ʻO nā aʻalolo oaio: i ka waiwai a me ke ano

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana Radio he ki kūlana ma ka hōʻoia i ka manao pono o ka meaola, like hoʻi me kona hooponopono. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe anatomical a me ka physiological eiiieaen, a me ka CNS (Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu). He mea he inoa - ke aʻalolo waena. Ka waiwai i ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ma: occlusion, kikowaena no ke kokua, i ka hou 'ana. Ka mea, a me kekahi mau mea e ae e e kaupaona i nā loko o kēia 'atikala.

I ka manaʻo o ke aʻalolo oaio a me kona waiwai

Mua, ua hōʻike 'mākou i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana - ka hoʻononiakahiʻana. He hiki no i ka 'ole o ka lolo a me ka spinal kaula. No ka laʻana, naehana nā aʻalolo konu o kona mau waiwai - innervation naehana (inspiratory a me expiratory). Ua Ua Aia i loko o ka ha o ka ventricle, ma ka reticular kahua (medulla oblongata). E like me ka noiʻi ma N. A. Mislavskogo, ka mea, he o symmetrically hoonoho māhele kuleana no ka inhalation a me ka exhalation.

I ka luna ciia o ka pons pnevmotaksichesky ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia, a regulates ka olelo mua ia māhele a me nā hale o ka lolo kuleana no naehana ka neʻe 'ana. Penei, o ka nui waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A i rula hooponopono o ka physiological mana o ke kino: mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko haʻawina, excretion, ka hanu a me ka digestion.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka hōʻeuʻeu IIeEeAIEUAA o ka oihana I. P. Pavlova

E like me ka manaʻo o ke nä känaka 'epekema, aole i na mea reflex hana i loko o ka cortex, a ma ka spinal kaula wahi ciia. Complex keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me iaiyoe, 'ōlelo, noʻonoʻoloi, pili me kekahi mau mea o ka lolo, aʻo ka hopena o integrative oihana o na mea he nui o kona mau mea. Ke physiological waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A, a i ke kahua o ka walaʻauʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana o kona kiʻekiʻe ma ko mākou hopohopo haʻawina. Ma neuroscience, mai ka anatomical wahi o ka hoomaopopo, wahi a ka Central ko mākou hopohopo oihana, oia hoi o māhele o ka afferent a me ka efferent neurons i lilo aku ia i ke aʻalolo-oaio? A. Ka mea i manaoia he Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema P. K. Anohin kuahene ooieoeiiaeuiuo nenoai (' ē aʻe neurons e hana like oihana, a i hiki i loaʻa i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu).

irradiation excitation

Hoomau ana i ka noiʻi i walaʻauʻana waiwai o nā aʻalolo-oaio? A ma ke ano o ka holo ana propagation o nā nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ana i loko o ke aʻalolo'aʻaʻa - ka excitation a me ka inhibition. Ua Ua kapaia irradiation. Inā i ka ikaika o ka stimulus, a me ka wā o ka ho'ōia nui nā aʻalolo impulses diverge neurocytes-spike in, e like me neurons. Ka mea, hui pu iho la ka afferent a me ka efferent neurocytes, e kauoha ana ka hoʻomauʻana o ka reflex arcs.

E hoomanao i inhibition (e like me nā aʻalolo-oaio? A waiwai) i hou au mamuli. Reticular ho okumu ana o ka lolo e hoʻolako nā irradiation a me nā waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A. Physiology wehewehe i nā kumu no ka? Aie? Aiiie a hikiʻole i ka laha ana o excitation. No ka laʻana, i ke alo o inhibitory synapses a me neurocytes. Kēia mau hale i nui aiiay oihana, hiki hoemi i ka pilikia o ka overdriving o skeletal Muscle hiki ia oe, e neʻe ma spasmodic kulana.

Ma hope o ka noonoo i ka excitation irradiation, ia mea pono e hoole i ke kēia hiʻona o ke aʻalolo impulse. Ua höʻike wale ma ka centripetal i centrifugal neuron (no ka dvuhneyronnoy, reflex piʻo). Inā ka reflex Ua oi eiiieaen, o ka lolo a me spinalʻaha interneurons i hana - intercalary nā aʻalolo keena. Ka mea, lawe i ka pīhoihoi o ka afferent neurocyte, a laila, ke hoʻouna i ia i ka Hawaii nā aʻalolo keena. Ma synapses bioelectric unidirectional lāʻau ikiʻai wale ko lākou piʻiʻana, mai ka mua presynapticʻili lahilahi o ke aʻalolo aeea, i hoakaka ia ma ka synaptic mauae, a mai ia - i loko o ka postsynapticʻili lahilahi o kekahi neurocyte.

Summation o nā aʻalolo impulses

E hoʻomau i ka noiʻi i nā waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A. Physiology o ka papa kuhikuhiE lolo a me ka spinal kaula, i ka mea nui a me ka luna 'lala o ka oihana lapaau, këia i ka conduction o excitation ma ka ohi ana o neurons i hana, he pono ole i hana'. Ko lakou mau waiwai - summation i e kino paha māhele. Ma nā hihia a pau, i ka nāwaliwali nā aʻalolo impulses, kena ae la ia e subliminal stimuli i pākuʻi (summed). Ua hiki aku i ka nui aku o nā lātoma o acetylcholine paha kekahi neurotransmitter, i paha ke i ka hanaʻia i loko o neurocytes.

hou 'kōmi

Kēia manawa pili i ka loli ma ka excitation alapine, a hele ma na pono a pau o CNS neurons. Mawaena o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i emi iho ka waiwai o nā aʻalolo-oaio? A - i ka hou 'ana, ka lāʻau ikiʻai a ke'ākoʻakoʻa no a hiki i ka puunaue ana o excitation no kekahi mau neurons lōʻihi keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i ka papa makahiki ma kekahi aʻalolo aeea (loli improver). Inā he mea he hookahi neuron i loko o ka hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka summation o excitation postsynaptic Loaʻaʻia - walaʻau e pili ana i ua hakumakuma i ka hou 'ana.

Divergence a hoʻohui excitation

Ka mea, e interrelated keʻano o ka hanaʻana i emi iho i ka waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A. Ōhumu reflex ha awina mea ku pono i ka mea i ka neuron ka poʻe loaa ana i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale mai i ka likeʻole analyzers receptors: pilikia makapō, olfactory a me kaʻili-Muscle pā lonoaʻili. Ma nā aʻalolo keena, ka mea, i ua kālailai, a ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o ka bioelectric Loaʻaʻia. Ka poe, ma ka huli, Neʻe i nā māhele o ka lolo reticular ho okumu. Ua nui kaʻina ua kapaia hoʻohui.

Eia naʻe, kēlā neuron launa mai impulses i wale mai nā keena, akā, i nāʻano synapses me ka kokoke neurocytes. O kŰia o ka divergence. He mau waiwai i ka laha ana o excitation i loko o ka CNS. Pela, ke totality o ke aʻalolo o ka lolo a me ka spinalʻaha aeee e hana e like me ka oihana - o ke aʻalolo oaio, i ka waiwai o ka a mākou i kona hoomaopopo ana ae. Ua i nā rula o nā mea a pau nā loko, a nenoai o ke kanaka kino.

kāʻei kua ha awina

Physiological waiwai o nā aʻalolo-oaio? A, kekahi o i pili noho'na makaainana i ulu, a laila i ke kahua o ke kāʻei kua uila lāʻau ikiʻai wale neurons, no ka mea hoike, i ka ÷ naehana hanu a digestive-oaio? A, aie ana i ke 'o ka' ole wale o ka ua'emi'aʻaʻa. He hiki o ka hoʻoponopono-hanauna o bioelectric keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka excitation a hiki i ka wa e kaawale aku o ka pono stimuli. He manawa e divergence a me ka hoʻohui o ka excitation, noʻonoʻo mua, neurocytes loaa impulses mai ke aʻalolo ioauoa o ka pīhoihoi postsynaptic Aina e ia reticular ho okumu ana o ka lolo.

Noho'na makaainana i ulu ha awina hiki e kena ae la ia e acetylcholine microdoses komo i ka neuron mai ka synaptic mauae. Hoʻohui, divergence, ke kāʻei kua ha awina, a me nā waiwai o ke aʻalolo oaio a me kā lākou mau 'ano hilinaʻi' ana ma luna o ka pūnao pae ma neurocytes, a me ka glia.

Kind summation excitation

Ka mea, Ua noʻonoʻo i loko o nā hana o I. M. Sechenova, ka poe i hoao i ka reflex hiki i kekahi mau nawaliwali (subliminal) stimuli, a pinepine lawa nō ma ke aʻalolo konu. Nā waiwai o kona keena, o ka kikowaena kokua a me ka occlusion, a e manaoia e mai no hoi ia.

Me ka mea i ka wā hoʻokahi stimulation o ka centripetal keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka pane mea oi aku ma mua o ka makemakika huina o stimuli manehu kēlā o kēia mau olona. Keia waiwai ua ikeia e like me ke kikowaena ke ola. Inā ka hana pessimal irritants, nānā 'ole o ko lākou ikaika a me ka alapine (frequency), ke kumu o ka emi ana ma ka pane - ka occlusion. He ka inverse o ka summation o ka excitation waiwai, a me ka ho'ēmi i kā i ka ikaika o nā aʻalolo impulses. Ke'ī mai, me ka waiwai o nā aʻalolo-oaio? A - ke kikowaena kokua occlusion - hilinaʻi ma luna o ka 'ole o ka mea i hoʻomākaukauʻia synaptic haku o ka paepae (Central) ciia a me ka subthreshold (ʻike ākea) Park.

Luhi o ka ua'emi'aʻaʻa o no kona kūlana

Ke physiology o ka'emi ko-oaio? A, o ka ho'ākāka 'ana, ke ano a me ka waiwai ua aʻo mua a me nā pono a pau o hoʻomaopop' ana i loko o neurons makemake e kāpili ina mākou i ole noonoo ia i kekahi mea e like me ka luhi. Nā aʻalolo-oaio? A, hoʻoikaika ihola e hele ma iho ana moʻo o nā lāʻau ikiʻai wale, ina i ka reflex waiwai o ka'emi kikowaena kahua. E like me ka hopena o ka pili metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe mai i loko o ke kino o ka neuron a me ka glia ma, he mea i hoʻomāhuahua oʻawahia metabolic wahi neoneo. Ka mea hōʻemi o ke koko na lako a hiki i ke aʻalolo pono no hoi ke kumu o ka emi i loko o kā lākou hanana hulina ku i ka deficiency o ka o oxygen a me ka monakō koko. Kona na makana no ka hooulu ana o ka luhi e hana ana i nā aʻalolo-oaio? A i hoonoho aeea hui 'ana - synapses i hoʻomaka koke emi i ke kala ana o neurotransmitters i loko o ka mauae synaptic.

Ke Kin o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A

Pono a pau o neurocytes hoʻonoho ma ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana a mai ka coordinating kūlana i loko o ka ha awina o ka meaola, undergo anatomical a me ka physiological loli. Ka mea i hoakaka ia ma ka ulu ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka physiological a me ka manaʻoʻike oihana e hana ana i ke kanaka o ka ola. Nā loli loa nui ka heluna i ka makahiki 'ano o ka waiwai o ka mea ua'emi ko-oaio? A, ua ike i ka ulu ana o ka nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i bipedalism, olelo a me ka manaʻo eʻike Homo sapiens mai na lala' ē aʻe o ka papa o mammals. No ka laʻana, olelo ho okumu ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka ekolu makahiki mua o ke ola. I ka luna 'conglomerate o ka hoʻoponopono reflexes, ka mea, ua hanaʻia ma luna o ka muli o stimuli ike proprioceptors nāʻiʻo o ke alelo, lehelehe a me nā kaula vocal o ka larynx a me ka ÷ naehana hanu nāʻiʻo. Ma ka pau ana o ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke keiki ka ola ka mea, a pau e hele mai a pau i loko o ka loiloi 'oihana, i ka loaʻa o ka pńpa o ka aina e moe ana ma ke kumu o ka emi frontal gyrus. Ua Ua ua kapa Broca ka wahi.

Ma ke kahua o ka olelo hope o ke komo pū o, a me ka wahi o ka mea i oi ke kino gyrus (Wernicke ka waena). Ka pīhoihoi, mai ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale o ka olelo nakeke komo ka Hawaii, pilikia makapō a me ka auditory ioauoa o ka cerebral cortex, kahi ia i hana i ka olelo ana-oaio? A.