Gastrulation - ia ... Ka ho okumu o ka nunui-pona embryo

Blastula, i kapa germinal Oe, ka mea, o ka hopena hope o ka palaoa hua. Next mua ma hope ona, ninoaaeyao he palapalaʻoihana ma waena o ka hoea a me ka organogenesis, embryogenesis mea gastrulation. Kona kumu oʻano o ke kahua o ka ekolu germ papa: endoderm, ectoderm a me ka mesoderm. Ma na olelo e ae, ia gastrulation hoʻomaka me ka embryonic morphogenesis a me ka differentiation o ka meaola.

Ka wehewehena o "gastrulation"

E like hoʻi i ka 1901 gastrulation ua, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke ala i loko i ka embryo loko haule mesoderm, endoderm a me ka ectoderm keena. Kēia ho'ākāka 'ana hoʻohuʻu ke ola ana o kūikawā blastula organoobrazuyuschih hakahaka. Hoʻomaopopo ka mea, 'o na mea nani ano, ka mea, he mama, e neʻe i ka oi eiiieaen, ka laekahi' ano o ka makahiki. Gastrulation - mea he moʻo o morphogenetic neʻe i ka hopena i loko o ka neʻeʻana o nā kumu o ka lole ma kahi i haawi ia ia e like me ka "kumumanao" o ka hui o ke kino. Kaʻina eiiieaena loli pū 'oe me ka ulu a me nā'ōlelo, directional ka hele a me ka differentiation o aeee.

E manao gastrulation i loko o ka oi mau ano, ka mea hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, e like me ka palapala mua, no a hiki i ka hookahi hōʻeuʻeu kaʻina hana, oiai i ka rearrangement pauku blastula, a me ka nui loa kōkua ai i nā ke kaʻina hoʻololi i organogenesis.

e neʻe keena

Inā he mau hōʻike no ke kaʻina hana ma lalo o noonoo oe e haawi mai, ua hiki ke olelo ia gastrulation - ia embolism a epiboly. Nā hua'ōlelo noonoo i ka morphogenetic neʻe o keena, a ia lŘlŘ loa ma nā mea a pau o ke kahua o ka ontogenetic? Acaeoey o ka meaola. Naʻe, ka mea, i loa nō i ka wā ia gastrulation. Epiboly kapa kaʻina hana o ka neʻe ma luna o ka ili o ka halepaahao nucleus, a me ka embolism - kā lākou mau ana ma loko ia.

I embryology hoomaopopo i ka hope o ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o ka gastrulation a ke kelepona hele ana: intussusception, immigration, involution, delamination a me ka epiboly. No ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana ia - hope i loko o ka pauku.

Hele a aeea papa

Komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka gastrulation hiki ole wale hookaawale (E neʻe i ke alalai ole) aeee, akā, i ka mea a pau halepaahao a lahilahi. Ke kuhikuhi ana o ka manao o lakou a me ka ikaika mamao hana kūleʻa. Ka mua koa wehe P. Weiss ma na 20s o ka hope kenekulia, a me ka hihia,ʻikea e ia i loko o embryogenesis, o ka lua - pohihihi keia, a kūikawā, ma ka maʻamau morphogenesis ana me ka haahaa pahiki.

I ka gastrulation aeea fragmentation ia lŘlŘ. Me ua i haiia ae maluna, o ka neʻeʻana hoʻomaka a me ka halepaahao nā paʻi hua like me ka hopena o ke kahua o nā-, ahu iho embryonic kapa gastrula. E lilo akaka hiki endoderm a me ka ectoderm. All multicellular meaola (wale coelenterates ole) gastrulation ia laua me ka a koke ma hope o ka mea, ua hana germinal kolu o ka lau i kapa mesoderm. He He ohi o ke keena aia ma waena o ka endoderm a me ka ectoderm. E like me ka hopena, i ka embryo lilo he ekolu-ahu iho.

Nā Papahana O Ka gastrulation mea pololei e kaukaʻi ma ke 'ano o ka blastula.

invaginated gastrula

hana ka inoa olelo no ka iho. Intussusception - he hookahi-, ahu iho paia invagination o ka blastula (balstodermy) i loko o blastocoel. Ka loa primitive, a me ka loa ahuwale kumu hoʻohālike o ka laholio mea poepoe. Ma ke kaomi ma luna o ka mea ka mea, ua ikaika loa o Paulo maloko,. Invagination hiki ke lawe i ka mamao paia paha e ia mailuilu haalele. I ka hopena o ka loli ana o ka blastula a me ka gastrula ua loaa me ke pālua, ahu ihoʻeke archenteron. Kona lilo o ka pā mea iniiaiie endoderm, a ma waho - iniiaiie ectoderm. Ke kūpono kahi archenteron (iniiaiie liʻiliʻi) hōʻike ana me ka waho ma ka mea o ka lua, i kapaia blastopore. Kona lua o ka inoa - na iniiaiie waha. Kona hou kūpono 'ana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke' ano o ka meaola. Ma na holoholona o ka blastopore e ho'ōla hoohuliia i loko o definitive waha. Ma keia manao, ka mea i kapa protostomes (molluscs, ilo, arthropods). At deuterostome blastopore hoohuliia i ka neuro-intestinal leki uea manaʻo i loko o ka hope loa o ka embryo (i loko o chordates) ole anus.

immigration gastrula

Immigration gastrulation - he ano o ka ho okumu i kekahi papalua ahu iho la ka ka embryo, ka hapanui ano o coelenterates. Gastrula ua hanaʻia e kaʻeleu loa mai i loko o blastocoel o ka blastula keena. Kēia immigration mea unipolar ma ka ano. Keena neʻe me ka vegetal kaupoku wale. Ma hope ka mea, hana endoderm, 'ole. E, i ka pā, ahu iho. Ia mea i ke ala gastrulation i wahi ma ka hydroids jellyfish.

blastoderm aeee i loko o ka blastocoel ke komo iloko, aole hoi ma kekahi wahi i kekahi, akā, ma luna o ka holoʻokoʻa embryo ili honua. Ua kapaʻia kēia immigration multipolar, akā, i loaʻa ka mea, he pohihihi.

He nui coelenterates, i mea nona e immigration ke ala gastrulation ia lŘlŘ loaʻeleu "eviction" o aeee blastula a me gastrula, i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena, nalowale blastocoel. Ma keia hihia, ke ano no ka mea mua iaoia invaginated blastopore kahi waiho.

Delaminatsionnaya gastrula

Kēia ke nānā? Ueo i hōʻike mua gastrula Mechnikovym I. I., a me ia mea typical no na coelenterates. Hele pū ana gastrulation keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ua nui loa auaneʻiʻoukou, akā, i ike ka mea, maʻalahi ka wā e noonoo pono i ka typical hihia. No ka laʻana, na hua o kekahi stsifomeduz i concentric a me ka pono okoa apana o ka cytoplasm: anuanu a me ka grainy (ectoplasm) a me ke kelepona hele (endoplasma). Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e ka kŘpa aʻaʻahu, a synchronous mahele: 2, 4, 8, 16. Ultimately germ be 32 blastomere. Eia, ua hana i ke ku e ia laua a hiki i ka ili o ka embryo. An mawaho, ahu iho i hanaʻia blastomeres oia hoi o ka ectoplasm a me na - o ka hapa o ka ectoplasm a me ka endoplasmic. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka multilayer nucleation kaʻina mea ma splitting he hookahi, ahu iho i mau keena. A laila, wale ka na blastomeres paopaoʻia, a hou laua i ka ili o ka embryo, i mea ka hopena o ia i ke ano o ka gastrulation loaʻa iā ia kekahi he spherical shape. Ua ninoieo o kekahi i lalo 64 ho okumu i ectoderm keena 32 a me ka convex, a lilo i kumu endoderm.

Epibolicheskaya gastrula

Ma na holoholona me ka haʻi telolecithal 'ole o ka hua (yolk offset i ka vegetal laau), gastrulation ia lŘlŘ epibolicheskomu pahaohao. Macromers i nui blastomeres i mahele loa lohi, a iloko o ka nui nui o ka yolk. Ka mea, i ole hiki i ka hoʻoneʻe, ma keia manao, ka mea, literally "kolo" oi hana micromeres aia ma luna o ka halepaahao ili honua. Me ia gastrulation blastopore kaawale ana, a archenteron i hana. Wale ma hope, i ka wa a na macromers i hoemi i ka nui, ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka hana i ka lua, i ka germ o ka iniiaiie na naau oʻu.

involution

Involutional gastrulation - he kaʻina hana i ninoieo ma ka "ʻilikai" o ka mea ma waho keena maloko, embryo ho okumu. He no ka hana ma ka nui, kŰlń ao ma ka pāʻili. Kēia iaoiaeii He ano o ka gastrulation mezoletsitalnymi holoholona me nā hua - aeaa (amphibians). Neʻe i ke alakai lihi kahi o ka hohonu keena inhibits ka ulu ana archenteron. Ma ia waiho i ka ikaika o ka involution e hoohauhee ana.

Hui pololei o ka gastrulation

E like me ua ikeia, embryogenesis - o ka mua wā o ka hooulu ana o kēlā me kēia kanaka meaola mai ka hapai ana i ka hanau ana. Gastrulation o kekahi o kona kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka lua o ka moʻolelo ma hope palaoa. O kona mau aoao, ua aiʻokoʻa i ka mea hiki e like me ka degere nui o conditionality. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau pono i ka piha study a me Ka Ikepili. Eia naʻe, he mea no i kekahi laina o ka Huina ma waena o ka elua. Penei, e like me keʻano o keʻano hiki ke nānā invagination kaʻina epiboly a me ka delamination he mea like me ka immigration.

E noke i ka na holoholona gastrulation mea he hoʻohui pūʻia ala. Ma na hihia i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe epiboly a me ka intussusception, a me nā morphogenetic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma kekahi, ia mea pela gastrulation ia lŘlŘ ma amphibians. Ma keia manao, he nui kākau hōʻike hui hana.

gastrula

Literally Lakinaʻia "gastrula" Ua unuhi like "opu, ka'ōpū". Ua ho i kekahi kahua o embryonic? Acaeoey o multicellular meaola. A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka gastrula - o ke alo o ka elua a ekolu germ papa. Ke kaʻina o kona ho okumu - i ka pae o ka gastrulation.

Ke simplest mea ua nana aku la au, mai na elele o coelenterates holoholona. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku gastrula ellipsoidal kinona me ka unicellular mawaho, ahu iho (ectoderm) a me na hoʻomāhuahua o aeee (endoderm), a me ka "iniiaiie gut". Typical noonoo ole ae i gastrula kai urchin, a ua hanaʻia ma ka invagination. Ke kanaka gastrulation i wahi i 8-9 la ka lā o ka? Acaeoey. Gastrula mea he flattened pā hōkū-e like ho okumu i hana mai i ka pahale halepaahao nuipa a.

E like me ka rula, o ka hapa nui o na holoholona i loko o ka gastrula ke kahua embryo hiki ole ola me ke alalai ole a me ka mea i loko o ka opu, a me ka hua membranes. Eia naʻe, he mau hewa. Penei, larvae coelenterates planuly ho i noa-gastrula.