White kēpau: na waiwai, hana, hoʻohana,ʻino e ola

Mea pōhaku kala a keʻokeʻo, i ma luna o ke kumu o ke kēpau, ka inoa hope o ka mea pōhaku ua komo i loko o kā lākou haku mele 'ana - keʻokeʻo kēpau. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka aina, manawa a me ka hana ana o manufacturing kēpau-ma muli HW ua variously kapaia: psimition, Hōlani, cerussite, ke kala, a me e kala hua, Klagenfurt, Venetian keʻokeʻo, maemae keʻokeʻo alakai a me na mea e ae.

I ka moolelo o ka hanana

No ka mea manawa mua kēpau keʻokeʻo i ua hōʻike ma ka palapala o ka Helene kākau moʻolelo Dioscorides ma IV kenekulia BC. Ua ike e pili ana i ka waiwai o ke kēpau, a hiki mai no ia, e paka waihoʻoluʻu. like ka mea, kapa aku la ia lakou, cerussa, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma A uuku ma hope whitewash manufacturing enehana, a, i ka Roma mea kākau e like me Vitruvius, Pliny a me Theophrastus. Ka "hou" i ka malamalama o ke keʻokeʻo alakai no ka manawa mua iʻikeʻia i loko o ka Netherlands i loko o ka Middle Ages. loaʻa hola? iecaianoaaiiuo o keʻokeʻo loa koke i ke ākea o ka makana, a me kā lākou mau hokii, ua mau e ulu ana. I loko nō o kēia, ke nä känaka 'epekema Bergman wale a hiki i ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia, ua hiki ke hoike aku i ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ke keʻokeʻo.

Like no Rusia, ka mōʻaukala o ka pono a me ka hana o ka kēpau keʻokeʻo mea ole pela kahiko, he haneri makahiki aku nei, hoomaka ae la lakou e paka ai no mākou. E alakaʻi-ka nānā 'ana i loko o HW nui na mea i lawe i loko o Yaroslavl, a ua manaoia e ia i ke kikowaena o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o whitewash. I ka lā, loaʻa nō kekahi mau nā hale hana hana i loko o ka hana o ka keʻokeʻo-ikeia lama i mea Popular nā hualoaʻa a.

poepoe o ka palapala noi

ʻaʻoleʻoe e hoʻohana keʻokeʻo alakai i like me ka'ūheheʻe no ka mea'ē aʻe nā waihoʻoluʻu. ʻO ia pili i kā lākou hana ma ka pena hana no ka mea, o ka kaʻawahia kiʻekiʻe o ka huahana. I loaʻa kekahi hihia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ke kēpau-ma muli keʻokeʻo HW no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia surfaces.

Inā, nō naʻe, he mea no ka hoʻohana o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo i loko o ka hana, ka mea, he pono ke kanana 'adherence i ka palekana rula i hoakaka ia ma ka hihia o ka pono o ka ai'. No ka mea, o ka palapala 'ole ma o ka kanaka kino, e like me kekahi o ka HW ka mea, ua papaia e hoʻohana keʻokeʻo alakai.

Aie i ka kaʻawahia kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻohana a keʻokeʻo hooponopono ma ka Ahaolelo kiʻekiʻe. Penei, nā kānāwai o ka 1909 a me ka 1926 loli i kaʻoi emi i loko o ka makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiie o kēia mau pena ma Farani. Umikumamalua HW nā hale hana ma keia aina makahiki produces oi ma mua o 20 000 nā kana o Whiting i loko o ka keia manawa, no ka huina aole e oi aku mamua o 1,000 nā kana. Kēia mau kānāwai i, Eia naʻe, wale pili i ka ?? eoi? O Farani, i loko o ka 'ē aʻe aina, ua i kapu i ka hana o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo ma ke kānāwai.

Waiwai o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo

Ka mea, i hua mai la i loko o ka palapala o ke kaumaha keʻokeʻo ka pauka me ka granular 'ole. I ka wa olohelohe ia lakou i ka mahu o ka aceticʻakika, e hana i alakai a me ka kēpau keʻokeʻo. Kala like 'ole ia, i poe lunakanawai no ma ka inoa, keʻokeʻo. Aie i ke ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kaʻina hana a hiki i ka huina hoonui hope kekahi mau he uuku nui o ke alakaʻi i kō. Kēia e loli ai i ke ala o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo, ka mea i kānaka sourishʻono, a me ka lākiō o acetic kumu alakai i ka paʻakai pono i oi aku 1% o ka huina impurities.

Mea pōhaku pena, a i haku no kēpau keʻokeʻo, i ke kiʻekiʻe e huna ana ia ka mana a me ka pōkole ka maloʻoʻana manawa. Up i ka 10% o ka huina o ke kaupaonaʻana o ka inika o ko lākou aila omo. Ke ao o waho White koke solidify, a me keia ia lŘlŘ ma ka mānoanoa o ka HW, ahu iho. He mahalo i keia mea e like ai i koi ma ka pena ma ka enehana multilayer, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka aila primers keʻokeʻo kēpau.

Haku mele 'ana, a nolaila i ka hiki no ka kokololio ka maloʻoʻana o ka inika ua hikiwawe Neʻe i nā pono, a me ka hopena e hiki i ka lohi-ka maloʻoʻana ka inika e koke maloʻo mai ma kona papa. Of mau waiwai i lilo no ka podmalevki like maikaʻi no mahope i hookohu aku i, ka luawai pili me ka mahope papa a me ka mai ole'oāwa.

Haahaa ia i loko o ka hoʻohana o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo

Kaawale mai ka ahuwale pomaikai o ka pono o ke kēpau keʻokeʻo, ka mea, i ka helu ana o kėia keakea.

Mua a poʻokela ia mea kumukuai 'ana i kumumanaʻo ka kiʻekiʻe kaʻawahia o ka lepo. I ka anaanai a pau maluhia rula pono e hahai, ma ka mea, no laila i ka lepo uaʻawa. Ua ua ike ole wale no hihia o loa kaʻapu kōheoheo, akā, i ona.

e hiki ke hoʻololi i ko lakou malamalama White kēpau. I ka paku ole ia i hydrogen sulfide HW mea mua hoʻomaka e uluʻeleʻele, a laila, pau huliʻeleʻele. Kēia ka hana wale nō inā kekahi hapa o ka lawa helu o keʻokeʻo mea hoʻopaʻa hehee ai. Naʻe, i kēia kaʻina mea reversible. No ka loiloi mua āpana penaʻilikai type kalameaʻai pono pono me ka hydrogen peroxide, hiki ke hoano hou ana ia i kaʻeleʻele kēpau sulphide i loko o sulphate keʻokeʻo.

Ma ka'ākilikai 'ia, keokeo loa ka poe, i mea no ke aha la ka mea, i ole e pono no kona'ākilikai tempera a me ka fresco.

Ma pena ia specificity i ike. White kēpau, kui linseed aila me, i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka honua. Inā i ke kiʻi, ua huli aku, mai ka puka makani, a ua kauoha ia ka pā pōhaku HW ma muli ma keʻokeʻo kēpau yellow, akā, ua hiki no ia hoʻi i ka palapala kala like 'ole, oiai ina ka mea, ua waiho olohelohe ia i ka pololei Map.

ʻano o keʻokeʻo

I ka lā, loaʻa nō nāʻano a keʻokeʻo. Kēpau, kiniki a me titanium nō i ka loa, he pono ole.

E alakaʻi - ka mea kahiko, ka mea pinepine hoʻohana i ka Artists kahiko. Ka lanakila o ia mea i ka mea hiki ke noi i loko o ka aniani moakaka papa, a me ka HW dries loa koke. Ua loaʻa he'ōlewa 'ole a me ka mea hou? Oiy. Akā,ʻo ka papa kuhikuhiE drawback o kona kaʻawahia.

Titanium keʻokeʻo. Ka mea, i ole emi mahalo me Artists a me na ano e like me ke kēpau keʻokeʻo. Kēia HW o ka whitest leo, akā, kona keakea mea ia ia ka loa aniani moakaka a loa hoopiha i ka'ē aʻe nanahe.

Mau mea nui mahalo i keʻokeʻo Pottery haku. Ka mea, intervene 'ana i loko o ka lepo, a ina i mea ole lawa, laila, pili i ka lahilahi, ahu iho ma luna o kekahi.

Kiniki'okesaside. Ka mea, ua i like mānoanoa me titanium keʻokeʻo , a laila ka mea i hoʻohana no ka toning a ana ka aniani moakaka papa. Ke downside o keia HW mea wale nō i lōʻihi ka maloʻoʻana manawa.

Hōlani hana

'O kēia ka mea mua a me ka loa kahiko ala o keʻokeʻo alakai i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. No kēia kaʻina, ke kēpau papa 2-3 mm o laulā loloa ua okioki i loko o ka lōʻihi o ka 6 knm waiho i loko o ka glazed earthenware nā ipu hao, pela pau kaʻoni iho. Ipu E e pili ana i 1 hano, a me ka kiekie o 20 knm. Ana i hou 250 ml o ka vīnega. Nā ipu e waiho ma ka lalani o ka pōhaku lepo pahupaʻiwikiō, a interspersed me nā papa o ka lio manure, e hou. Ma ka lalo, ahu iho lāʻau malumalu lio manure, ka mea, ua kau aku ai i ka ahu iho la mua o nā ipu hao, e uhiia ka mea, ma luna me ka kēpau papa a me nā papa, me ka hakahaka ma waena o nā ipu i piha me ka manure. Pela ua kukuluiaʻe iluna ka ipu a hiki i ka luna papa.

Ma manure fermentation paha ke wela, i ka paipai 'ana i ka ke omoāea o aceticʻakika. I ka catalyzing o oxygen, mai ka lewa kēpau-hua acetic paʻakai, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o uglesvintsovuyu, i mea ke kēpau keʻokeʻo. Ke kaʻina hana o ka kaawale ana o keʻokeʻo mai ka kēpau papa o ka loa laborious, pinepine komo i loko o kēia mīkini. Loa hoʻomano hoʻohana no keia hana o ka mauna hoʻoluku.

Kelemānia hana

Ke koena unuhi mai i ke kaʻina hana o Kelemānia Hōlani wale nō i loko o nā kikoʻi. Kēpau a lahilahi i ālai ia 'aʻe i loko o ka ipu hao, a me ka i kaulia ma ka pōhaku lepo a me ka wahie keena. A hou kaʻina 'ole aceticʻakika a me ka oxygen'ālike. Loa pinepine keia iaoia ua hoʻohana 'Mele mea hāpai mīkini.

Palani hana

Tenar i manaoia e na Palani hana no ka manufacturing keʻokeʻo kēpau. No ka mea, ua ua hanaʻia mua pāʻoihana acetic kēpau paʻakai, a laila, ma i carbon dioxide i ua hala. E like me ka hopena, kaawale keʻokeʻo, a me ka awelika acetic alakai paakai i koe ma ka pāʻoihana. Kēia kaʻina mea ana, e like me ia ma ka pau keia la pāʻoihana redissolved litharge, ho okumu i ke kumu o ka paʻakai.

English hana

Kēia hana o ka extracting keʻokeʻo alakai Ua oi eiiieaena, a ua nolaila, hoʻohana 'ia emi nei. Ke papamoe pahu kau litharge, huakaʻi me ka pāʻoihana o ka 1% alakai kōpaʻa. Aiaʻo ia ka hoʻohana 'ana agitator ke ka ao. Ma keia hihia, ke carbon dioxide i kahawai ua hoʻokō '.

No keia kaʻina, ia meaʻano nui i loko o ka litharge he ole impurities, a keʻokeʻo e loaʻa ka undesirable waihoʻoluʻu.