He aha ka ammonia? Haʻilula ka waiwai a me ka ammonia

Ammonia - i huiia mea nui he kumu o ka naikokene no ola meaola, a ua loaʻa palapala noi i loko o kekahi mau hana. He aha ka ammonia, aha nō kona waiwai? E ka maka ia.

He aha ka ammonia: walaʻauʻana ano

Ammonia (nitride kahawai) - huina lakou o ka naikokene me ka hydrogen, me ka Nine Inch haʻilula NH _3. Ke kinona o ka lātoma kohu he trigonal pyramid, ka vertex o i mea he naikokene'Ātoma.

Ammonia mea he kinoea ka ole waihoʻoluʻu a pau, akā, me he maopopo pahi ala. ammonia nuʻa Ua kokoke mau manawa emi ma mua o ka pa apŘ o ka lewa. I ka wela o ka 15 ^{o ka} C ia mea 0,73 kg / ka m ^3. Nuʻa o ka wai ma lalo o ammonia maʻamau rula mea 686 kg / ka m ^3. Ke hakakino kaumaha o ka waiwai - 17,2 g. / Kameleona. A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka ammonia o kona kiʻekiʻe solubility i loko o ka wai. Penei, i ka wela o ka 0 ° C mea hiki i ka waiwai o ma kahi o 1200 puke i loko o ka buke o ka wai ma 20 ° C - 700 puke. A pāʻoihana o "ammonia - wai" (ammonia ka wai) i ka iki'ākilikai naoh, a 'ano hanana waiwai hoʻohālikelike i nā alkalis: me ka ulu lehulehu o ka pa apŘ ua hoemiia.

Pehea e paka ammonia?

He aha ka ammonia i loko o ke kanaka kino? He ka hopena huahana o ka naikokene pūnao. A nui loa o ke akepaʻa, e hoʻolilo i ka urea (carbamide) - emiʻawahia waiwai.

Ammonia ma ka 'āina i hanaʻia ma ka decomposition o ke aloha i huiʻia i loaʻa ka naikokene. No ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hana o ka waiwai loaa synthetically.

Makaukau o ka ammonia ma ka hanalima, a keʻena hoʻokolohua ana

Industrially ammonia hua mai la ia e catalytic hoʻololi kemikala mai ka naikokene a me ka hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka loaa ana i ka waiwai a ua lawe mai i ka wela o ka 500 ° C a me ka puʻe o 350 atm. Penei ka hoʻohana 'porous hao hōʻeleu. Ke kūpono ammonia ua weheʻia anuanu. Naikokene a me hydrogen a i ole pane koke e hoʻi i ka hoʻololi kemikala.

Ma lalo o keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu, i hoomakaukauiaʻano nui ammonia ma ka nawaliwali hahana maoli nō kēia i ka läÿau, iloko olaila ka 'amoniuma koloriside a me hydrated Lime:

2NH ₄ Cl + Ca (OH) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2H ₂ O.

Makaukau no ka ninini hui ua hala ma o ka läÿau, o ka Lime a me ka paʻakai hydroxide. Lawa maloo ammonia hiki ke hoomakaukauia ma ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia paʻakai metala ma loko, a mahope distillation.

Where ammonia ua hoʻohana 'ia?

hydrogen nitride ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā hana. Nunui dala no ka mea, e ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nitricʻakika a me ka likeʻole fertilizers (urea,'amoniuma nitrate, etc.), polymers, hydrocyanicʻakika, paʻakai,'amoniuma paʻakai, a me nā 'ano o Nine Inch? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Ma ka malamalama ka hana waiwai o ka ammonia hoʻohana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a i hookohu aku i na fabrics me silika, hulu hipa a me ka pulupulu. Ma ka kila hana, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻonui i ka paakiki kila ma ka saturation me ka ili papa me ka naikokene. Ma ka petrochemical hana hoʻohana hydrogen nitride neutralizedʻakika wahi neoneo.

Ma muli o ia kā lākou thermodynamic waiwai, wai ammonia ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka refrigerant ma ka refrigeration lako a pan.

A pāʻoihana o ka hydrogen nitride (ammonia) ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau no ka withdrawal o syncope, ka luaʻi stimulation, no ka iapaau ana o ka' inikua limahana lima, insectʻaki, a pela aku.

Kekahi Nine Inch mall o ka ammonia

Nitride hydrogen wehewehe aku ma ka kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe Nine Inch haʻawina a me ka hiki ke pane koke me ka nui waiwai.

I ka ammonia reacts me nāʻakika, e haawi aku i ka like'amoniuma paakai. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, ma ka naoh me nitricʻakika ua i hana 'amoniuma nitrate :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

I ka interacting ana me ka HCl i hana'amoniuma koloriside:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ Cl.

'amoniuma paʻakai he paa mea pōaka waiwai, decomposing i loko o ka wai, a me na waiwai hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paʻakai. Pāʻoihana o ka hui i hanaʻia ma ka naoh o ka ammonia a me ka ikaika nāʻakika i ka ikiʻakika naoh.

Aie i ka naikokene'Ātoma mea heʻeleu hydrogen nitride reductant. Hoemi waiwai o kona hoikeia i ka wa a enaena. I ka wela i loko o ka oxygen ma ka lewa, ia 'ano apau loa i ka naikokene a me ka wai. Ma ke alo o nā catalysts reacting me ka o oxygen hoʻolako i ka naikokene'okesaside. Nitride hydrogen i ka hiki e loaa ke hooheheeia mai oxides.

Halides ma naoh me ka ammonia e lilo naikokene halides - pilikia pahū. By naoh me ka carboxylic nāʻakika a me kā lākou nā mea loaʻa nitride hydrogen palapala amides. Ma reactions me ka lanahu (ma 1000 ° C) a me ka methane ka mea, e hāʻawi mai prussicʻakika.

No ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia Ion ho okumu i'amino eiiieaenu, ammonia, ammoniates 'ole (luna' hui) me kekahi ano hiʻona: ka naikokene'Ātoma ua mau palapala hoopaa i ekolu hydrogen nā'ātoma. E like me ka hopena o ka luna 'hoʻololi' ia nā pōpō waiwai. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, uliuli pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulphate me ka hou o ka hydrogen nitride loaʻa iā ia kekahi i kekahi, pili uliuli-poni waihoʻoluʻu. He nui no ka'amino pono a pau o komo ai lawa kumupaʻa. No ka mea, o keia ka mea, hiki ke hoomakaukau i paa palapala.

Ke kinowai ammonia Ua pono wailana nā ionic a me ka 'ole-Polar ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia.

Sanitation ano

Ammonia e pili ana i ka ha o ka papa o ka p ÷ ino. I kā mākou i kā mākou allowable hoʻokahi-manawa lehulehu (MAC) ma ka lewa noho o 0.2 mg / ka m ^3, ka awelika - 0,04. Ma ka hana ciia ea ammonia maʻiʻo e ole e oi aku mamua o 20 mg / m³. Ma ia nā hoʻohui like ala substance ua i ikeia. Paʻa kanaka olfaction mea helu kuhi puke i 37 mg / m³. Ia mea, ina ammonia ala i manao ai, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea ana palena airborne i hoʻoholo' ia me ka nui loa oi.

Ke kanawai ma ka mea kanaka kino

He aha ka ammonia i hua'ōlelo o kanaka waiū? It toxicant. Ua pili ia i ka waiwai a hiki i ka lawe 'ana kńnaka a me ka neurotropic hana, inhalation kaʻapu kōheoheo a hiki alakai i pulmonary edema a me ka poho i ka'emi ko kahua.

Ammonia ohu o keʻano ukiuki kanawai ma luna o kaʻili, ka mucous membranes o na maka a me ka ÷ naehana hanu nā loko. I ka lehulehu o ka waiwai i hoike mai ai ia i mea ukiuki loa puu, he 280 mg no CC. mika maka - 490 mg no cubic mika. mika. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka hydrogen i loko o ka lewa nitride ke kānāwai nui puʻu, hana hanu, me ka puʻu, maka eha, excessive lacrimation, Nine Inch kuni i ka mea o ka cornea, hihiʻo me keia poho. A hiki i ka maʻiʻo o ka ammonia o 1.5 g. No cu. mika no holaʻawahia pulmonary edema e hoʻomōhala ai. Ma ka hui 'ana o ka wai a ammonia a me kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana (ma kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like) mai ka hiki ili redness, ka ohane, kuni a me ka dermatitis. Mai liquefied nitrideʻauwai absorbs wela i ke omoāea e hiki frostbite e loli iki degere.

ammonia kaʻapu kōheoheo Symptoms

I kaʻapu kōheoheo iāʻikepili toxicant hiki i ka emi ana ma ka lohe ana paepae, nausea, pōniuniu, headache, a pela aku. Aia nā loli i ka hana, me ka nui ikaika manaʻo pīhoihoi, delirium. I ka hoike ana o ka symptoms ma kekahi hihia mea intermittent. Ka mea, e ana i ka manawa, a laila, Keoni a me ka hana hou ia ka lohi ole.

E lawe i ka mooolelo a pau o ka hiki hopena o ka waiū i ka ammonia, ia mea nui, e lawe kaiapuni hana ana me ka waiwai, i ka wa a ole e oi aku i ka lehulehu i loko o ka lewa.