Fullerene - he aha kēia? Nā mea a me ka ho'ohana'ana o nā fullerenes

Hakakino allotropic palapala o ke kalapona a me kona hoʻololi ', fullerene, - he lōʻihi laina C _{N (N>} 20)'ātoma huhui waina a lākou, a i hoopili convex polyhedra kukulu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma, a loaa i ka pentagonal a hexagonal maka (' aneʻi, ua nui loa ke nānā 'ia). Kalapona nā'ātoma ma ka unsubstituted fullerenes kamaʻilioʻana i e SP ² -Hybrid moku'āina me ka ōhumu helu o 3. Pela ua hana i ka spherical conjugate unsaturated'ōnaehana e like me ka valence paa kumumanaʻo.

'O ke'ano kiko'ī

'O ka graphite ka nui loa o ka carbon carbon i lalo o nā'ano ma'amau, e like me kahi pūpū o nā ki'i graphene i pili'ole i kekahi i kekahi: nā papa pālahalaha e pa'a ana i nā pūnaewele hexagonal, kahi o nā polu kalapona ma luna. Ho'opili'ia kēlā me kēia mea me nā mana pili'ekolu, a'o ke koho'ehā o ka valeron e hana i kahi pi-pūnaewele. No laila, fullerene - ia mea kaʻoi loa keia hakakino palapala, oa ka kiʻi SP ² -Hybrid moku'āina ua maopopo. Inā ho'okomo mākou i nā pō'ino geometric i loko o ka pepa mele, pono'ole ke kūkulu'ia kekahi hale pani. 'O kahi la'ana,'o kēlā mau'ano'eha he mau'elima kaumālima (palani pentagonal), e like me ka mea i ho'oka'awale'ia me ka hexagonal i ka māmā kalama.

Ke'ōlelo nei'o'Euler a hiki i ka loa'a'ana o ka polyhedron pani i'ekolu mau poho i ka ho'okomo'ana i nā pentagons he'umikumamālua, me ka nānā'ole i ka helu o nā maka hexagonal. Nolaila, i ka palena iki ka nui o ka fullerene - Ua formally C ₂₀ dodecahedron. Eia naʻe curvature like hale, mea kiʻekiʻe me he uuku ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma, a no ia mea, e SP ² -Hybrid moku'āina mea,ʻaʻole loa maikaʻi, no ka kalapona ka makemake o nā planar ōhumu. A no ke aha la ka mea uuku i loko o kona maemae ano loaa fullerene - o C _60, me ka 'ole o ka truncated mau icosahedron. I loko o laila ua ho'oka'awale'ia nā maka hexagonal mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka pentagonal. Ke kālemu o nā fullerenes ke kāhea nei i kēia'ano'o ke kānāwai o nā pentagons kū'oko'a, a'o nā loiloi maoli loa e ho'olohe.

Kumu

Gidrantirovanny denoted C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Kēia mau nō hydrophilic supramolecular eiiieaen, a he o kekahi lātoma o ka fullerene C ₆₀ i loko o ka mua iwi hydrant a me ka iwakāluaʻehā wai nā lātoma. 'O kēia ka fullerene nona haʻilula - C ₆₀ (H ₂ O) _24. He iwakālua hexagons a he'umikumamālua mau pentagons, ma waho e pili ana i ka pōle'ele. Eia, he helu o ka fullerene C ₇₀ kumukanawai a me waena hale, a makemake ia na pentagons a pau e noho kaʻawale, 'aʻole i nei. No ka C ₇₈ fullerene 'ole e leie aku e malama mau i ka pilina paʻa isomers o kela a me keia o carbon iwi. 'O ke kumuhana, hiki i ka hiki ke ho'ololi'ia me nā kalapona kalapona o kekahi helu like'ole, "nā mea ki'eki'e loa".

'O ka hana'ana o nā fullerenes e hana pinepine'ia e ka elela elekene a me ke'ano kelepona koho, a me ka ho'ouka'ana i ka graphite i kahi anikai helium. Hiki ke mālama'ia ka'ūni e ho'onā ai ma ka mahele o ka mea ho'opuka i ka benzene, toluene, xylene, ai'ole nā mea ho'omehana honua'ē a'e. Ka pāʻoihana Ua evaporated, ho okumu i kaʻeleʻele condensate, he umi i ka umikumamalima hapahaneri oia hoi o C ₇₀ a me C ₆₀ fullerenes like pono me dala uuku loa o kiekie fullerenes.

Ka lākiō ma waena o kekahi furellenami e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hoʻololi kemikala kiko'î, akā nō kāu ₆₀ C ka i lanakila, ia mea mau manawa oi aku. Mawaena o ka loa kiekie C _78, C ₇₆ a me C _84. I loko o ke ki'i like, e hā'ule ana ka māhele o fullerene i nā hō'ai'o inoa a pau. 'O ka mea kūpono paha kēia no ka hui'ana i nā hale nui mai nā'ōpū li'ili'i i ho'omaka mua'ia.

'O ka wai me nā holo'oko'a

Ka loa, he pono ole, a nui? Anoee mea C _60, ma kekahi lātoma o ka waiwai maoli i ka iwakalua-eha wai nā lātoma. 'O kēia'ōmeke fullerene nui ka mea kaulike, ma laila nā mea like. Ho'ohālike'ia kona'ano like'ole e ka mamao mai ka pūpū o nā kumumū i ke kikowaena ma kahi o 0.36 nm a me kahi radius o kahi o 0.5 nm. Ua ho'okumu'ia ka aniani kilokilo, kahi i hana'ia ai nā molekino i kahi lekihi pale ma waena. Ma kiʻekiʻe wela, ₆₀ C sublimes me ka ho okumu i kekahi kinowai pae. 'O ka mea maika'i loa, ho'opi'i ia i nā mea'ala me nā mea pale e like me ka disulfide carbon, a me ka polar -'oi aku ka'ino. An elongated ellipsoidal shape ₇₀ C, e like me kiekie fullerenes mea physical waiwai mea i like loa me C _60.

A ma ke kula o ke kelemuia, ua nui loa aku ka lokomaika'i a hā'awi'ia i nā manawa a pau e loa'a ai nā'ano like'ole o kā lākou mau mea ho'ohemo: nā mea hana pā'ani, nā heterofullerenes. 'O ka huahana huahana o ka exoendral (waho-waho) e'oi aku ka waiwai ma mua o nā mea a pau, no ka mea, he wahi kikowaena hiki ke loa'a ka pahu kalapona. 'O kēia nā'ano o nā fullerenes. Ho'opili'ia lākou, e hana ana i nā huahana hou, nā mana o halogens a hydrogen, nā lā'au'ele'ele, a me ka ho'ohui'ana o nā holo ke hiki. Pēlā, ua loa'a nā mea polymeric i loko o nā fullerenes a me nā pūhui maha. ₆₀ K C pili ana i substituents kanaha-ewalu me ka luku i ka o carbon iwi. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, loaa e C ₆₀ F _48, a ua hoʻohana 'ia he nui loa me neia i huiʻia, kahi o ka hookumu ana i fullerenes.

Ka ho'ohana

'O nā holo'oko'a holo'oko'a nui loa i nā wahi like'ole. Hā'awi'ia i ko lākou mau'ilika lola, hiki iā mākou ke no'ono'o iā lākou iho a me kā lākou mau huahana like semiconductors. Ho'omaopopo ka'ōmole i nā'ōpala radio ultraviolet maika'i, hiki iā lākou ke loa'a ka mana ikaika. Pili kēia mau mea a pau i ka ho'ohana'ana iā lākou i nā ki'i photovoltaics, nā ki'i ki'i, nā pona o ka lā, nā'ōpona o ke kinipona'eneka like'ole. Ho'ohana'ia nā mea i ho'oponopono'ia i lā'au lapa'au e like me nā 'antiviral and antimicrobial agents, ma ke'ano he mau kauka ma photodynamic therapy, a pēlā aku.

Ua'ae'ia nā'enehana o kēia manawa e ho'onui i ka nui o nā hanana hou, i mea e loa'a ai nā hanana hou, a me nā'ano no ka ho'omaemae'ana e'oi maika'i ana a maika'i loa. Ia mea ke kumu o ka lilo ana o, no kekahi laʻana, C ₆₀ Ua hoole mai kekahi ma luna o kaʻumi makahiki i hala iho nei, a me ka hapalua (me ka umi tausani i he umi i umikumamalima dala no gram). I kēia manawa, ua'ike mākou i ke kūlana, i ka wā e ho'ohana pono ai nā'ōnaehana maoli, e komo i loko o ke kanaka ka nui. Ke ulu nei kā lākou noi a ua ho'olaha i kēlā me kēia lā.

Nā'ike e pili ana i ka wehe'ana

Ke kapa'ia nei nā mea i kapa'ia ma muli o ke kāpena kaulana a me ke inikō'o Richard Buckminster Fuller,'o ia, e like me ke'ano o kā lākou papahana, nā hana i kūkulu'ia i nā papa hana. I ka mea mua, ua ho'opa'a'ia kēia papa o nā pūnaewele i nā hale i komo wale i nā'ao'ao'eono a me ka pentagonal. Inā i loko o ka'ōmole fullerene e pili ana i ka kalapona, he mau'ano ia o nā mea'oko'a'ele'ele, a aia lākou i loko o ke kino o ke kalapona, ua kapa'ia kēia mau mea i kapa'ia he'ao'ao. Inā nā puka o nā mea'ē a'e ma waho, a laila, nui nā'ōpū. 'O ko lākou inoa ua ki'i'ia kēia'ano o ka molekino i nā manawa ma mua loa - i ka makahiki 1985, i ka manawa i'ike'ole'ia ai kahi hui o nā mea noi'i i ka loa'a o ka fullerene. Ua'ike nā mea'u'uku, Kroto, Curle a me nā kānaka'ē a'e i nā'ano graphite, i loa'a i ka laser ablation (irradiation) o kahi pa'a. Ua'ike'ia nā peaks i loa'a ka amplitude max amplitude e like me nā huina o kanaono a me kanahiku kumamāma'uma kala.

No laila mākou i mau hōʻailona i ka lātoma C ₆₀ a me C _70, e like me ke kuhiakau i ka mea mua lātoma ua kūkuluʻia i loko o ke kinona o ka truncated icosahedron. He ka loa, he pono ole C ₆₀ inoa bakminsterfullerenom a me ke koena o ka lātoma - pono fullerenes.

Ua'ike maika'i nā kānaka'epekema-ho'olālā i ka ho'olālā'ana a ua ho'omana'o iā Fuller, nāna i kūkulu i nā hale ma nā hale e like me kēia - nā pentagons, i ho'oka'awale'ia e nā hexagons,'o ia ke kumu o ka'ōmumu mole o nā mea nui loa. Akā na'e, he mo'olelo hoihoi loa kēia, a me ka hana'ole o ka prehistory maika'i. Ma mua iki i kākau'ia e pili ana i ka hiki ke ola o nā molekino like'ole i Iapana (1971), a ua loa'a mai kahi'āpono kūpono a pai'ia ma ka USSR (1973). Aka hoi, ia Kroto, hoʻohuli akula, a Small loaa ka Nobel makana i loko o kemika.

Ke'ano a me ka'enehana

'O ka ho'omākaukau'ana o ka holomua i ke'ano ma'ema'e e hiki ke hana'ia ma ke'ano o ka papa hana hana. Ho'omau'ia kēia mau mea i loko o nā'āina like'ole, e ho'okumu i nā kūlana i kūkulu'ia ai lākou, a pēlā nō ho'i ke'ano o nā fullerenes a me nā waiwai. 'O ke kikowaena o kā lākou noi e ho'onui lō'ihi aku. Ua'ike'ia he hapa nui o nā mea hou i loko o ka'ōpū, i hana'ia ma luna o nā koho electite ma ka'āpana kala. 'A'ole i'ike mua'ia kēia mea.

I ka wā i loa'a ai nā mea ho'opihapiha ma lalo o nā kūlana ho'ona'auao, ua ho'omaka'ia nā kinikona kalapona ma ke'ano. Ma Karelia, ua loa'a lākou ma nā hō'ailona o schungites, ma'Inia a me ka USA - i loko o nā furulgites. He nui a loa'a pinepine nā kalaka'alapona i loko o ka meteorites a me nā mea lepo ma ka papakū,'o ia he mau makahiki he kanaonokumalima mau makahiki. Ma ka Honua, hiki ke hana i nā mea maika'i i ka wā o ka uila a me ka ho'omaha'ana o ke kinoea maoli. Ua a'o'ia nā air i ho'olālā'ia ma ke kai moana i ka makahiki 2011, a ua'ike'ia he fullerene i nā mea i lawe'ia - mai'Istanbul a hiki i Barcelona. 'O nā'ano kino o kēia waiwai ke kumu o ka ho'olālā'ana. Eia kekahi, ua loa'a kona nui i ka hakahaka - ma ka moku ākea a ma kahi kūpa'a pa'a.

Kuhi

'O nā ho'okolohua mua e pili ana i ka ka'awale'ana o nā fullerenes i hana'ia ma ka'ahuhi graphite condensed, i loa'a mai ma ka pākuhi laser o nā ki'i graphite. Hiki ke loa'a wale nā ala o ka ho'opau. I ka makahiki 1990, ua ho'oulu'ia nā kumukū'ai'o Huffman, Lamb, a me Kretchmer i kekahi ala hou no ka hana'ana o nā mea hou i nā kahe maha. 'O ia ka'āpana puhi graphite a me ka'aila uila i ka lewa o ka helium a ma ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a. Ua ho'one'e'ia ka anode, a ua'ike'ia ke kī o ke kīpi'i i loko o nā paia o ke ke'ena.

Eia, ka pouli ua mea hoʻoheheʻe ma ka toluene a benzene, a ku iho la i ka kūpono pāʻoihana nā huna maʻemaʻe nā lātoma C ₇₀ a me C _60. 'O ka ratio 1: 3. Eia hou, ua loa'a i loko o ka hopena'elua pākēneka o nā uku piha loa o ka papa ki'eki'e. I kēia manawa, he wahi li'ili'i ia: e koho i nā palena kūpono no ka ho'oku'u'ana-ka hana o ka lewa, ka pihi, ke anawaena o nā koho, nā mea o kēia manawa, a pēlā aku, i mea e hiki ai ke ho'okō i ka palena ki'eki'e o nā fullerenes. He'umikumamālua hapahā o ka mea anode i loa'a iā lākou. 'O ke kumu ia o ke kumukū'ai o nā mea hou loa.

'O ka production

'O nā ho'ā'o a pau o nā ho'ona'auao ho'okolohua i ka wā mua, ua makehewa:'o ka hana huahua a me ka maika'i'ole o ka loa'a'ana o nā mea holo'oko'a'a'ole. 'A'ole ka puhi i loko o ka lapalapa o ka hydrocarbons a i'ole ke'ano o ka ho'ohui mele e alaka'i i ka holomua. Ua mālama'ia ka'oihana o ke eleketo i'oi loa ka huahana, e hiki ai i kekahi ke loa'a e pili ana i ho'okahi gram o fullerenes i ka hola. Ua kūkulu'o Mitsubishi i ka hana'oihana'oihana ma o ka puhi'ana i nā hydrocarbons, akā'a'ole i maemae ko lākou mau'ōpili - aia lākou i loko o nā'ōle'a oxygen. A no laila,'a'ole i maopopo ke'ano o ke kūkulu'ana i kēia waiwai, no ka mea,'a'ohe hiki ke ho'opolo'ia nā papa hana'āpana hana mai ka hi'ohi'ona thermodynamic, a he mea ke'ake'a loa i ka mālama'ana i kēia kumumana'o. Wale irrefutable kekahi hōʻike i ka 'ohi i kanaka fullerene kalapona nā'ātoma, a laila C ₂ koena ai. Eia na'e,'a'ole i ho'okumu'ia kahi ki'i'ike o ke kūkulu'ia'ana o kēia mea.

'O ke kumukū'ai ki'eki'e o nā fullerenes ua ho'oholo'ia'a'ole wale ma nā ha'awina ha'aha'a i ka manawa o ka puhi. Ka ho'onani, ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana, ka ka'awale'ana o nā holo'oko'a o nā mea like'ole mai ka hopena - ua pa'akikī kēia mau hana a pau. 'O ka mea e pili ana i ka'oko'a'ana o ka hui'ana i nā hakina molemohaku like'ole, i hana'ia e ka chromatography wai ma luna o nā pou me ke ki'eki'e. I ka hopena hope loa, ua wehe'ia nā koena o ka waihā mai kahi pa'a pa'a loa. No kēia kumuhana, mālama'ia ka mea ho'omalu ma lalo o nā kūlana ho'olālā kūlana i ka mahana o ka pi'i'ana i'elua haneli a me kanalima hānai. Akā, i ka pono o ia i ka hooulu ana o ka fullerene C _60, a loaa ia ia ma macroscopic mea ano ke aloha kemika ua ulu kuokoa lala - ke kemika o fullerenes, a ua lilo incredibly mahalo.

Nā pōmaika'i

Ho'ohana'ia nā hopena o nā fullerenes ma nā'ano'oihana ho'okele. 'O nā kime a me nā crystals fullerene he semiconductors e loa'a ana ka photoconductivity ma lalo o ke'ano o ka'ōkōkī. Nā pōaka C _60, ina doped nā'ātoma o'ākilikai ke hooheheeia, hoʻololi i ka moku'āina o superconductivity. Loa'a nā hanana Fullerene i nā mea optical properties, no laila, hiki ke ho'ohana'ia e like me ke kumu o nā pani puka, i mea e pono ai ka palekana mai ka ho'oulu'ana. Ho'ohui'ia nō ho'i fullerene i mea ho'ohālike no ka inoa o nā taimana. Ho'ohana nui'ia nā fullerenes i ka biology a me nā lā'au lapa'au. 'Ekolu mau kuleana o kēia mau molecule e hana ana ma'ane'i:'o ka lipophilicity e ho'oholo ana i ka membranotropy, ka pau'ole o ka electron e hā'awi ai i ka mana e launa me nā radical free, a me ka hiki ke ho'oku'u i ka mole o ka oxygen oxygen i ko lākou iho hau'oli a ho'ololi i kēia oxygen i loko o ho'okahi pele.

'O ia'ano'ano hana o nā biomolecules pono'ī: nucleic acids, proteins, lipids. Ho'ohana'ia nā'ano like o ka oxygen i ka photodynamic cure for the treatment of cancer. Ma ke koko o ka mea ho'omanawanui, ho'opi'i'ia ka po'e ki'i ki'i, e hana ana i nā'ano hana o oxygen-'oia'i'o nō nā'ōmii a me nā mea hō'ailona. 'O ke kahe o ke koko i loko o ka'ōpū ua'oi aku ka nāwaliwali ma mua o nā lā'au olakino, a no laila ki'i ka po'e ki'i ki'i i loko o ia mea, a ma hope o ka ho'okae'ia'ana o ka alakino, ua hau'oli nā mole, e hana ana i nā'ano hana oxygen. 'O nā pūpū ma'i ma'i i ka apoptosis, a ua luku'ia ke kiko. 'Oi aku i kēia - ho'opi'i nā'ōpili i nā waiwai antioxidant a hopu i nā'ano hana o oxygen.

Ke ho'oha'aha'a nei'o Fullerene i ka hana a ka HIV i loko o ka pilina,'o ia ke kuleana e ho'okomo i ka huakino i loko o DNA, e pilina me ia, e ho'ololi i ka ho'ololi a me ka ho'onele'ana i kāna hana mua. Ho'opili kekahi o nā mea'okila fullerene me ka DNA a ho'opilikia i ka hana e ho'omau.

'O nā mea hou e pili ana i ka lā'au lapa'au

I ka makahiki 2007, ua ho'omaka'ia ka ho'ohana'ana o nā fullerenes wai e ho'ohana i nā wai. Ua hana'ia ke a'o'ana ma nā pūnaewele kanaka a me ke koko, i hō'ike'ia i nā mea i loa'a i ke kahe - C60 (NEt) x a me C60 (OH) x. I nā ho'okolohua'ana i nā meaola ola - nā mio - maika'i nā hopena.

Kela manawa, he waiwai hoʻohana like me ka lāʻau haawi maʻi lele, no ka mea, o ka wai i loaʻa ka fullerenes (hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ komo iloko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi ka loa maʻalahi. Eia kekahi la'ana, erythropoietin, he hormonic kidney injected directly into the blood, ua ho'oha'aha'a'ia i nā mea nui, a inā ho'ohana'ia me nā fullerenes,'oi a'e ka nui o ka ho'onui i ka manawa'elua, a no laila ua komo i loko o ka pūnaewele.