He aha mea he gravitational hawewe?

Ka oihana ka lā o ka puka (ka loaʻaʻana) o gravitational ale ua manaoia e ia February 11, 2016. Ua Ua laila paʻa ma Washington ma ke kaomi hālāwai, i nā luna o ka laulima LIGO, ka mea i hai mai i ke kime o ka noiʻi pomaikai ae la lakou no ka manawa mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka e koho i kēia kŰia.

Ka wanana o ka Einstein nui

Ka mea i gravitational hawewe ola, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia (1916)? Aaei Albert Einstein ua kālaiʻia i loko o ka? Aieao o General Relativity (GR). Kekahi hiki wale kahaha ma ka ingenious nā mea hiki o ka physicist kaulana, ka mea i hiki ia e ua mamao-hiki hopena a me ka palena iki o maoli ikepili. Mawaena o ka mea nui'ē aʻe physicalʻike manaʻo wānana i loaʻa hōʻoiaʻiʻo nō i loko o ka hope kenekulia (ka meheu o ia ka pele o ka manawa, he loli ma ke ala e hiki aku ana i ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe i loko o gravitational kula, etc.) Ua aneane huai ae i ke alo o kēia 'ano o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN nalu o ke kino, a nei ka mea, he mea hiki ole.

Umekaumaha - he illusion?

Nui, ma ka malamalama o ka pähola 'ana o relativity umekaumaha aneane i ka poe ikaika no lakou. Kēia mea i kaʻilihune o ka perturbation a curvature o ka wa-manawa hoʻomaumau. A hoʻohālike maikaʻi e kahaki ii keia postulate hiki e hohola apana o ka lole. Ma lalo o ke kaumaha waiho ma luna o ka ili o ka bulk mea ua hana i ka recess. Other mea ma ka noi kokoke i keia anomaly e hoʻololi i ke ala o ko lākou neʻeʻana, e like me ka mea i "o Laielohelohe". A me ka nui o ka paona o ka mea (hou anawaena a me ka curvature ka hohonu), ka mea i oi aku i ka "mana o ke attraction." A hiki aku ko ia neiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka lole, e ke kiai i ka muli o divergent "ripples".

Kekahi mea i 'ano like, ke ahaʻia i loko o ke ao nei makahiki. Kekahi hoʻomaka koke neʻe paa mea o ke kumu o fluctuations i loko o ka pa apŘ o ka makahiki a me ka manawa. A gravitational nalu me ka nui ikaika hawewe, hana kino me ka loa nui nā paʻi hua a me ka wā e hoohauhee ana me ka nui accelerations.

physical hoakaka

Fluctuations i loko o ka makahiki-manawa metric hoike mai ai ia lakou iho e like me ka loli ma ka gravitational kula. O kŰia ua i kapa la-manawa ripples. Gravitational nalu e loli ai i ke kino a me nā mea pilikia, a ke moe ia. Ke kanana nei dala, ua uuku loa - no ka mea o ka 10 ^-21 o ka palapala nui. Ke pau ka pilikia ana o ka loaʻaʻana o kēia kŰia i ka noiʻi i e aʻo pehea e ana a me ka palapala i kēia mau loli ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka lako a kūpono. Ka mana o gravitational pāhawewe Ua hoi loa haʻahaʻa - no ka mea holoʻokoʻa poe lń, ia mea he mau kilowatts.

Ke propagation ka mämä holo o ka gravitational ale iki hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka waiwai o ka mea e mālama nei meakino. Ke oscillation ikaika hawewe me ka mamao mai ke kumu emi i nā akā, 'Aʻohe loa ihoiho. Ke alapine (frequency) waiho ana ma ka laulā, mai kekahi mau umi a hiki i na haneri o ka Hertz. I ka mämä holo o ka gravitational hawewe i loko o ka interstellar meakino hoʻokokoke mai i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama.

circumstantial hoike

No ka mea manawa mua i kaʻimi naʻauao hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ke ola o gravitational ale e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ka American astronomer Joseph Taylor a me Russell Hulse i kona kumu i ka 1974. Këia i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa Via telescope observatories Arecibo (Puerto Rico), noiʻi loaa ka pulsar PSR B1913 + 16 He aeaie nenoaiie o neutron hoku i ka ao ka a puni o ka hoʻomaopopo like mawaena konu o ka nuipa a ma ka ikaika angular māmā holo (pohihihi keia hihia) ho i. Kela a me keia makahiki lapaʻau au mea 3,75 hola initially, hoemiia i 70 MS. Kēia waiwai He pahuhopu nei i ka hopena o ka GTR nā helu kaulike e wńnana i ka hua ma ka mämä holo o ke kuapo ana o kēia mau nenoai aie i ka ikehu hokii, no ka hanauna o gravitational nalu. Hope hou kaulua pulsars, a keʻokeʻo dwarfs me ka like kolohe i loaʻa. Radio kilohōkū D. Taylor a me R. Hulse ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea no ka loaʻa o ka hou nā papaha o këia gravitational kihapai Ua hookoia i ka 1993.

Aihue gravitational hawewe

Ka mua hoakaka o kaʻimiʻana gravitational ale i loaa mai i ke Kulanui o Maryland nä känaka 'epekema Dzhozefa Vebera (USA) i ka makahiki 1969. No keia mea, ua hoʻohana i ka gravitational antennas elua o ko lakou mau manao, kaawale ma ke kaawale, o ke mau kilomika. Ke resonant mīkini hopu ka mea hewa i ka kamakawiwo ole-kaʻawale pono-wāwae-'āpana paukūʻolokaʻa o Aluminum, piezoelectric transducers i hoʻolako pono ikepili koʻikoʻi. Ka ikaika hawewe o ka allegedly haka fluctuations Weber hoao iho la ia e ia ma mua o manaoia oi ma mua o ka miliona manawa kiʻekiʻe. Hoao mai ana ma nā noiʻi ka hoʻohana 'ano like lako a haʻi hou aku i ka "pomaikai" o ka' Amelika physicist maikaʻi hualoaʻa i ole haawi. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka hana Weber ma keia wahi ua, uaʻike insolvent, akā, hāʻawi impetus i ke kūpono 'ana o "gravitational mea hoʻonui" no ke kahea ana ma keia wahi o ke ao ana i na mea he nui akamai. Ma ke ala, Dzhozef Veber a kona make ana uaʻoiaʻiʻo, e lawe gravitational nalu.

Ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka? Eaia lako a

Ma na 70s nä känaka 'epekema Bill Feyrbank (USA) Ua ulu i ka manao o ke kukuna gravitational-nalu, ho'ēmi ma ka wai a helium, a me ka pono o ka hee - supersensitive magnetometer. Na i ka manawa o ka 'ike loea hou ua ole ae e ike i ka inventor o kou huina hoonui, hoʻomaopopo i loko o ka "metala".

E like me ka hiki i keia rula ua i Auriga ka gravitational mīkini hopu ka mea hewa i loko o lenyarskoy National keʻena hoʻokolohua (Padova, Italy). Ke kumu 'ole o ka Aluminum-makanekiuma paukūʻolokaʻa a me ka lōʻihi o ka 3 mika a me ke anawaena o 0,6 m. Ua kaulia ana no ka pa alima pa alima ke kaupaonaʻana o 2.3 tons i loko o ka noho kaʻawaleʻana, ho'ēmi i kokoke loa' Aʻohe holo keena. No ka fixation a me ka Haalulu iho kaʻimiʻana i ke kākoʻo kilogram resonator a me ke ana'ōnaehana ma muli ma kamepiula 'ē aʻe. Ka olelo pā lonoaʻili o ka lako a 10 ^-20.

interferometers

Ke kumu o ka functioning o detectors ka interferometric gravitational nalu hoohui i ka ia me nā loina e e hoʻohana i ka Michelson interferometer. Kinoea ma ke kumu o ke kukuna kaola no ua maheleia i mau kahawai. Ma hope mau Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo E a me ka hele ana ma luna o nā poʻohiwi maalea lua i pele e laweia mai ai pu hou, a ua loli ka hope lunakanawai 'ākeʻakeʻa kiʻi ina ka papa o na kukuna kekahi haunaele (e like, gravitational nalu). Oia lako a ua hana i nā mea he nui:

• Geo 600 (Hannover, Germany). Ka lōʻihi o ka holo tunnel 600 mau mika.
• Tama (Japan) me ka poohiwi ma 300 m.
• VIRGO (Pisa, Italy) - he ami Franco-Italian pāhana, a hemo aku ma 2007 me ka ekolu-kilomika o tunnels loa.
• LIGO (United States, Pacific Coast), e alakai i ka i hoʻohālua no gravitational hawewe i ka 2002.

Hope i ka pomaikai o ka noonoo ana ma hou au mamuli.

LIGO Pae holomua Lālā paʻa

Ka papahana i mālama 'ia e kānakaʻepekema ma ka Hawaii a me California Institute o Technology. Nā mau observatories kaawale e 3 tausani. Km, Louisiana a me Hawaii (kulanakauhale o Livingston, a Hanford) me ekolu'ālike interferometers. Ka lōʻihi o ka p ÷ haku holo tunnel mea 4 tausani. Mika. 'O kēia ka mea nui loa i ka lā i na' ano like nā hale. A hiki i 2011, he nui loa ka ho'āʻo 'ana e huai ae gravitational nalu i ole haawi i kekahi hopena. A nui loa ka hoʻouluʻana (Pae holomua Lālā LIGO) māhuahua ka pā lonoaʻili o ka ipu i loko o ka laulā 300-500 Hz oi aku mamua o Elima oʻu hahau ana, a me ka haʻahaʻa-alapine māhele 'āina (i ka 60 Hz) He aneane he mea o ka nui, ae hiki aku i ka waiwai e like me ke kuko ana 10 ^-21. ʻO ka moʻolelo papahana ka hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o Sepatemaba 2015, a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o ka oi ma mua o ka tausani limahana o ka laulima, ua ukuia no i ka hopena.

i loaʻa Gravitational nalu

September 14, 2015 i hoʻonoho mai LIGO detectors i ka 7 MS wā mawaena kākau iho mai i ka Honua i ka gravitational nalu, mai nā hanana nui ia i wahi ma luna o ka pihapiha o ka observable ke ao holoʻokoʻa - he hoʻokuʻi pū o nā nuiʻeleʻele nā lua a me nā paʻi hua o 29 a me 36 mau manawa oi aku ma mua o ka poe nui. Iloko o ka hookolokolo ana, a i wahi no 1,3 HI nei, ma ka mea o nā kekona i ka pāhawewe gravitational nalu ka mea, malaila kahi o ekolu ka ikehu lā nā paʻi hua o ka mea. Ka loiloi mua paa alapine (frequency) gravitational nalu ma 35 Hz, a me ka mea i kā mākou piko waiwai o kaʻilikai ma loko o 250 Hz.

Nā hualoaʻa loaa i Hoomau pinepine malalo i ka hulina ikea ai a me ka lapaʻau, akahele oki ae la i 'ano like ke ano o kaʻikepili. Eia hoi, ma Pepeluali 11 hope makahiki ma ka pololei ka loaʻaʻana o ka kŰia wānana ma Einstein, ka mea i hai mai ai i ke ao nei kaiāulu.

Mea ka hōʻikeʻana i kekahi titanic hana o noiʻi: ka ikaika hawewe o ke oscillation lima o ka nui, he 10 ^-19 m + - keia nui e like me na manawa uuku ma mua o ke anawaena o ka'Ātoma, pehea ka nui o ka mea i emiʻalani.

wā e hiki mai ka manaʻolana 'ia

Kēia Kaka hookahi hou hōʻoia ana i ka mau o ka pähola 'relativity - mea i pono i ke kaʻina o Hōʻuluʻulu nā papakuhikuhi, a me ka pono hou nana ma ka pā like o gravitational nalu a me ka umekaumaha like me ka a pau.

I hou haʻawina, kńnaka i kiʻekiʻe manaolana ma ka Elsa pāhana: ka hoʻokumu o ke kanaka nunui orbiting interferometer me poohiwi e pili ana 5 miliona ei, hiki no kaʻimiʻana i nīnūnē perturbations o gravitational kihapai. Revitalization o ka hana i loko o keia ala mea hiki ke hai aku i ka hailona ana e pili ana i na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao walaʻauʻana o? Acaeoey o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, na keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i ke kilo i loko o nā loina paʻa ai ka pilikia a me ka ole i ke Akua. Aia mea i kanalua iʻeleʻele lua, gravitational nalu, a e e paa i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, ka olelo e pili ana i ke ano maoli.

No ka mea like o kea laa, gravitational pāhawewe, hiki ke kamailio e pili ana i na mau minute mua o ko mākou honua ma hope o ka Big Ekahi, e hoopai hou ikepili koʻikoʻi pokole kani. ), но его реализация, по заверениям специалистов, возможна не ранее, чем через 30-40 лет. Kēia papahana kūpono (Big Ekahi kilo), akā, kona manaʻo, nā assurances o ka poe akamai, he mea hiki ole mua aku 30-40 makahiki.