Hana me ka titanium keʻokeʻo

Kekahi o na ano mau o keʻokeʻo, ka loa mau hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kālā no pena - keʻokeʻo titanium. Ka mea, e oi i loko o kekahi o kona Pelekane'ēʻano o nā ano - kēpau, a kiniki.

Ka Ike: mai hookuu hoi ia

Ke keʻokeʻo HW hoʻohanaʻia Artists hope o ka wa kahiko. E like ma ka mua kenekulia BC, ka Roma moʻolelo Pliny ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke kaʻina hana o ka e pili ana i ka whitewash o ke kēpau inoaia me ka vinega. A laila, kona 'ike loea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo Ua hoʻomohala ma na nui' Eulopa aupuni. Ka mea, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka pena, iconography, no ka iiaie oaoieei pono. Eia naʻe, kēpau - loaʻawahia mea. Poino, kena ae la ia e kēpau keʻokeʻo i ka 'oihana Artists a me ka poʻe kūkulu hale, e like me ka poe ilihune, komo i loko o lākou? Iecaianoaaiiie, he mea hiki ole i ka hoʻomaulia.

kiniki

Aia ua 'ano like make - niho keʻokeʻo, ua i mai o nā iwi o nā keiki hipa, keʻokeʻo chalk, eggshells a i na momi. Akā, heʻano pohihihi, hiki ole i ka hana, a no ia mea, pipiʻi a pau o ia mau mea. No ka mea, o keia, na Artists hoʻomau i ka hoʻohanaʻawahia alakai. More na ano - kaolin, antimony, luaipele, alakai a me ka piuta - mea nō,ʻaʻole i hiki i? Iecaianoaaiiuo puke o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo.

Ua hana mau a hiki i 1780, ka wā mau Palani chemist Bernard Courtois a me Louis-Bernard Guyton de Ka Morveau, hoomaka ae la e huli no ka emi hoʻopōʻino HW. Lākou wae iho la kekahi ma ka kiniki'okesaside, ma muli ia i ka loaa keokeo ikiʻawahia. Ka pilikia i loko o ko lakou kumukuai. Kiniki'okesaside ua like kona waiwai eha manawa oi pipiʻi ma mua o kēpau, no laila, he nui Artists koe malama pono i ka mea kahiko mea.

Titan

I ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia Pelekāne William Gregor, a me ka Kelemānia Klaproth loaa i ka mua i ike ole metala, a a laila auou caiaiai i ke alakaʻi ma ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiuo o keʻokeʻo. Akā, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia titanium i manaoia lapuwale, i mea aha mai i kupono i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Wale i ka makahiki 1908, ua loaʻa Europa chemists ka hoʻohana no ka mea, - titanium'okikene lua i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka houʻano o ke keʻokeʻo. Mai 1920, Europe i ua ee nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiuo o titanium'okikene lua pigments ua aneane loa auou caiaiai me ke alakaʻi kuai. Mamua o Rusia la wale HOU i ka ke kanakolu o ka hope kenekulia. Manawa a hiki i kēia mea, i ka noiʻi kahu ai, e hoomaopopo i ka pono hana o ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia ma ka epa a: makaʻuʻole copyists mai i hoomanao i ka Lūkini avant-garde kakau iho laʻano nui hoʻohana keʻokeʻo kēpau, titanium a laila repressed.

Hoʻohālike o keʻano o ke keʻokeʻo

• Kaʻawahia. White kēpau okoa loaʻawahia, a ua a ianoiyuaa a hoʻohana 'ia wale nō i loko o ke akamai waihoʻoluʻu. International Hui o na Hana Lima ohana ka palekana o ua papa pena i ka pā pōhaku o ke ola eha me ka kēpau keʻokeʻo. Men-pena i ka umikumamawalu makahiki o ka makahiki a me na wahine o kekahi makahiki i pāpā mai ka hana me ka kēpau. Ikiʻawahia kiniki keʻokeʻo, ho oweliweli i hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ke ola, a me ka titanium hiki ke kākau' ole kekahi hewa e ola.
• Opacity (peʻe mana). Kiniki'okesaside i ka haahaa opacity, no laila, i ka mea i ana ia ma ka panina pena glaze. Titanium keʻokeʻo glaze e impractical, no kā lākou mauʻaoʻao pale, he nui kiekie (2.7). Akā, ka mea, ua maikaʻi no ka oi anuanu pena iʻia manga - keia pigment mea pono ma luna o nā waihoʻoluʻu.
• Hue. Kiniki'okesaside i ka iki kai mehana o leo titanium - anuanu.
• E kū'ē'ē mai. Kiniki'okesaside, o ka oi aku ma kiʻekiʻe ka inika, ahu iho mānoanoa, e ho'ōla uhi ia me na mawae. Mai titanium'okikene lua pigments i 'ole e hana - kekahi o lākou? Ueo, no ka ikaika i ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia no ka pena i ka spacecraft. White kēpau Ua hoi loa ikaika - i ka mea aie o ko lakou hoolaia'na hana o ka wa kahiko haku.

Other hiʻona o na pigments titanium'okikene lua

Over manawa, hana, palapala titanium'okikene lua pigments, e loaʻa i ka bluish tint. I ka aila pena i ke keʻokeʻo E e hoʻohana me ka mālama nui. Ka mea, i ole waiho ia e hui me kekahi'ē aʻe'ōniʻoniʻo: azure, cobalt, cadmium. I ka hui razbelivaniya ai ke'ākoʻakoʻa me ia, a me ka hana i lolelua ka lei hui. Titanium keʻokeʻo huli yellow ma manawa. Titanium'okikene lua ka wā i hui pūʻia me ke aloha pigments e lilo discolored ma manawa. Ua UaʻAʻole pono e uhi i ka hana a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka titanium keʻokeʻo aila copal varnish - uhi i inevitable.

No ka mea, o ka mea a pau kēia mau hewa ma o ka hapalua like-iwakalua kenekulia, ua hōʻole Artists e hoʻohana titanium'okikene lua pigments. Lākou? Iecaianoaaiiuo i kaulia ana. Akā, 'ē aʻe titanium White - acrylic, gouache paha tempera hua mai la i ka ia mämä. Ka mea ana hoomau ia e hoʻohana 'ia e na mea he nui pena. Titanium White Oil lōʻihi pio ka polokalamu ma ka limbo - kā lākou kiʻekiʻe e uhi ai ka mana, ai '-ʻawahia, a kŘpa a inexpensive hoi aku ia ma luna o nā shelves, a me keia la e hiki, ma ka mea, e ike ai i ko lākou hoʻohana mea oluolu ia ia.