Hooponopono hou ana o plastids - ka hoʻomaopopo like kŰia i loko o ke ao o ka mea kanu. Plastids: 'ole, kuleana pili i

Kekahi o kaʻokoʻa ma waena o kanu a me ka holoholona keena o ke alo i loko o ka cytoplasm mua organelles e like me plastids. 'Ole, pakahi aku la ia i ko lakou metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me chloroplasts waiwai chromoplasts a me leucoplasts e e kūkākūkā i loko o kēia' atikala.

Ka 'ole o ka chloroplast

Green plastid 'ole a mākou e hoʻokolokolo ai hai aku i ka OAXA organelles o keena o kiekie ae spore a me ka hua kanu. Ka mea, e dvuhmembrannymi halepaahao organelles, a i ka'ololaha ma ka shape. Ko lakou helu ana ma ka cytoplasm i e okoa. No ka laʻana, aeee columnar paka lau parenchyma papa apo ia mai ai i na tausani o chloroplasts i loko o nā kumu o ka cereal mea kanu 'ohana mai ka 30 a hiki i 50.

He mau membranes i kekahi hapa o ka organelle, i kekahi mau hale: o ka pā - i laumania, ekolu-, ahu iho, i like loa me kaʻili lahilahi loa o ke kanu keena. Kūloko maupaʻa he iiiaanoaa o ka pā, i kapaia lamellae. Mau e pili i lalo pouches - thylakoids. Ke lamellae hana i ka pukapuka o laua tubules. Ma waena o ka lamellae i thylakoids-keena. Ka mea, e ohi i ka puʻu - maka i hiki ke interconnected. Lākou helu kekahi chloroplast - 60-150. Ua piha ke holoʻokoʻa Kalaiaina lua me ka'ōpū mai o ka chloroplast.

Organelle i na hoailona o ke kū kaʻawale: kona mau aaiaoe mea - hoʻopoepoe DNA, ma i chloroplasts ke hoonui. No hoi he mea i paʻa mawahoʻili lahilahi kau palena ia ana i ka organelle ma ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka cytoplasm. Chloroplasts i kā lākou mau ribosomes a me ka RNA nā lātoma a me ka tRNA, a pela, i ka hiki e synthesize nā polokina.

oihana thylakoids

E like me ka olelo mua, na plastids o kanu keena - chloroplasts, aia no iloko olaila i loko o kā lākou mau haku mele 'ana kūikawā flattened sacs kapa thylakoids. Ka mea, loaʻa pigments - chlorophylls (limahana ma ka kāʻamaʻai) a me carotenoids (ke hoʻohana kākoʻo a me ka trophic kuleana pili i). Aia ka hoi ka'ūhū'ōnaehana, ka naoh e hoʻolako i ka mālamalama a me ka pouli pae o ka kāʻamaʻai. Thylakoids hana like antennas: ka mea, kālele ana mālamalama kukuna, a kuhikuhi mai ia lakou i ka chlorophyll lātoma.

Kāʻamaʻai - i ka papa kuhikuhiE kaʻina o nā chloroplasts

e hiki ke synthesize ke aloha waiwai, ma ka nui monakō koko, me carbon dioxide a me ka malamalama ikehu Autotrophic keena. Green plastid hana a mākou i këia, e ka integral hapa o ka phototrophic - multicellular meaola, e like me:

• kiekie ae spore kanu (mosses, horsetails, laau mosses, Fern);
• hua (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye a me angiosperms ole flowering mea kanu).

Kāʻamaʻai - he ano o ka'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana reactions, a i ka nānā 'ana ma ka huina'ine hoolilo kaʻina mai ka pou waiwai, e hui "ike" ia, no laila,-kapaia acceptors.

Mau reactions alakai i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha waiwai, ma ka nui monakō koko, a me ke kaawale ana o hakakino ka oxygen. Ka malamalama pae o ka kāʻamaʻai ia lŘlŘ ma thylakoid membranes ma lalo o ka hana o ka malamalama ikehu. Na ke kemu photons ka naita electrons malamalama makanekiuma nā'ātoma na i loko o ka launahele pigment - chlorophyll.

Ka huina'ine ikehu ua hoʻohana 'ana i ka mana-ia e hoopau ana hoʻololi kemikala waiwai ATP a me NADP-h2. Ka mea, Wāwahi i ka halepaahao i ka pouli, pae reactions 'ia i loko o ka'ōpū mai o ka chloroplast. Ke totality o kēia mau kemikala reactions hiki aku ai i ke kahua o nā lātoma o ka monakō koko,'amino nāʻakika, glycerol a me ka momoma nāʻakika, i malama like kukulu keena, a trophic mea.

'ano o nā plastids

Green plastid 'ole a me ka oihana o ka a mākou nānā' mamua, i loko o ka lau, kumu, a me ka uliuli mea ole ka mea wale ano. No ka laʻana, i loko o kaʻili o ka hua, i loko o nā petals o flowering mea kanu i loko o ka pā poi o ka lola honua kukini - tubers a me ka pu u kukui, he mea'ē aʻe plastids. Ka mea, i kapaʻia chromoplasts paha leucoplasts.

Colorless organelles (leucoplasts) i kekahi mau ano a me kaʻokoʻa mai chloroplasts i kā lākou mau pā lua aole a lahilahi - lamella, a me ka helu o nā thylakoids i loko iho i loko o ka'ōpū mai uuku. Mua iho maupaʻa he deoxyribonucleicʻakika, ke kumuʻiʻo-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes a me proteolytic nā'ūhū e hoʻohiolo nō ia i nā polokina, a carbohydrates.

Leucoplasts 'ē aʻe nā'ūhū - synthetase komo i loko o ke kahua o ka monakō koko nā lātoma o ka pia. Nolaila colorless plastids o ke kanu keena accumulates hope ka mahuaola: kumuʻiʻo pellets a me ka palaoa pia. Mau plastids i na mana o ka hoʻomāhuahua o ke aloha 'ona hiki ke lilo i chromoplasts, no ka laʻana i ke oo ana o nā komako, ma ke kahua o ka lactic oo.

Ma lalo o ka kaʻimiʻana microscope me ke kiʻekiʻe olelo hooholo, maopopo i nanaia oko ao i loko o ka 'ole o nā mea a pau ekolu ano o plastids. He kuhikuhi pili ana i ka chloroplasts me ka loa luna '' ole pili i ka hana o ke kāʻamaʻai.

Chromoplasts - plastids waihoʻoluʻu

A me ka uliuli, a colorless i kanu keena he mea ke kolu o ka nānaina organelles kapa chromoplasts. Ka mea, i keʻano o nā waihoʻoluʻu: melemele, he poni,ʻulaʻula. Lākou 'ole mea like me leucoplasts: ka pāʻili lahilahi i ka uuku o ka lamellae a me ka uuku o ka thylakoids. Chromoplasts EIAaAO likeʻole pigments: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, kākoʻo photosynthetic waiwai. He mau plastids i kala like 'ole o ka beet aa, carrots, hua, hua laau a me ka hua.

E like me ka mea a ae hoopahaohao plastids

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - na plastids ( 'ole a me ka hana o ka a mākou i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina), me kekahi mau kumu. Ka mea, i loko mai meristematic (hoʻonaʻauao)'aʻaʻa, o ka a i hana protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles o mai ai i 1 micron. Ma o ka malamalama, ka mea, complicate kona 'ole: o ka lilo o kaʻili lahilahi ua hana i loaʻa ka lamellae, a ua synthesized ma ka launahele pigment chlorophyll. Protoplastidy lilo chloroplasts. Leucoplasts hoi hiki ke huli ma lalo o ka hana o ka malamalama ikehu i ka omaomao plastids, a laila, i loko o chromoplasts. Hooponopono hou ana o ka plastid - mea he ākea kŰia i loko o ke ao o ka mea kanu.

Chromatophores like me ka mua o chloroplasts

Prokaryotic phototrophic meaola - uliuli a me ka poni koʻohune, photosynthetic kaʻina ua hana ka hoʻohana 'ana A bacteriochlorophyll nona nā lātoma i ka hooponopono ia ma luna o ka pā cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi outgrowths. Microbiologists manaʻo chromatophores o koʻohune mua plastids.

Keia ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ko lakou like i chloroplasts kanu'ōiwi,ʻo ia ka mua o ka naoh-oaio? A, a svetoulavlivayuschih nenoai, a mau hualoaʻa kāʻamaʻai, e alakai ana i ke kahua o ke aloha i huiʻia. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka lalo mea kanu - uliuli līoho, like hoʻi me prokaryotes, i plastids. O ke kumu ho i ka mea e hoʻonaʻauao hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores i ma luna o kā lākou mau hana - kāʻamaʻai.

Pehea i hana ai i nā chloroplasts

Mawaena o ka nui hypotheses o kumu o ka plastid kālele ana ma luna o symbiogenesis. E like me kona manaʻo, plastids - aeee (chloroplasts) i ae la ia ma Archean au mai ku e anal o ka iniiaiie halepaahao heterotrophic phototrophic koʻohune. Ka mea, a laila alakaʻi i ke kahua o ka launahele plastids.

Ma keia pepa, ua hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka 'ole a me ka hana o ke kanu aeea organelles dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts a me chromoplasts. A me ka loaʻa mai o ia mau mea i loko o aeea hope.