Hou: He aha ka pakebona, a me ka aha i kona hopena?

I ka moolelo o 'Eulopa' ike kekahi mau ka paʻa 'hanana a me nāʻike manaʻo, a loa EUIAaIN ke kiʻi o ko ke ao nei mai o kona poʻe e noho ana. I kekahi o kēia mau milestones ua i ka pakebona. He aha ka pakebona (i kēia mau hua'ōlelo i like paha)?

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka pakebona

Hou i kapaia o ke au i auou caiaiai i ka Middle Ages. Mai ka XIV kenekulia i loko o kekahi mau wahi (ka oi aku ma Italy) Ua pio ka polokalamu ka ulu moʻomeheu. He huli i kekahi kanaka i ka hoihoi i loko o lākou iho mōʻaukala a me ka kahiko i loko. Kēia, ma ka huli, alakai aku ai i ka ulu ana o 'epekema ike, ke kūkākūkā o ka humanism a me ka hoihoi i ke kanaka kanaka.

Kekahi kumu no ka hoʻomaka o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka haule ana o Constantinople. Ke Byzantine aupuni a pau, a i mua ola no kekahi tausani makahiki, haule iho la ia ma lalo o ka ho'āhewa wale 'o ka Muslim Kauai. He nui ka poe Helene i makemake i ke Karistiano ka manaoio, e haawi aku, a holo aku la a hiki i WesternʻEulopa. Epekema i me ia i ka buke kahiko, a i koke unuhi 'i he Roma, a aupuni' ōlelo. A pau keia, kipaku i ka pakebona. He aha ka ka pakebona ma Italy? Ua Ua hoi ka muli o hou pilina papa, i poe kuokoa o ke kahiko feudal ana i loko o ke aupuni mō'ī.

A nui helu o Italian republics haawi ala i na moni, nä känaka 'epekema a me na kanaka o ka hou type. Iwaena o lakou i hanau humanism - ka hoihoi i loko o kanaka ano a me kanaka. Ma mua ka mea, ua he kula uuku o ka poe akeakamai.

Naʻe, ka mea, lilo hou ioauoa o ka 'epekema noiʻi a me ke akamai. Ma Italia, ka mea, hoomaka ae la ke ana o ke pai ana a me ka hou nō 'ano apau loa. An nui kŰia ua ia ma luna o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'hoomaka ae la e haawi i kala ia i nā tycoons a influential mauʻohana me kiʻekiʻe upena maikai.

-Oaio? A no pakebona Florence a me Roma, i lilo ai. Pope o Iulio II i hana nui e hōʻoia 'ia ka "mau kulanakauhale" hana na kanaka haku nui loa o ke au. Me kana hana i hiki ole, e hoi i noonoo ai i ka pakebona. He aha ka mea i manaoia loa noonoo ana o ka Ekalesia i na pena a me sculptors? Ua hoike ia ka mea, ke hana, a me ke kākoʻo mai o ka loa influential kanaka ma Italy. Me lakou pu o ka haku me Michelangelo a me Raphael. Pakebona pena hana pena nui a me frescoes o ka Mea Paipala, e hoohuli. Kā lākou mau hana e hoonani nui ekalesia a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha maʻEulopa.

Leonardo ka Vinci

World pakebona moʻomeheu makemake e piha ole Leonardo ka Vinci. Kona nani loa expressive pena lanakila wā, a hoomau i ka haohao kanaka o ka XXI kenekulia. Eia hou, ka mea, uaʻikeʻia e like me ka inventor. Kona manaʻo ma luna o ka na makahiki mamua o ka pakebona. He aha ka ke kanaka? Pehea ia hana, a ma kona wahi? A pau o kēia mau nīnau, e ninau aku i ka Italia nui.

Pakebona Artists he ole hiki keʻoi kona "Mona Lisa." Kēia kiʻi Ua lilo ke ao hōʻailona o ke ano o ka nani a me ka perfectionism.

Hou i loko o nā'āinaʻEulopa 'ē aʻe

Late pakebona historiography i kapaʻia ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XVI kenekulia. I ia manawa, nō a me ka moʻomeheu ua hoʻoneʻe i ka hou kiʻekiʻe,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Italy akā, i loko o na ainaʻEulopa 'ē aʻe. Pakebona-oaio? A, o Hawaii, o ka Netherlands a me Enelani.

Ka Beritania i haʻaheo o ko lākou mau loa, e like kaulana pakebona - William Shakespeare. Ole ia, me ka hou o ka moʻokalaleo makemake e kāpili. Ua lilo kona comedies a me nā pōʻino nui timeless Classics o ka hale kiaka.

reformation

Christian theologian Martin Luther o kekahi o ka loa nui huahelu o ka pakebona. Kēia Kelemānia ua olioli ole i ka Ekalesia Hui. Kona haʻi'ōlelo denouncing ino nui, a me ka hoʻomana hewa, ohi tausani o ka hoolohe.

Luther oi loa ka piena o nema aku i ka hou rula, e like me a Kristiano ke kuai no ke kala indulgences (ke kala ana o ka hala). Nā manaʻo o ka mea nana e hai kaulana kūpono i ka 95 theses. Okatoba 31, 1517, Martin kaawe ae la ma ka puka o ka ekalesia ma ka German kūlanakauhale o Wittenberg. Ua kaulana Episode ma hope lilo i ka hōʻailona o ka hoʻomaka o ka Reformation.

No laila, kapa kaʻina o reformatting ka Ekalesia Hui. Kelemānia Kristiano hoomaka ae la e nema aku ana ia Roma no kona 'oni' a me ka conservatism. Ua alakai aku i ka lehulehu haipule o onei. Ke apotheosis o ke kaua ma waena o Kakolika, a Kalawina i ka makahiki he kanakolu 'War 1618-1648 GG.

Ke kaua ku e kaukaʻi ma o ka ekalesia alakai aku ai i ka mea i Europa ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua lilo naita ma. Kekahi manawa Kalawina, ua i loko o ka loa pilikia kūlana. He nui o ia mau mea i loko o ka XVII kenekulia hele i North America, kahi a lakou i kauoha aku e hana i kaʻoiaʻiʻo hou kaiāulu.