Graphene a me kona palapala noi. I ka loaʻa o ke graphene. Nanotechnology i loko o ka mea o kēia au nei

KŘpa a nei ma Science, a Technology mea he hou ele ele, kapa nanotechnology. Ka manaʻolana 'ia no keia hahau mea,ʻaʻole e nui. Ka mea, e pīhoihoi. Ke huna, haawiia keia i like "Nano" mea i like a like me ka kekahi billionth o kekahi hapa o kekahi waiwai. Mau nui like 'ole hiki wale ke hoohalikeia me ka nui o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma. No ka laʻana, ua kapaia he nanometer ka kekahi-billionth o ka mika.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kuhikuhi ana o ke kula hou o ka 'epekema

Nanotechnology i kapaia o ka poe e manipulate i ka mea ma luna o ka nui o nā lātoma a me nā'ātoma. No laila, ua kapaʻia i keia wahi o ka 'epekema ka' enehana hakakino. He aha ua ka impetus no kona ulu ana? Nanotechnology i loko o ka mea o kēia au nei ua ikeia oia i ke aloha i ka haʻi'ōlelo Richarda Feynmana. Ma ka mea, i ke nä känaka 'epekema ua hooiaio ae i loaʻa nā ole nā pilikia a hiki i ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā mea' ana mai o nā nā'ātoma.

O ia hoʻi, no ka hoʻokō manipulation o ka moku (particles) kapa assembler. Kēia hakakino nanomachine, i hiki ke hoʻohana 'e kūkulu i kekahi' ole. No ka laʻana, hiki ke kapaia ka assembler maoli ribosome synthesizing ke kumuʻiʻo i ola meaola.

Nanotechnology i loko o ka mea o kēia au nei iʻaʻole pono he hookahi wahi o ka mākaukau. Ka mea, ho i ke ākea laulā o ka noiʻi 'ana e pili ana i na mea he nui apau o sciences. Iwaena o lakou i ke kālaikūlohea, kemika a me ka kālaimeaola. E like me kānakaʻepekema, mau sciences e i ka impetus loa mana i ke kūpono 'ana aku i ka backdrop o ka hiki ana mai nanotech kipi.

poepoe o ka palapala noi

Inoa a pau o ka spheres o kanaka haʻawina, i kēia lā ma kahi nanotechnology ua hoʻohana 'ia, he mea hiki ole no o ka loa kilakila papa. No laila, me ke kōkua o kēia kahua o ka 'epekema i hua mai la:

- manao maalea no ka superdense i hoʻopaʻa 'ia kekahi' ike;
- likeʻole lako a pan;
- nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, nieia keena, mea uholo uila transistors;
- 'ike,' ike loea a me ka Me 'ike;
- nanoimprint a me ka nanolithography;
- manao maalea no ka ho'āhu ikehu, a me ka wahie keena;
- iho, makahiki a me ka maunakea noi;
- bioinstrumentary.

Ma keia kahua akeakamai o ka nanotechnology i loko o Rusia, USA, Japan a me kekahi mauʻEulopa aina me ka hou hoʻolako 'ia o ua anao? Aou kēlā me kēia makahiki. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nui ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka hooulu ana o keia poepoe o ka noiʻi.

Nanotechnology ua ulu i loko o Rusia, e like me ka Pekelala pale polokalamu, i hoakaka nui ole wale kālā koina, akā, kekahi e hali ana i ka nui nui o ka manao a me ka noiʻi hana. E kū ai i ka pahu hopu ana, e hoohui i ka hana o kelaʻepekema, aʻanoʻenehana nenoai ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ke aupuni, a me ka multinational hui.

hou mea

Nanotechnology Ua 'ā kaʻepekema e paka i ka kalapona papa ka paʻakikī i ko daimana nona ka mānoanoa o hoʻokahi wale nō'Ātoma. Ua ninoieo o graphene. He ka thinnest a me ka ikaika loa mea i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, i? Aaeaao uila nui maikaʻi ma mua o silikone kamepiula? Inoaia.

Ka loaʻa o ka graphene mea he maoli hoʻokahuli aupuni kekahi hanana, a e ae nui loli i loko o ko kakou mau ola. Kēia mea mea no laila, kū hoʻokahi physical waiwai i fundamentally EUIAaIN ke kanaka ano o ka mea a me ka 'ona.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Graphene mea he mau-dimensional aniani. Kona kanu'ōiwi nā mea he hexagonal puka olu oia iloko olaila o kalapona nā'ātoma. ʻimi naʻauao haʻawina o graphene hoʻomaka 'lōʻihi ma mua noho o kona mau manao maoli, mai keia mea o ke kumu no ka kūkulu i ka ekolu-dimensional graphite aniani.

ʻO ka makahiki 1947, G. P. Volles e loaa ia ia kekahi waiwai o ka graphene, ka hooiaio ana i kona 'ole mea like ke hooheheeia, a me kekahi mau' ano like me ka poe o kaʻoi loa-relativistic (particles), neutrinos a me massless photons. Naʻe, ka mea hou i nā puke ma laila i kekahi mau nuiʻokoʻa i e ka mea kū hoʻokahi i loko o kona ano. Akā, e hooiaio ai no kēia mau mea, ua ulu i loaa wale i ka 2004, ka wā Konstantin Novoselov a me Alana Geim i loaa mua ma ke kalapona ma o ka noa moku'āina. Kēia hou waiwai ua kapaia graphene, a ua he nui loaʻaʻepekema. E huli i keia'ikamu hiki ia ma ka penikala. Kona graphite koʻokoʻo ua i mai o mau papa o ka graphene. Pehea 'Aʻole he penikala koe i ka hoailona ma luna o ka pepa? Ka mea ka mea, hoʻowahāwahā i ka ikaika o ka Kora naʻEsau eiiiiiaiou o ka papa, aia no he loa nawaliwali loulou ma waena o lākou. Ka mea, ua nui loa oluolu e hāʻule ma ka hui 'ana me ka pepa, e waiho i ka Trail ma ke kākau' ana.

E ho ohana i ka hou mea

E like me kānakaʻepekema, na nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo e i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o graphene, e hiki ke kālailai i ka ikaika a me ke ano o ka mokulele, e like me ke kilokilo ana no na olai. Akā, wale ia i ka mea a me ka waiwai, e haʻalele nani loa paia keʻena hoʻokolohua lilo hala ole oe e pili ana, e hoʻomōhala i loko o ke ala e hiki aku ana i ka waiwai. Ma ka keia lā, chemists, physicists a me nā pou nā kānakaʻenehana mea, ua hoihoi i loko o ka kūlana uea 'o graphene. Ma hope pono he mau nā huna o ka waiwai hiki ke uhi ?? eoi? Ee, ua like ia i ka pôpeku kahua.

Graphene a me kona noi palena papaha noʻonoʻo i ka hana Lightweight ukali a me ka mokulele. Ma keia wahi, me ka hou mea hiki e puku i ke kalapona olona, i loko o ka lua pele pono hana. hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia kahi o ka silikone transistors Nanomaterials a me kona manaʻo i loko o ea haawi ia uila conductivity.

Graphene a me kona hoʻohana 'ana i manaoia i mea mīkiniʻimi hana. Mau manao maalea i hanaʻia ma luna o ke kumu o ka polokalamu mea e e hiki, e huai ae i ka noho pilikia loa lātoma. Akā, i ke ano o Nano-me ka pauka, i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila iuo aaoa? I manawa, e hoomahuahua i ko lakou laulā.

Graphene a me kona palapala noi e kūkākūkā i loko o optoelectronics. O ka mea hou mea, e huli mai loa Lightweight, a mau nō ea mai i na ipu e i no kekahi mau pule, e malama i ka ai hawaiian.

I ka hoʻohana ana o graphene, a ua manaoia e hana i ka aniani moakaka lawelawe ka penaʻana koi 'ia no nā kahu nānā, ka ikehu lā Panel, a me ka ikaika a me ka oi hoʻopale i ka ÿano' ole o ka makani turbines.

Ma muli nanomaterial e i ka maikaʻi? Ieaoa nii?, 'Inikua implants a me supercapacitors.

No hoi, graphene a me kona noi pili i:

- kiʻekiʻe-alapine (frequency) kiʻekiʻe-mana mīkini uila no;
-ʻimi hoʻopunipuniʻili lahilahi kaawale mau wai i loko o ka pahu;
- ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka conductivity waiwai o kekahi mau mea;
- e pili ana i ka hōʻike 'ia nei ma luna o ka malamalama ke aloha K'lauea diode;
- hōʻeleu 'ana i ka hou' ana i kūpono o ka DNA sequencing;
- hou wai aniani ka hōʻike 'ana o ka;
- ballistic transistors.

Ke hoʻohana 'ia ma o nā kaʻa hana

E like me ka noiʻi, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ikehu hoʻokokoke mai ka graphene 65 kWh / kg. Kēia huahelu He 47 mau manawa ma luna ma mua o ka mea e mau ai, he pono ole kēia manawa ka likiuma-ion iuo aaoa?. Keia mea,ʻepekema i hoʻohana e hana i kekahi hou hanauna o na pu ki aloha ipu.

Graphene pīlali o na pu ki - o ka mea ma ka mea o a ka i kā mākou uila mana ka maiau, hoopaa mai la. Currently, i ka hana ma luna o ka mea, ua lawe mai ma ka noiʻi i loko o nā mea he nui. Holomua loa ai kākou loaʻa Spanishʻepekema ma keia mea. Graphene-pīlali na pu ki aloha, ka mea hana i ka ikehu hokii, haneri o ka manawa i oi aku mamua o ka like aka no na iuo aaoa?. Lakou hana ia e iai? Oaiaaou ka pila kaa. Ka mīkini, i ua hoʻouka kekahi graphene na pu ki aloha, ke hele me ka noho na tausani o kilomika. E recharge i ka uila ikehu kumu ka wā exhaustion e pono e loaa hou aku 8 minuke.

touchscreens

ʻepekema hoʻomau e makaikai i graphene, e pili ana i ka hou, a kākou mea. Ke'ōlelo mai, Ua loaʻa i ke kalapona nanomaterial kona palapala noi i? Iecaianoaaiiuo e produces nano pale me ākea pale. I ka manawa e hele mai a me ka'ōlewa manaʻo o kēiaʻano.

Epekema, loaa ae nei i ka graphene kuina mea huinahń loa ma ka shape, a haliu ae la ia i loko o ka aniani moakaka'ūholo uila. He hoʻi i komo i loko o ka hana o ka mea hoʻopā pale, kahaha nui o ka hoemi i ka mea paʻa, mäliko, kohoʻia,? Aneie friendliness a me ka haahaa kāki.

loaa graphene

Mai 2004, ka wā e i wehe i ka Hou Loa nanomaterials, ua E ke Kumu epekema i ka helu o ke ki ina hana like no kona makaukau. Eia naʻe, no ka walaʻauʻana o kēia mau aoao i manaoia:

- mechanical e exfoliation;
- epitaxial ka ulu ana ma ka holo;
- anuanu perofaznogo Nine Inch (CVD-kaʻina).

Ka mua o kēia mauʻekolu ki ina hana like o ka poe noonoo ole loa. graphene? iecaianoaaiiuo me ka ÿole mechanical exfoliation mea he kūikawā noi o graphite i ka lina ili o ka lina lola. Ma hope iho o kēia kumu, e like me ka pepa o ka pepa, olalo i ka lena, a unbend, e hoʻokēʻai i ka makemakeʻia. I ka wa ana i kēia iaoia graphene loaa i ka lani kiekie loa e like ai. Eia naʻe, ua hana nō,ʻaʻole e pono no ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nanomaterials.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke ano o epitaxial ulu o lahilahi silikone wepa i hoʻohana', o kaʻilikai i ka silikone carbide. Eia, ua lako ua enaena i ke kiʻekiʻe loa wela (1000 K). E like me ka hopena o Nine Inch reactions ua kaawale mai ka silikone nā'ātoma o kalapona nā'ātoma, i ka mua o ka i vaporize. E like me ka hopena, i ka mooolelo koe maemae graphene. Ke keakea ana o keia iaoia o ka nele o ka hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe loa ana wela, a hiki hana ana i'ā o ka kalapona nā'ātoma.

Ka loa ike loea a me ka hemahema hoi hana hoʻohana no ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiie o graphene, he CVD-kaʻina. He He papa hana ma i ka Nine Inch naoh ma waena o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia-lole komoʻuʻuku nona hōʻeleu a me ka hydrocarbon kinoea.

I produces graphene?

I ka lā, i ka nui huakai, produces he hou nanomaterial ua ke aupuni 'o Kina. Ka inoa o ka Hookah - Ningbo Morsh Technology. graphene? iecaianoaaiiuo ka mea, hoomaka i ka 2012.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE consumer o ka nanomaterial mea he poʻe Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene hana ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie lawelawe aniani moakaka Film, a e hookomoia i loko o ka touchscreen make o.

KŘpa nei, he luawai-ike poʻe Nokia i palapala i ka iaoaioa ma ke kiʻi mīkiniʻimi. E like me ka hapa o keia mea-pono ai mea he mau papa o graphene'ōnohi mea kani hehee ai. Oia ka mea i hoʻohana mua i loko o nā nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo o Panel nui maoli he lākou pā lonoaʻili (i ka 1000 manawa). I ka Ia manawa malama ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka uila hokii. Good pahupaʻiwikiō no ka Phone, e hoi no graphene.

Makaukau o kekahi wahi lulu kaiapuni,

Ua mea hiki i ka paka graphene ma kona home? Ua huli mai,ʻo ia! Oe wale Pono, e lawe i ka lumi kuke, pola nona iho no, aole e emi malalo o 400 W, a hahai i ka hana hoʻomohala ma ka Ipelana physicists.

i paka Pehea graphene ma kona home? No keia mea i ninini i ka, pola kīʻaha 500 ml o ka wai ma ka ohui 10-25 ml o kekahi kinowai detergent a me 20-50 nā huna o pēpē slate. Eia ka mea e e holo mai 10 minuke a hiki i ka hapalua o ka hora, a hiki i ka helehelena o ka slurry o graphene flakes. Ke kūpono i nā puke e i ke kiʻekiʻe conductivity i makemake ae kona hana i loko o nā nā uila aʻa lolo o ka poe keena. Graphene no hoi ke hoʻoikaika i nā waiwai o ka ea hua mai la i loko o ka wahi lulu kaiapuni.

'okesaside nanomaterial

Epekema 'Imi ka noiʻi' ana a me ka graphene 'ole e like me ia ma loko a ma luna o nā kihi o ka kalapona hei ua pili paha oxygen ma-i loaʻa ka ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu (s) o ka lātoma. Kēia paa Nano-'okesaside o i ka ka mua elua-dimensional kiʻi, a ua hiki i ke kahua o ke kālepa? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Mai nano- a me microparticles o keia 'oleʻepekema kenimika no kekahi laʻana i lawe.

Pela, ke graphene'okesaside ma ka hui pu ana, me ka kalapona diofilizirovannym i nei loaa ma ka Pākēʻepekema. He He loa Lightweight mea kenimika kupa a ua paʻa ia ma ka petals o ka uuku pua. Akā, i kēia hou waiwai, ma a ka graphene'okesaside o kekahi o ka loa paa i loko o ke ao nei.

biomedical noi

Graphene'okesaside i kekahi hanana waiwai o ka selectivity. Kēia e ae i ka waiwai, e imi i kekahi biomedical palapala noi. No laila, mahalo i ka hana o nā kānakaʻepekema ua hiki ke hoʻohana graphene'okesaside no kaʻike, o ka maʻi 'aʻai. Huai ae maʻi 'aʻai ma ka kakahiaka kahua o kona ulu ana ae kū hoʻokahi'ōnohi a me ka pou waiwai o ka nanomaterial.

I graphene'okesaside e leie aku māka hou haawi ana ai 'a me ka lapaʻau' ana. Ma ke kumu o keia mea, he sorption biosensors, e kuhikuhi ana i ka DNA lātoma.

hanalima noi

Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'sorbents ka nānā' ana ma luna o ka graphene'okesaside i e pili ana i ka iho mailoko o dezaktsivatsii kūlohelohe a me ke kanaka-i mea. A e oki ai o kaʻeleu nanomaterial hiki ke kō groundwater a me ka 'ilikai i ka, aina a me ka ho'āpono wale ia lakou, mai ka radionuclide.

Kānana mai graphene'okesaside hiki i superchistotoy pā, a produces lolouila eiiiiiaiou no kūikawā noi. Ke kūlana waiwai o keia mea, e komo i loko o ka lole Nine Inch poepoe enehana. Ma kekahi, ua hiki e pōʻalo o radioactive hoopuehu aku ana a me ka pohihihi keia ke hooheheeia. Penei, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka graphene'okesaside e leie aku e extract ke gula mai haʻahaʻa-kaha i eliia.