hana ma mua o nā pūʻulu o non-ke hooheheeia.

General ano

Halogens i hana i ka diatomic lātoma (X ₂ 'ano kahi X mea he halogen) - palapala-ku paa auanei ola ana halogens like noa keena. Hoʻokaʻaʻike o diatomic nā lātoma i nonpolar, a me hoʻokahi covalent. Ke Nine Inch waiwai o halogens ae ia, e hiki wawe ka lilo i huiʻia me ka hapanui oihana mua, no laila, e aole loa i loaʻa ka mea, i loko o ka MAKAHIKI MDCCCXVI NU palapala ma ke ano. Fluoro - K'lauea halogen a me ka astatine - emi.

All halogens pūʻulu au kuahene paʻakai me ka like waiwai. Ma kēia hui, halides e ike like me ka halide anion me ka oihana o ka -1 (e laʻa me, Cl ^-, br ^-). Pau -id ka hōʻike 'ana i ke alo o halide anions; l. Cl ^- kapaia "koloriside".

Eia kekahi, i ka Nine Inch waiwai o halogens ae ia e hana like oxidizing Luna - oxidized ke hooheheeia. Most Nine Inch reactions pili i halogens - redox ma koʻana koko pāʻoihana. Halogens kuahene hookahi makaukau na kaula paa a me kalapona a naikokene i loko o ke aloha i huiʻia, ma ke degere o ka'okesaside (CO) ua like ia -1. I ka hookomoia ma ka halogen'Ātoma covalently e paa ana hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka ke aloha i huiʻia, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ana halo pākuʻina kau i loko o kekahi mau mea pono, a me prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - kekahi halogens. Halogen hehee wale paha i ka crisscross hoopaa e lilo diatomic nā lātoma me Polar covalent hookahi paa.

Chlorine (Cl ₂₎ ua ka mua halogen wehe i ka 1774, i laila,ʻoaka aʻela iodine (I _2), bromine (br _2), fluorine (F ₂₎ a me ka astatine (At, loaʻa hope ma 1940 YG). Ka inoa "halogen" ua loko mai o ka olelo Helene, o kumu hal- ( «paakai») a me ka -gen ( «palapala"). Together, i kēia mau hua'ōlelo ke ano o "paʻakai-ho okumu i", emphasizing i ka mea i ka halogen reacts me ke hooheheeia, e lilo paʻakai. Halite - i ka inoa o ka pōhaku paakai, ma kona ano maoli mea pōhaku haku o ka paʻakai koloriside (NaCl). Eia hoi, i ka halogen hoʻohana i loko o ka hale - he fluoride ma ka toothpaste, chloro disinfect inu i ka wai, iodine a me ka paipai 'ana i kūpono' ana o ke thyroid hormones.

Nine Inch oihana mua

Fluoro - hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 9, ua denoted e F. Ka elemental fluorine i mua i loaa i ka 1886 g. Ma ka kaʻawale ia, mai ka hydrofluoricʻakika.. Ma ka noa moku'āina ka mea i koe i loko o ka palapala o ka fluoro diatomic nā lātoma (F ₂₎ a me ka mea i ka loa, he pono ole halogen, i loko o ka pńpa. Fluoro - loa electronegative hehee ai o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. I mehana ea, he haikea melemele kinoea. Fluorine kekahi i kekahi kŘpa a uuku'ātoma kahahńnai. Kona CO - -1 ole elemental diatomic moku'āina ma a kona'okesaside moku'āina o 'Aʻohe. Fluoro loa chemicallyʻeleu a me ka hana 'ana me nā kumu, koe helium (He), Neon (Ne) a me ka argon (Ara). Ka H ₂ O pāʻoihana, hydrofluoricʻakika (HF) mea he nawaliwaliʻakika. 'Oiai, nui electronegative fluoro, kona electronegativity i ho oholo i kaʻakika; HF mea he nawaliwaliʻakika ku i ka mea i ka fluoride ion Ua walaʻauʻana (pH> 7). Eia kekahi, fluoro produces loa ikaika oxidants. No ka laʻana, fluorine hiki ke pane koke me ka inert kinoea xenon a me konaʻano a me ka ikaika oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF _2). Ma na palapala noi o fluoride.

Chlorine - hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 17 a me ka Nine Inch hōʻailona Cl. Loaa ma 1774 ma ka g. Maopopo ia mai hydrochloricʻakika. Ma kona elemental moku'āina ia 'ano apau loa he diatomic lātoma Cl _2. Chlorine loaʻa paha kekahi mau SB -1, 1, 3, 5 a 7. Ma mehana ea ia mea kukui omaomao kinoea. Mai ka hoopaa i ua hanaʻia ma waena o ka chlorine nā'ātoma elua, ka mea nawaliwali, Cl ₂ lātoma i He kiʻekiʻe loa hana, e komo i loko o ka pilina. Chlorine reacts me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hana paʻakai, i ka poe i kaheaia chlorides. Koloriside Ion i ka loa nui Ion i kakauiaʻi ma ke kai. Chlorine i ua mau isotopes: ³⁵ Cl a me ³⁷ Cl. Paʻakai koloriside o ka loa e like me ka pilina o nā mea a pau i ka chlorides.

Bromine - he Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 35 a me ka hōʻailona br. Ua Uaʻike mua i loko o 1826 ma ke ano o ke kula haʻahaʻaa bromine mea diatomic lātoma, br _2. I mehana ea, ia mea he ulaula iki-eleele wai. Kona HI - -1, + 1, 3, 4 a me ka 5. Bromo oi hana ma mua o iodine, akā, e emi hana ma mua o chlorine. Eia kekahi, bromo kālaiōewe he mau ⁷⁹ br a me ⁸¹ br. Bromine ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka palapala o ka paʻakai bromide, ua hoʻopau i loko o ke kai. Ma nā makahiki, ua hoonuiia me ka nui loa no o kona loaʻa nui, a me ka lōʻihi o ke ola i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o bromide i loko o ke ao nei. E like me nā halogens bromine, a me ka oxidant ia mea loaʻawahia.

Iodine - Nine Inch hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 53 a me ka hōʻailona I. ka iodine'okesaside eiaao: -1, +1, +5 a me +7. Aia i loko o ka palapala o ka diatomic lātoma, I _2. Ma ka lumi ana wela i ka paa waiwai mea poni. Iodine i kekahi hale lio kālaiōewe - ¹²⁷ I. First loaa i ka 1811, a me ke kōkua o ka līoho a me sulfuricʻakika. Currently, iodine Ion hiki ke kaʻawaleʻana i loko o ka wai kai. I loko nō o ka mea i iodine mea ole loa wailana i loko o ka wai, e e mahuahua kona solubility ka wā me ka hoʻohana 'ana iodides. Iodine Radio nui i kūlana i loko o ke kino, ka hana 'ana ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o thyroid hormones.

Astatine - he radioactive hehee ai me ka'ātoma helu 85 a me ka hōʻailona At. Kona hiki'okesaside hākālia nō -1, 1, 3, 5 a me ka 7. Ka wale halogen i mea ole he diatomic lātoma. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, he mea hao paakiki meaʻeleʻele. Astatine mea he loa pohihihi keia hehee ai, no laila, uuku ua ike e pili ana ia ia. Eia kekahi, astatine i ka loa pōkole hapa-ola, hou ma mua o kekahi mau hola. Loaa i ka 1940 i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemikala. Ua Ua manaoio ia astatine like i ka iodine. Wehewehe aku mea hao waiwai.

I ka papaʻaina ma lalo hōʻike i ka 'ole o ka halogen nā'ātoma, me ka' ole o ka pā, ahu iho o electrons.

Oia 'ole ke kumu o ka pā, ahu iho o electrons i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai like i na halogens. Naʻe, i ka wa a ke kapakai a mau kumu, a me ka oko ao malama.

Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika waiwai halogen pae

Helu waiwai o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona o ka halogen hoʻololi me ka hoʻoulu i ka ordinal helu o ka hehee ai. No ka maikaʻi omo a me ka nui mōakaaka, mākou e kaumaha aku oe i kekahi mau papa.

Heheʻe a baila aʻela i kuhikuhi mai la lakou ma ka pūʻulu, piʻi pū me ka mahuahua nui o ka lātoma (F

Papa 1. Ka halogens. Helu waiwai: heheʻe, a baila aʻela i wahi

• Ke'ātoma kahahńnai, piʻi pū.

Kernel nui, piʻi pū (F

Papa 2: halogen. Helu waiwai:'ātoma Radii

• ionization ikehu emi.

Inā mawaho valence electrons i ole aia a kokoke i ka nucleus, no kā lākou mau ana, aole ia i koi i ka puu o ka ikaika mai ia. Ke'ī mai, i ka ikehu e pono ai no ka ejection o ka mea mawaho huina'ine mea ole pela kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka haʻahaʻa o ka pae o ka oihana mua, no ka mea, ua oi ikehu pae. Eia hou kekahi, kiʻekiʻe ikehu ionization ke kumu o ka hehee ai, e hōʻike 'ole-mea hao e like ai. mea hao waiwai no ka mea, o ka ionization ikehu ua hoemi (At

Oaaeeoea 3. halogens. Helu waiwai: ionisation ikehu

• Electronegativity emi.

I ka helu o ka valence electrons i loko o ka'Ātoma piʻina me ka hoʻoulu ikehu pae ma progressively emi pae. Electrons i progressively aku, mai ka Kora naʻEsau; Pela, ke nucleus a me na electrons mea,ʻaʻole like o Laielohelohe i kekahi i kekahi. I ka hua ma ka loiloi malaila. No ia mea, Electronegativity emi me ka hoʻoulu manawa (At

Oaaeeoea 4. halogens. Helu waiwai: electronegativity

• Huina'ineʻo Solomona emi.

Mai ka nui o ka'Ātoma, piʻi pū me ka manawa, i ka huina'ineʻo Solomona ua nui hoemi (B

Papa 5.ʻo Solomona halogen huina'ine

• Reactivity hehee wale emi.

Reactivity o halogen emi me ka hoʻoulu manawa (At

'okanikaʻole kemika. Hydrogen + halogens

Halide i hanaʻia ka wā halogen ua reacted me'ē aʻe, emi electronegative hehee ai e hana i kekahi aeaie hui. Hydrogen reacts me halogens e lilo halides HX type:

• hydrogen fluoride HF;
• koloriside HCl;
• hydrogen bromide HBr;
• hydrogen iodide HI.

hydrogen halides i hoopuni ia ka pono i loko o ka wai, e hana i kekahi hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodicʻakika). Nā waiwai o kēia nāʻakika i haawi mai ai ma lalo nei.

ʻO nāʻakika i hanaʻia e ka mea kēia naoh: HX (aq) + H ₂ O (H) → X ^- (aq) + H ₃ O ⁺ (aq).

A pau hydrogen halide e hana ikaikaʻakika, koe HF.

ʻakika, piʻi pū hydrohalic nāʻakika: HF

Hydrofluoricʻakika hiki etch i ke aniani a me kekahi'okanikaʻole fluorides lōʻihi manawa.

Ua i mea illogical ia HF o ka nawaliwali hoonoho hydrohalicʻakika, mai fluorine iho he kiʻekiʻe electronegativity. Aka, H-F hoopaa ka loa ikaika, kūpono ai i loko o ka loa nawaliwaliʻakika. A ikaika pilina ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka pōkole paʻa lōʻihi, a me ka nui dissociation ikehu. O nā mea a pau i ka hydrogen halides HF i ka shortest pilina lōʻihi, a me ka nui paa dissociation ikehu.

halogen oxoacids

Halogen oxo nāʻakika i nāʻakika me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma, oxygen, a halogen. Lākouʻakika hiki ke nānā 'ia e ke kālailai i ka' ole. Halogen oxoacids i hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo iho nei:

• Hypochlorousʻakika, HOCl.
• Chlorousʻakika HClO _2.
• Chloricʻakika HClO _3.
• Perchloricʻakika HClO _4.
• Hypobromousʻakika, HOBr.
• Bromicʻakika, HBrO _3.
• Perbromicʻakika HBrO _4.
• Hypoiodousʻakika HOI.
• Iodicʻakika Hio _3.
• Metayodnayaʻakika HIO4, H5IO6.

Ma kēlā me kēia no kēia mau proton nāʻakika me ka paa, i ka oxygen ma'Ātoma, no laila, ke hoʻohālike o ka hoopaa ia i kona loa protons ua lapuwale. O ka hana Hoʻohaku ua pāʻaniʻaneʻi ma ka electronegativity. ʻakika, piʻi pū me ka helu o ka o oxygen nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa i ke kikowaena'Ātoma.

Ke ano a me ka moku'āina o ka mea

Ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai o na halogens hiki ke pokole hoikeia ma ka kēia papaʻaina.

wehewehe helehelena

Kala like 'ole o ka hopena o halogens omo o ka hiki malamalama ma nā lātoma ana electrons malia. Fluoro absorbs lila malamalama, a nolaila nana lenalena lenalena. Iodine, ma ka Akä, absorbs yellow ka malamalama a me ka mea nana poni (yellow a me ka poni - mea manuahi nā waihoʻoluʻu). Halogen waihoʻoluʻu i uala eleele me ka māhuahua manawa.

Ke sila ipu wai bromine a me ka paa iodine i ka equilibrium me kona uahi, i hiki ke malama me nā pōpō he kinoea.

ʻOiai ka waihoʻoluʻu astatine ike ole ia, ka mea, ua manaoio aku i ka mea, e ia he uala eleele iodine ( 'ole. E. Black) i kulike ai me ka nānāʻana aku i kumu.

Ano, ina oe i noi: "E wehewehe i ke kino ai ka waiwai o halogens," oe, e olelo mai.

Ke degere o ka'okesaside o halogens ma ka hui

Ke degere o ka'okesaside ua pinepine i hoʻohana kahi o "valence o halogens." Nō kāu, ka'okesaside moku'āina like e -1. Akā, inā i ka halogen ua ua hoʻopili i kekahi o oxygen paha halogen, ka mea i lawe 'ē aʻe Hawaii: oxygen ma -2 SB i makakoho. I Ina o mau 'okoʻa halogen nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa pu predominates oi electronegative'Ātoma, a lawe CO -1.

No ka laʻana, ma ka iodine koloriside (ICl) mea HI chloro -1, +1 a me ka iodine. Chlorine Ua oi electronegative ma mua o iodine, nolaila, i ka CO mea like me -1.

Ke bromicʻakika (HBrO ₄₎ o oxygen mea he CO -8 (-2 m 4 = -8'Ātoma). Hydrogen i kekahi huina'okesaside helu +1. Hou o kēia mau loina hāʻawi mai CO -7. Mai ka hui hope SB e e Aʻohe, ke HI He ehiku bromine.

Ke kolu o ka koe a hiki i keia rula o ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka halogen i loko o ka elemental palapala (X _2), kona HI lākou, 'Aʻohe wahi.

No ke aha la me ka fluorine ua mau -1?

Electronegativity maoli me ka manawa. No laila, i ka fluorine i ka lani kiekie loa electronegativity o nā kumu mua, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma kona kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Kona lolouila hoʻonohonohoʻia 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^5. Inā fluoride i loaʻa kekahi huina'ine, ua paʻa piha, a hana i ka piha octet lōʻihi P orbitals. No ka mea, fluorine i ke kiʻekiʻe electronegativity, ka mea hiki eaaei koho i ka huina'ine mai ke kokoke nā'ātoma. Fluoride ma keia hihia isoelectronic inert kinoea (me ewalu valence electrons), a pau kona mawaho orbitals piha. Ma keia wahi, fluorine He mea 'ē aʻe hale lio.

Ka makaukau a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o halogens

I ano, na halogens mea ma ka anion, no laila, i ka noa halogen ua hua mai ma ka'okesaside ma ka electrolysis a ma oxidants. No ka laʻana, chlorine ua ua loaʻa ma hydrolysis o ka paʻakai koloriside pāʻoihana. I ka hoʻohana ana o halogens a me kā lākou nā hui.

• Fluoride. I loko nō o ka mea i fluorine ka loa kū'ē, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na mea he nui na hana. No ka laʻana, ka mea, o ke ki ke keʻena o ka polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) a me nā fluoropolymers. Chlorofluorocarbons i ke aloha Nine Inch mea i mua ua hoʻohana like refrigerants a me nā aʻe paha i loko o aerosols. Kā lākou palapala noi i papani iho la i ma muli o kā lākou i hiki hopena ma luna o ke kaiapuni. Ka mea, Ua UAIAaIN e hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Fluorine ua pākuʻi e toothpaste (SnF ₂₎ a me ka inu wai (NaF) e pale niho ka palaho. Ke halogen Ua loaʻa ma loko o ka lepo hoʻohana i ka paka i kekahi mauʻano o ka pālolo (LiF), hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nukelea mana (Bufa ₆₎ e loaa i ka fluoroquinolone antibiotic, alumina (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ no ka'īpale o kiʻekiʻe anakahi uila? Ieaoa (SF _6).
• Chlorine i loaʻa i keʻano o ka hana. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka disinfection ka inu i ka wai a me ka holo loko. Paʻakai hypochlorite (NaClO) o ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ke loloʻa konohiki. Hydrochloricʻakika ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana a me nā keʻena hoʻokolohua. Chlorine makana ma ka Tewetewe koloriside (PVC) a me ka 'ē polymers mea i hoʻohana no ka'īpale kaula, paipu a me ka uilaʻoe. A, chlorine i Ua pono keia mau mea i loko o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau oihana puolo. Medicaments i loaʻa ka chlorine, e hoʻohana i hana nā mea palahēhē, allergy a me ka mimikō. 'ākilikai hydrochloride palapala - he ke keʻena o na ai '. Chlorine ua i hoʻohana 'ia e sterilize haukapila lako a pan a me ka disinfection. I ka mahiʻai, chlorine mea he ke keʻena o na kalepa pesticides DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) Ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka mahiʻai insecticide, akā, kona hoʻohana i hele aku.

• Bromine, no ka mea, o kona nonflammability, hoʻohana i ka inhibit'ā. Ua hoi kekahi mau meto bromide, he pesticide hoʻohana no ka papaa o ka ulu a me ka suppression o koʻohune. Eia naʻe, excessive pono o ka meto bromide i ua nōʻoe, no ka mea, o kona hopena ma luna o ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho. Bromine ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina, kiʻi ho film, ke ahi extinguishers, lapaau no ka lapaau ana o pneumonia a me Alzheimer ka maʻi.
• Iodine Radio nui i kūlana ma ka pono functioning o ka thyroid gland. Inā i ke kino, aole ia i kiʻi lawa ka iodine, ua mahuahua ka thyroid gland. No ka mea Kāohiʻana o ka goiterʻeleu halogen hou i ka papaʻaina paʻakai. Iodine ua i hoʻohana 'ia me ka antiseptic. Iodine ua loaʻa ma loko o nā pāʻoihana hoʻohana no ka huikala ana o ka hamama eha, a hoi i ka disinfecting paipu,. Eia, he kala iodide mea nui i loko o ke kiʻi.
• Astatine - radioactive a me ka pohihihi keia honua halogen, no laila, oi ua,ʻaʻole i hoʻohana. Ua Ua manaoio aku i keia hehee ai ke kōkua i ka iodine ma ka rula o ka thyroid hormones.