I kaʻikeʻia ka mua kaa ma Rusia?

I kaʻikeʻia ka mua kaa ma Rusia? Ma mua, olelo aku keia ninau, ua pono e maopopo i ka manaʻo o ka mea o ke kaʻa.

He aha ka ke kaʻa

Ka hua'ōlelo "ulia kaʻa" he mau wahi. "Kuhi '" - mea o Helene kumu, a' o ia hoʻi "ka hoʻoponopono '" a me "ka hoʻoneʻe" ma Romaʻano "ana".

Ua huli mai i ke kaʻa - ia mea he mea i hiki ke neʻe kū kaʻawale. I ua, i kēia 'ole e i kona iho Hawaiiʻano papa hana - mahu, kinoea, uila, kola, kakolina diesel -ʻaʻohe mea mea, e, e hana ia, e hoohuli i ka huila. No laila, ka mea mua kaʻa ʻikeʻia i loko o Rusia i kekahi manawa, i ka wa invented kekahi kahuna manao, hiki ke neʻe me ke kökua o ka lio traction a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana muscular ke kanaka ka.

Akā,ʻaʻole i nā kūpuna o ka wahi lulu kaʻa hana e e noʻonoʻo me ka Lūkini "lefties" ka poe hiki ke pio, e hoʻoneʻe i ko lakou mau manao me ke komo 'ana o nā lio, a me ka ole, e hōʻike iā lākou makemake e kaulikeʻole.

Ke kumu o na wahi lulu kaʻa hana

Mōʻaukala o ka mea mua Lūkini kaʻa hoomaka November 1, 1752 ma St. Petersburg. Aia i mua hōʻike eha-huila kaa, a ua hiki ke hele me ke kōkua o nā lio, a me nā kikoo holoholona. Ua ua he kilaʻano papa hana ua hoonohoia ma ka noi me ke kōkua o ka pela 'ia a me nā'īpuka a me nā muscular hooikaika ana o ke kanaka hoʻokahi. Ke kaa ke hali, ma ka hou ana i ka Keaukaha, elua'ē aʻe ohua, a pela i neʻe i ka mämä holo o ka 15 km / h. Akamai o ka mīkini ua he maʻamau serf-ao ana, noho ana ma ka Nizhny Novgorod māhele - Shamshurenkov Leonty Lukyanovich. He hana mai i kekahiʻano papa hana, o ka papa, ka mea hiki ole ke noʻonoʻo i ke kaʻa, akā, i Ka ole i ke kaʻa.

Mea kokoke i ke kama'āina iā mākou i ka hihiʻo o ke kaʻa i ka Lūkini akamai Ivan Petrovich Kulibin.

moa Kulibina

'Ole, invented Kulibin oia o ka ekolu-huila kaʻa ma i papalua ohua noho i ua hoʻouka kekahi. O Keaukaha iho i waiho, ma ke kua o keia noho i loko o huli hoi i ka puʻe ma ka pedals mau, pili me ka kuapo ana o ka huilaʻano papa hana. Crew Kulibina ka oi aku nō i kekahi mau kokoke a pau i ka nui hehee wale o ka wā e hiki mai kaa manao, a me ka mea, ua iho la ka mea i hoʻohana mua i loko o kona kaa aeʻalo kona kapa, ke peleki pāʻana mea, na nā mea pilihao a me ka huila.

Ka muli o ke kaʻa mua i loko o Rusia

I ka makahiki 1830,, K. Yankevich ka mea i ka ike aku i haku o nā kahu nānā Affairs, pu me kona mau kānaka kōkua akoakoa "Bystrokat" - he pakiko-propelled huila e pili ana mīkini me ka mahu engine. Ke engine i kekahi mea me ka nānā 'ana i mau manao o ka mahu mana huahelu I. I. Polzunova, ME Cherepanov a me P. K. Frolova. E like me ka wahie, e like me ka inventor, ka mea, ua ia e hoʻohana tidara charcoal.

Ke manao ua i ka lānai o hale huila, nā mea hoʻomākaukau i, ma ka hou ana i ka lewa no ka Keaukaha, a me kekahi lumi no ka ohua.

Naʻe, i keʻano papa hana ua loa cumbersome a me ka pilikia i ka hana. No laila, i ka manao o ka mīkini hoao iho la e e unsustainable. Aka hoi, ka mea, ua ka mua wahi lulu kaʻa ma Rusia, a maoli hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi maoli ka hoʻoponopono-propelled mīkini me ka mahu engine.

Ke ano o ka engine e hiki holo ma kola, nae ka impetus no ka mea hou kūpono 'ana o na kaa, e like me ka mea i ka mea nana, ma muli o kā lākou i kŘpa a olelo hoopomaikai nui, hiki ia i kahi o ke kipaku ikaika no ka wā e hiki mai kaa.

Ka mua kaa me na'ā kiko'ī i loko o Rusia

E like me kekahi mau moʻolelo a me ka noiʻi, ka mua kaʻa me ka na'ā engine i kūkulu i ka 1882 ma ke kaona liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka Volga. Nā kākau o ka machines he nā kānakaʻenehana a me Putilov Hlobil. Eia naʻe, kūhelu palapala, reliably hoʻokūpaʻa i kēia, no laila, loaʻa a me ia ua ole. No laila, ka mea, ua manaoio aku la ia i na kaa loa mua i loko o Rusia, i hoʻolako pono me ka wai-wahie kiko'ī i laweia mai, mai kahi'ē.

I ka 1891 Vasily Navorotskim, hana me ka luna hoʻoponopono o ia kekahi o ka Odessa nupepa ma Rusia i laweia mai Farani kaʻa "Panhard Levassor." Ua huli mai ia no ka manawa mua loa i loko o ko kakou aina kakolina kaʻa i ike ai i ka noho ana o Odessa.

Prior i ka Russian aupuni a pau, ke kapikala o ka holomua i loko o ka palapala o ke kola kaa hiki wale 4 makahiki hope. August 9, 1895 St. Petersburg i ike ai i ka mea mua kola pakiko-propelled mīkini. A iki ma hope, i lawe mai i kekahi mau o kēia mau kaa a hiki i ke poʻo.

Apparently, i ke ano o ka laweia Ke Ana Hoʻohālike ma ka global kuai i kulaʻi no ka hana a me ka wahi lulu manao nā kānakaʻenehana.

Rusia ka mua kaʻa me ka'ā engine

I ka 1896 ma ka Nizhny Novgorod exhibition no ka lehulehu, mākaʻi ihola iā Ua hoʻolauna kaʻa loa wahi luluʻaha kanaka, i hoʻolako pono me ka kakolina engine. Ke kaʻa i ka inoa o "Car Frese a me Yakovlev," i loko o ka hanohano o ko lākou mau poʻe akamai - E. A. Yakovleva a me P. A. Freze. Yakovlev ka mea kanu produces EYI a me engine no ke kaʻa. Kaʻa, huila, a me ke kino iho hua mai la i ka hola Frese. Eia naʻe, ua hiki ole ke olelo i ke ano o ka Lūkini kaʻa i ka wale ae makaʻu o Lūkini nā kānakaʻenehana.

Western kükohu no ka mea Lūkini kaʻa

Loa paha, Frese a me Yakovlev, e hana i kona mīkini hoʻohana i ka hana o ka German poʻe akamai Benz, a ua laweʻia ka hae ma kona mau kaʻa "Benz Victoria", i loaʻa ka mea, ma ke kipa i ka 1893 Exhibition ma Chicago, kahi āna i hōʻike, e like me constructive, a ma kona i ke ano o na wahi lulu kaʻa ka mea i like loa me ka Kelemānia hāpana.

Naʻe, ka mea e uku aku i ka waiwai auhau i ka Lūkini nā kānakaʻenehana, ka kaʻa mea i ka loa-nova kope o ka haole counterpart. Kaʻa, a me ke kino powertrain wahi lulu kaʻa i ua me ka nui loa holomua, i i accentuated i loko o ka ahakanaka o ka manawa, pili loa ka hoʻokoloʻana i ka polokalamu Aey? Acaeoey i loko o ke kula discoveries a me ka hana.

O nä waihona palapala kiko'î wahi lulu machines, like hoʻi me Nails, i mai la i ka malamaia. Nā'ōlelo kūpaʻa o ke kaʻa ma muli o ke ola makou mahope o, mai ia manawa, wehewehena a me nā kiʻi. Maoli, oia ka mea, ua i ike i na mea he nui i hua mai i nā mea a pau machines o kēia moʻo. Akā, ma kekahi hihia, kēia mau mea a pau i ka mea mua kaa i loko o Rusia, mai a ka pūkaʻina? Iecaianoaaiiie o Lūkini hi.

Ke hoʻopau laina no ka mea mua o ka kola hi

I ka moolelo o ke kaʻa, ohi Frese a me kona mau hoa, koke i pau. I ka 1898, a me ka lunaʻenehana industrialist Yakovlev make, i, ma ka mea, ua i ka hoʻomaka o ka welau no ka makahiapo o ka wahi lulu kaʻa hana. Make hoa Frese mea, hoʻoikaika ihola e kuai kiko'ī no kaa ma kahi e, i, o ka papa, ua loa disadvantageous no ia. I ka 1910, oia kuai lilo aku a pau ka hoonohoia'na o? Iecaianoaaiiuo Russian-Baltic Shipyard.

Aka hoi, i ka mea i ka mea mua kaa ma ka Lūkini wahi lulu? Iecaianoaaiiie i aloha aku ana i Yakovlev a me Frese, a mau loa aku kakauia ma ka moolelo o na wahi lulu kaʻa hana, e like me ka pono RBVZ i ka kekahi mua i loko o ka ulu ana o ka Lūkini kaʻa? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Russian-Baltic carload hola (RBVZ)

Ka mua Russian kaʻa momoku ahi i kauoha aku inoa "Russo-Balt". Ma lalo o ka mea, o ka makahiki mua kūʻai Frese hola, i ke kauwela o 1909, ka poʻe hua mai la i ke kaʻa mua o kona iho? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Uhane o keia momoku ahi ua ai lakou ia lakou iho e like me ka waiwai nui, a nui loa ike loea, kēia e hōʻoia ana i ka pomaikai o ke kaa e komo i loko o ka lōʻihi-mamao, mai holo lākou, kaʻa Competition, a hiki i ka lahui rallies. Aia-hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi mea i kekahi o na kaa, i hookuu ia ma 1910 ma lalo o ka hōʻailona "C-24", 4 makahiki o ka hana i hala 80 tausani. Km me ka nui breakdowns a me ka hoʻoponopono 'ana. ʻO ka imperial aoeaiia caaiea hoʻonoho i mea no ka Ke Ana Hoʻohālike elua o kaa i ka 1913, "K-12" a me "C-24".

60% o ke kaa'auwaʻa o ka Lūkini koa oia o machines "Russo-Balt". A, o ka mea kanu i kuai ole wale kaa, akā, i ke kaʻa no ka hana i loko o ka mea nāna hi.

An nui mea mea ua kokoke pau māhele, eiiiiiaiou a me maomeka o ka mea kanu i ka hana kona iho. Ma kahi e kuai wale papale hainaka, poepoe nā mea pilihao, a me ka aila puʻe hoʻokolo.

RBVZ paka hi i nui na mea, a me loko o kela mea keia mea o lakou, ua he aneane piha interchangeability o nā huahelu a me na hapa.

I ka 1918 i ka lehulehu i nationalized, a hoomau iho la oia kona mōʻaukala no nā mea e kahiko ai mea kanu.