Great naturalists nana i nā hualoaʻa a wehe

Great naturalists ua kaulanaʻepekema ka poe i aʻo i keʻano o ka pono interacting me ia. Kēia hua'ōlelo hiki ke deciphered, ina e puunaue oe i ka mea i loko o nā māhele: ka "maoli" - ka mea, o ke ano, a me ka "hoao" - e kaha.

Great naturalists: papa

Ma ka sciences maoli kekahi manawa i ka wa a ka mea i pono, e wehewehe i ke ano, a aʻo i ka a pau, oa. E. No ka hoʻohana 'ike mai kekahi mau kihapai o ka' epekema e like me botany, kilohōkū, zoology, mineralogy, ka mua naturalists mai a puni ka honua. Ka mea, e helu i nā kānakaʻepekema, a hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā lāliʻi i hiki e hana hoihoi discoveries ka wā he mau ai mau kūpono a me kaʻike.

• Stiv Irvin (Australia).
• Terri Irwin (Australia).
• Alice Menfild (Australia).
• Jose Bonifacio de Ka Andrada e ka Silva (Brazil).
• Bartolomeu de Ka Gusmão (Brazil).
• Erik Pontoppidan (Denmark).
• Frederick Faber (Denmark).

Nui naturalists he ma Farani, Germany, Beritania Nui, Poland, Croatia, Kuikilana a me Rusia, i waena o i iʻike Vyacheslav Pavlovich Kovrigo, Aleksandr Fedorovich Kots a me Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov.

Ka mua nä känaka 'epekema

Ukupanee ma ke ano o ke kanaka iʻikeʻia i loko o ka wā kahiko, i kona lilo ana i ka manaʻo e pili ana i mea o ka mea kanu hiki keʻaiʻia a me nā mea mea ole, pehea e imi i na holoholona, a pehea e tame ia.

I ka wä kahiko Greece, ua mua naturalists nui, me Aristotle. He ua i ka mea mua, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina a me ka malama 'ano, a i ka hoao e systematize i ka ike. I ka Ia manawa lākou mau kilona nä känaka 'epekema ka lawe' ana sketches i kōkua i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana. Ka mea, ua ka mua 'epekema pomaikai, a no ka lōʻihi manawa hoʻohana ma o ka mahele.

Ma ke ola o Aristotle i hana mai i ka nui Zoo, a kōkua iā ia i kanaka, a me lawaia, nā kahu hipa, aiia, kahi kela kanaka keia kanaka i ke kaulana no ka haku i loko o kāna mahinaʻai i haawiia mai kekahi mau tausani.

Ma ke kumu o ka ohi 'ike nä känaka' epekema kakau iho la oi ma mua o 50 mau buke, kahi meaola e māheleʻia i loko o ka simplest, e kū ana ma ka haahaa nui o ka? Acaeoey, e like me hōʻike 'ia e nā meaola e noho ana i ka mea oi huikau. He kaukahi, no na mai i ka pae ana o na holoholona i kēia lā eʻikeʻia me Arthropoda, mau nā nā mea kolo, a crustaceans.

Ka nui naturalist Carl Linnaeus

Ua loaa ka ike, mea kanu a me nā holoholona a pau, e haawi aku inoa, akā, ma luna o kekahi 'âinapuni, i kanaka i ko lakou mau inoa, ma o na la haumia hilahila ia. Ua ua oi loa aku ko lāua koʻikoʻi i kānakaʻepekema e kaʻana i ka ike a me ka hoao ana, no ka mea, ua paakiki e maopopo ka 'ole i ka mea e. Aristotle ka'ōnaehana, i i hoʻohana ai no ka lōʻihi manawa, lilo obsolete, a ua hou pili, ka wā wehe i hou'āina.

Ka mea mua e ike i ka ua hiki mai ka manawa e hoʻihoʻi mea, ua he Kuekene nä känaka 'epekema Karl Linney, ka mea i hana i ka' oihana nui i loko o ka 17th kenekulia.

He haawi mai la i ka inoa o kēlā me kēia? Ueony, a ma Roma, i na mea a pau ke ike i kekahi aina a puni ka honua. No hoi, ua maheleia meaola i loko o nā hui a me ka Mea Maluna, a loaa i ka papalua inoa (subspecies). No ka laʻana, birch i ka inoa i hoʻohuiʻia me ploskolistnaya a dwarf bea eleele, a keʻokeʻo.

Linnaeus ''ōnaehana hoʻohana ai mamao, eia nae i kekahi manawa, ka mea i Hoʻololi' a inā, akā, i ka 'ōlelo o ka'ōnaehana koe ka ia.

Charles Darwin

Ma ka 19th kenekulia ma Enelani, ka home o na nä känaka 'epekema kaulana Charles Darwin, ka poe i ka pilina i ke kūpono' ana o ka 'epekema, a hoʻokumu i kona pähola' ana o ke kumu o ko ke ao nei, a uaʻikeʻia i kēlā schoolboy.

He nui no na naturalists nui paa XAaOOEN o Darwin, i oia ma ka mea e ola meaola hoʻololi i ma manawa, adapting i kekahi ola ana. Akā, i kela kanaka keia kanaka hiki ke hakuloli i, a ola i ke kai o ka fittest, i mea i hiki ke lawe i ko lakou mau mea maikai ano ili mamo.

Lūkiniʻepekema

Over o ka makahiki, i nā naturalists nui e noho ana i loko o Rusia, a ua nui na kanaka ike e pili ana i ko lakou mau pono a me discoveries.

Geneticist Nikolai Vavilov i ka makana nui a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i mahi mea kanu. He akoakoa mai la ka nui loa ohi ana o na anoano, i mea e pili ana i 250.000 Eia kekahi laʻana, e hoomaopopo i ko lakou wahi o ka molekumu o, a me kekahi hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o ka mea kanu e hoʻonele.

Nui na makana i ke kahua o ka immunology ua i Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, këia i ke kanaka kino, a me ka ala, ua kaua aku okoa nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Ke hana i hoolaa ai i ke ao o ka cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, a me ka syphilis, hoao mai ana e maopopo i ke kumu, a huli aoao e kaua. He artificially, kena ae la syphilis ma monkeys, a kakau lakou ia mea i loko o kona mau palapala. Wale no kēia e piʻi like hiki ia wahi a hiki i ka waeʻano o ka "nui maoli ka noiʻi." Kālaimeaola Ua Ua he nui 'epekema:ʻo ia i hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka kumu o multicellular meaola, kahi? Aneii i hoolilo nui manawa a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka poe oo hoi kaʻina hana, a me ka manao i ka wa elemakule mai, ua ala ma muli o ka pakiko-kaʻapu kōheoheo o ka meaola okoa microbes a me toxins.