Hydration o Propylene: helu kaulike naoh

Ke aloha 'ona i nui i wahi i loko o ko kakou mau ola. Ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena polymers i mea a pau a puni mākou: ia mea ea mauʻeke, a me ka laholio, e like me na mea he nui nā pono hana. Polypropylene huna i loko o kēia moʻo mea i ka hope mua. Ua Ua kekahi hui pū i loko o nā mea likeʻole, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na hana e like me ke kūkulu, he hale hoʻohana like me ka mea no ka ea na kiaha a me nā meaʻuʻuku, (akā,ʻaʻole ma ka unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo) pono. Ma mua o ke kamailio ana pela i kekahi kaʻina hana, e like me ka hydration o propylene (ma ka a, ma ke alanui, ua hiki ke kiʻi isopropyl waiʻona), nānā i ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o keia nui waiwai no ka hana.

moʻolelo

E like me ia, i ka weheʻana lā o ka propylene hana. Eia naʻe, kona pīlali - Polypropylene -was maoli wehe i ka 1936 ma ke kaulana German chemist Otto Bayer. O ka holo ana, theoretically, ka mea iʻikeʻia i kekahi ke kiʻi e like me ka nui mea, akā, ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa keia mea e holomua. Ua pomaikai wale i loko o ka hapalua like-iwakālua kenekulia ka wā Kelemānia a me ka Italian chemists a me Ziegler Nutt wehe unsaturated hydrocarbon polymerisation hōʻeleu (me kekahi a oi papalua paa ana), a mea a laila, a kapa: Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Up a hiki i keia wahi mea ua loa ole e hana i ka polymerization naoh o ia mau waiwai i hala. Ka mea, Ua ike polycondensation naoh, i ka wa a ka hōʻeleu me ka heluna o ka waiwai i pili i ka pīlali kaulahao, ma ia ho okumu i ma-huahana. Akā, me ka unsaturated hydrocarbons mai i lanakila.

Kekahi mea nui kaʻina pili i keia waiwai, ua i kona hydration. Propylene i ka hoʻomaka o kona hoʻohana A ua he hailona. A pau keia hoomaikai i ka invented na aila a me ka kinoea aaioee poe i ka laau propene (i kekahi manawa, haawi ia i like me ka waiwai i ho'ākāka 'ia). Keʻuʻina o ka maka aila i he ma-huina hoonui, a me ka wā e huli mai ia i ka derivative a pau, isopropyl ka waiʻona, o ke kumu no ka hoʻololi kemikala o na mea he nui pono keia mau mea waiwai no ke kanaka, he nui loa poʻe, e like me ka BASF, Palapala Sila Nui i ko lakou ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a ee i ka papakaukau kuai i loko o keia pili. Propylene Hydration Ua ho'āʻo a me ka noi mua mea polymerization kumu acetone, hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine hoʻomaka mamua aku nei nō i ka paka polypropylene.

A loa hana hoihoi kaʻina o ke kaawale ana o ka propene mai kaʻaila kā. He ia ia mākou e kipa.

Hoʻokaʻawale o propylene

Maoli, ma o kaʻimi naʻauao naauao o ke kumu o iaoiaeii mea e wale kekahi kaʻina: pyrolysis ka aila a me ka pili kinoea. Akā,'ānō, enehana implementations - pono i ke kai. Ka mea ka i kela poe imi e loaa i kekahi hanana ala, a hoʻopale ai i kona iaoaioa a me ka 'ē aʻe like poʻe mea no hoi e imi i ko lakou mau aoao iho, e nō e, a kuai lilo aku propene like maka mea a huli ia i keʻano o nā huahana.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - ahi "lys" - luku) - Nine Inch palaho kaʻina huikau a me ka nui nā lātoma i loko o liʻiliʻi poʻe ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka hōʻeleu. Oil, e like me ua ikeia, o ka läÿau, no hydrocarbons ninoieo o ka malamalama, a me ka meakino kaumaha hapa. Mai ka mua, o ka loa haʻahaʻa hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana, a me ka mea propene a me ethane i loko o ka pyrolysis. Kēia kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o kūikawā umu. Ma ka loa holomua Manufacturers o ke kaʻina 'enehana mea okoa: kekahi one ua hoʻohana' ia e like me ka coolant, ka mea 'ē aʻe - pōaka, a me kekahi poe e ae - Coke; Oe ke hoi e puunaue i ka umu i loko o kā lākou 'ole: ma laila i omo a me kaʻike mau, e like me ka mea i kapaʻia reactors.

Akā, i ka pyrolysis kaʻina produces lawa maemae prop, like, ma ke kaʻawale, mai ona aku, malaila ua hana ke kini o hydrocarbons, a laila, i ke puunaue 'ano ikehu-mālama nui aoao. Nolaila, e loaa i ka maemae mea i hoʻohana 'ia no ka dehydrogenation o alkanes ukali ma ka hydration: i loko o mākou hihia - propane. Like pono me ka polymerization kaʻina hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna pono' ole e hana. Cleavage mai hydrogen molkuly ke kaupalenaʻana hydrocarbon ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka hana ana o catalysts o trivalent chromium'okesaside a me ka Aluminum'okesaside.

Akā, ma mua e neʻe ana i ka moʻolelo o ana i ka hydration kaʻina hana, e nana i ka 'ole o ko mākou unsaturated hydrocarbons.

No propylene 'ole

Propen ia - wale i ka lua o ka lālā o ka helu ana o alkenes (hydrocarbons me kekahi papalua paa). No ka noho nanea oe, oia ka lua o ke'etolina wale (mai i, e like me oe e koho, e polyethylene - ka pīlali kaumaha i loko o ke ao nei). Ma ka maʻamau moku'āina propen - kinoea me kona "hoahanau" o kaʻohana o nā alkanes, propane.

Akā, me ka nuiʻana ma propane mai propene - mea i ka la mahope i loko o kona haku mele 'ana o ka papalua hoopaa, a radically hoʻololi kona Nine Inch waiwai. Ua apono 'o ka pili a hiki i ka lātoma o unsaturated hydrocarbon nā waiwai, a ma ka hui loaa me ka pono waiwai mea pinepine nui loa no ka hana a me ko ka hale ona.

Ua ka manawa e kamailio e pili ana i ka naoh kumumanaʻo, a, ma ka mea, ke kumuhana o keia Haawina. I ka lalo nei, e, e aʻo i ka hana kekahi o ka loa nā pāʻoihana nui huahana, a pehea hana keia naoh a me ka mea mau i nā nuances i loko o ia wā propylene hydration.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka hydration

E hoʻomaka, e huli mai i ka oi mau kaʻina - solvation - a komo i ka luna i hoakakaia naoh. Kēia Nine Inch huli ana, a oia ka hui i ka'ūheheʻe nā lātoma i na nā lātoma o ka solute. Pela no ka mea, hiki ke hana i ka hou lātoma, a me ka ai kapaia solvates, - (particles) oia hoi o ka solute nā lātoma a'ūheheʻe nā electrostatic AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. e hoihoi mākou i loko wale nō ke ano mua o ka mea, no ka mea, i ka wa a ka hydration o propylene ua kaʻoi loa i hana ia huahana.

I ka luna iaoia solvation'ūheheʻe nā lātoma e pili ana i ka solute, loaa hou hui. Ma ke aloha kemika advantageously i hanaʻia i hydration waiʻona mai ke kino, a me ketones aldehydes, akā, ma laila nō kekahi hihia'ē aʻe, e like me ke kahua o ka glycols, akā, ka mea e ole e kūkākūkā. I mea, i kēia kaʻina ka loa mea, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, ua hala loa huikau.

hydrationʻano papa hana

Palua hoopaa, e like me kaʻike, he a mauʻano o'ātoma paa: pi a me ka sigma paa. Pi-hoopaa wāwahiʻia ma luna o hydration mau o ka naoh mua, e like me ka mea i emi ikaika (mai i ka paa ikehu uuku). Ma kona rupture 'ano apau loa nā hakahaka orbitals o ka pili kalapona nā'ātoma elua a e hana hou paa. A wai lātoma mea i koe ma pāʻoihana ma keʻano o nā (particles) o hydroxide ion a me ka proton, hiki no e pili ana i exploded papalua hoopaa. Ma ke aha ka hydroxide ion ua pili i ka kikowaena kalapona'Ātoma a me ka proton - a hiki i ka lua o ka lōʻihi. Ke'ī mai, ma ka hydration o propylene ua hanaʻAmelika, 1-propanol, a isopropyl ka waiʻona. Kēia mea He mea nui mea, no ka mea, ua hiki ke loaa'okesaside o acetone, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nui na mea i loko o mākou honua. e hai aku mākou i ka mea, ua hanaʻia puleʻAmelika, akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio. Au pono aku nei au i kēia: ka mea wale nō i hanaʻia ma ka huina hoonui hydration o propylene, a me keia - isopropyl ka waiʻona.

Keia, o ka papa, a pau na subtleties. I ka mea, na mea a pau hiki e nui maʻalahi i ka hōʻike. A, ano, ke ike nei kakou pehea e kākau i kekahi kula papa o ke kaʻina hana e like me ka hydration o propylene.

Naoh: Pehea ia ka hana i

Ma kemika e Kû ke pau ka puni hoʻi: me ke kōkua o ke naoh helu kaulike. hiki ke ho'ākāka ia Nine Inch hou 'o ka mea ma lalo o kūkākūkā i kēia ala. Hydration o propylene, ka naoh helu kaulike ka loa na mea a paa wahi i loko o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mua ka uhaʻiʻana i ka me ko paa, hapa o ka papalua. A laila, i ka wai lātoma i loko o ka palapala o nā (particles) o hydroxide anion a me ka hydrogen cation, e pono no ka propylene lātoma kaʻeleu manawa o ka hakahaka noho mau i ka hana paa ana. Hydroxide ion 'ano apau loa i ka mea paʻa a me ka kalapona'Ātoma emi hydrogenated (a laila me, i ka a i ka palena haʻahaʻa nui o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma), a me ka proton, niioaaonoaaiii, - me ka i koe loa. Penei, he hookahi huahana o: ke kaupalenaʻana i ka monohydric ka waiʻona mea isopropanol.

Pehea e palapala i ka pane?

Ano, e aʻo mākou ana e kākau i ka'ōlelo o ka Nine Inch naoh, hōʻikeʻana i ke kaʻina hana e like me ka hydration o propylene. A haʻilula i mea e pono iā mākou: Ch ₂ = Ch - Ch _3. 'O kēia ka haʻilula o ka ho nā - propene. E like me 'oe ke ike, ka mea, i ka papalua hoopaa ua hōʻikeʻia hoʻi i ka hoailona "=", a ma keia wahi, e prisoednyatsya ka wai i ka wa a ka hydration o propylene, e kānāwai. Naoh helu kaulike hiki ke palapalaia e like me: Ch ₂ = Ch - Ch ₃ + H ₂ O = Ch ₃ - Ch (OH) - Ch _3. Ke hydroxyl pae i loko o ka parenthesis o ia hoʻi, i keia wahi mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ka pelane o ka haʻilula, a ma lalo paha ma luna. Here mākou hiki ole hōʻike i ka pana pua ma waena o nā pūʻulu ekolu, e holo ana mai ka waena kalapona'Ātoma, akā, e'ōlelo aku i ka mea, e kaha like kokekau i kekahi i kekahi, a e mai i ka 120 degere.

Where ua mea hoʻohana?

Mākou i mua i oleloia i loaa mai ai i loko o ka papa o ka naoh waiwai ua hoʻomano hoʻohana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā pōʻino 'ona ia iā mākou. He mea i like loa me ka 'ole i ka acetone, mai i ka mea, i kekahi wale nō i loko o ia kahi o ke ku ana malaila gidroksogrupp keto (' o ia hoʻi, ka oxygen'Ātoma pili ma ka papalua hoopaa i ka naikokene'Ātoma). E like me ua ikeia, ua hoʻohana 'acetone ia iho i loko o varnishes a me nā'uheheʻe, akā, ma ka hou, ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia e like me ka reactant no hou hoʻololi kemikala o oi luna '' ona e like me polyurethanes, pīlali kēpau, acetic anhydride , a no laila, ma luna o.

acetone hua naoh

Mākou i manaʻo ia mea pono e wehewehe i ka loli o isopropyl ka waiʻona, acetone, o ka oi aku mai keia naoh mea,ʻaʻole no laila, huikau. E hoʻomaka, propanol a evaporated ma 400-600 kekelē Kelekia ma oksilyayut o oxygen ma ke kupaianaha hōʻeleu. A huahana loa maemae ua loaa ia ma ka lawe ana mai i ka naoh i loko o ke kala hei.

naoh helu kaulike

ʻaʻole mākou e hele aku i loko o lāliʻi o ka naohʻano papa hana no ka'okesaside o propanol ma acetone no ka mea, o loa eiiieaena. Hoopaa iʻike mau Nine Inch huli ana helu kaulike: Ch ₃ - Ch (OH) - Ch ₃ + O ₂ = Ch ₃ - C (O) - Ch ₃ + H ₂ O. E like me ka hoike ana ma noaia a pau loa ai na mea, akā, ia mea e pono ke hele malalo iho i loko o ke kaʻina hana, a e maka mākou i ka helu o ka pilikia.

ka hopena

No laila mākou dismantled ka propylene hydration kaʻina hana, a me ka helu kaulike no ka naoh? Anoee a me keʻano papa hana o ka hanana. Noʻonoʻo keʻanoʻenehana kumu mua i ke kumu o ka mea maoli keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe wahi i loko o ka hana. E like me ka mea huli mai, ka mea, i ole loa eiiieaen, akā, i ka pono maoli no mākou maʻamau o ke ola.