India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): ano, mōʻaukala a me nā 'ano

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), i ke kalepa ana o ka mokuna mua o i hoomaka December 31, 2013, he 26 makahiki ma ka manao, a kukulu ke kahua, a ku iho la ehiku-mahina blockade ma protesters, e lilo ka aina i ka nui loa nukelea mana loa.

mooolelo paʻa hapa

Aia nā papahana o nukelea mana mea kanu, kona loa, "Kudankulam" - nukelea mana mea kanu, i mea he Kuhina Nui mamuli o kekahi o ia mau mea. A no ke aha la ka mea i haawiia mai ai i ka lāʻau? O ke kumukuai o ka hana ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no o ka helu o ka pilikia i ka wahi i ku ai ua hiki ke lanakila. ? Ac? O ka mokuna mua ka hoʻomaka 'ia ma 1988, akā, i ka papahana ua ola makou mahope o ka'opi o ka Soviet Union, ka wahine nā ho'āpono, pau ole loio i nā pilikia, e like me kūloko kue, i ka manawa o ka hoʻololi i loko o ka haunaele. "Kudankulam" - nukelea mana mea kanu, i ikeia no kona mua laekahi kanu i kūkuluʻia i loko o India hoʻohana 'ana i ka' enehana haole.

Mai 1974, ka wā o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū i hoao i loko o ke aupuni, i ka 2008, India i i 'ae' ia nukeleaʻenehana hoʻonohonoho 'kālepa i kulike ai me ke Kuikahi ma ka ole-ka hoʻonuiʻana o nukelea lako kaua, i ka i ka mea, i ole hui. Nā ho'āʻo ma alakaʻi i ke kahua o ka nukelea Suppliers Group (NSG) - he multinational kino, a me ka hapanui o ka nukelea mana o ke ao nei, a ua hanaia ke kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻonohonoho 'kalepa ma nukelea loea, o ka poe koa a me ka sīwila.

ka ikehu shortage

Ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka haole kōkua pāpā India i haʻakoiʻia e hoʻohana i ka piʻi like o Lūkini nukelea mana oihana puolo. Nā hewa wale, he mau huahelu ma Tarapur, i kukulu ia e General uila i ka makahiki 1969, a me elua hou CANDU ma Rajasthan, i ka hana o ka i i waiho i loko o ke kakahiaka 1970s. Ua NPP hana ma ka uranium laweia mai ma lalo o ka mana o ka International'ātoma Energy oihana i (IAEA).

16'ē aʻe reactors ma Inia, hoʻomohala i loko o-ka hale a me ka hana ma luna o ka wai kaumaha. ua lilo Limited uranium me ke koe ma ka'āina o ka kumu o ka a eia i pilikia a me ka wahie i kokuaia no ka mea kūloko nukelea mana loa. Ka mea, ua pono e kūkulu i ka wahie aaioee enehana, e like me ka hoʻokō i ka loa-kau papahana no ka pono o ka nui thorium me ke koe - ma kahi o 13% o ka ike hoʻokomo kālā o kēia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o India.

Hihia i loko o ka ulu ana o ka nukelea ikehu (nā reactors o ke aupuni i ka 'auhau 202 MW a emi) puʻe wale kona alakaʻi e imi aoao e circumvent lahui nā ho'āpono. I ka hopena o kekahi o kēia mau i hāpai 'ua ka "Kudankulam".

unlucky pāhana

Ma November 1988, Kuhina Nui Kuhina Radzhiv Gandi a me Mikhail Gorbachev pūlima i ka 'aelike, e kūkulu mau turnkey nukelea mana huahelu ma Tamil Nadu me ka Soviet VVER mīkini'ātoma. USSR i e kūkulu i ke koa, a hōʻoia i ka wahie i makemake e hoi hou mai ma hope o ka ulu ana.

Akā, i ka papahanaʻalo me geopolitical nā pilikia, no ka mea, o ka Soviet Union i ka 1988 i hoomaka i ka popopo. ʻO kēia makahiki, i ka aina o ka hikina mai Europe he ma lalo o Soviet domination, e hoomalu i ko lakou ku okoa ana, a wawahi ae la i ka Soviet Union ia iho i loko o ka makahiki 1991. ʻOiai ka Russian Hui i aponoia i ka USSR ke kuleana, ma lalo o ka 'aelike ma "Kudankulam" NPP, ka waiwai ulia i kahili ae Rusia ma na 1990s, i loko o ka wā ma waena o ka makahiki 1990 a me ka 1995 hoemi ia kona waiwai ma ka 50%, i ke ano o ia kona hoʻokō' ole ' hoʻomau 'ia? i ka papahana. Ka hoopaapaa ma waena o Rusia, a India i loko o kēia e pili ana i alakaʻi i ka hou 'ole' ana i loko o ka manaʻo o ka papahana. E nānā i ke NSG berita i ka 1992 i lawe hou pilikia like me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia koi i ka papahana i i hooko i ka mea hou rula. Kula Kaiapuni 'o Mauna luna i ka manawa kapa ia stillborn.

lua o ka makani

Akā, nukelea mana kanu papahana ma India "Kudankulam" Ku mai o ka lehu ma lalo o ka loa unexpected ana. Tensions me Pakistan i ka 1998 alakai aku ai i ka moʻo o ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi nukelea e ho'āʻo ai, ka mea i alakai i ka laha lahui o ka hoohewaia'na, a nā ho'āpono.

Aka hoi, i ka mahina o Rusia ua hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻomaha i ka papahana o ka hou berita, kakau inoa i loko o June 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Development hooponopono i no ka manao a me ka hana ana o ka Lūkini moku'āina poe "Atomstroyexport" mau 1000 MW VVER-1000 malamalama wai reactors, a me India ka nukelea Power Corp. (NPCI) e pāʻani i ke kūlana o ke kilo o ka holomua o ka hana. Ke hana ua oaeuiinoe i $ 2.8 ieeeea, iā Rusia ua hoakaka lōʻihi-makahiki hoaie o 64,16 ieeeea? Rupees. Ka hou 'aelike i haawi India i ka pono, e ke kō i ka lilo i wahie ina ka "Atomstroyexport" E i aku la ia i kekahi.

ka poe ola, hoʻomaka '

? Ieoaeunoai, paʻa i ka nui Indian poe Larsen & Toubro, hoomaka iho la i loko o March 2002. Haʻalele like hana, "Atomstroyexport", Ua hele ia e wale he mau Lūkini nā kānakaʻenehana ka paena. Kokoke i lawe mai i nā hana a pau ma ka i nā onipaa no a me ka 'Oihana. Initially, ka mea, i nā mea a pau nāʻikepili Ua i ka hale mai, e e ana mamua o ka haʻalele 'ana i loko o December 2007. I keia ana, i ke kūkulu hele ma a hiki i 2004. No kona kākoʻo a kōkua i ka haawi ana i kaumaha eiiiiiaiou i ka hoʻomaka o ka 2004, i kūkuluʻia ma ke awa, a ua 'ae' ia huki nui lako a pan 'ana ma luna o ka moku i ka moku, Nākulukulu nō heleuma kokoke.

Akā, hiki ole ke hoopaa i ka hoʻokēʻai uuku ae.

he nui nā pilikia

hoomaka i ka pilikia mua me ka hoʻopaneʻe 'ia ana i loko o ka haawi o ka ipu, a iāʻoe loa mai Rusia, e like me nīnūnē e pili ana i ka hoʻolako' kuka. Ua kena ae la i kekahi slowdown i kūkuluʻia, a ma ka hopena, i ka makahiki haʻalele 'ana' ole 'ana. Ua nui loa ke kukulu ana i ka mua mana mokuna i paʻa i loko o ka makahiki 2010, a ma o Iulai, hoomaka ae la kona ikea ai me ka mhihi haawe ana o ka wahie. Koke mahope, i ka papahana holo i loko o 'ē aʻe, oi kaumaha nā pilikia - literally.

I loko nō he ākea shortage o ka uila i loko o ka moku'āina o Tamil Nadu, ke kū'ē hale hoʻomaka e ulu kona hope, e like me mākou hele. The People ka Honua kū'ē nukelea Energy (PMANE), heʻahahui o i nā kama'āina a me ka lawaia i ka 2011, ma hope o ka hewa i loko o March ma ka nukelea mana kanu "Fukushima-1" ma Iapana, hoomaka ae la e agitate ku e aku i ke koa. Ke kapakai o Tamil Nadu ku ma ke kai i loko o ka moana Indian ma ka 2004, sparking hakaka, o ka hou o ke Kepani poino.

ka paleʻana NPP

Ma September, ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ia no ka Akuma ka o ka mua wahie ukana a me ka hoʻomaka ana ma December, e hoomaka mai ai i ke kahua o ke kūkulu. September 22 ka Aha Kuhina o Kuhina o State hele i ka hoʻonā 'e koikoi ana i ka wehe ana o nā hana, e möakäka hou pili e pili ana i ka maluhia o ka mea kanu.

A hiki March aʻe makahiki, hala protesters i hou aku 50 e hana ana no naeaeaa, e ka mea hiki ole i ka mea maʻamau hana. Ka helu o nā demonstrators i nā manawa i hiki aku ai kekahi mau tausani.

Launch o ke kahua mua

Kue i ua ke olonā wāwae ma ka ikehu ulia i loko o ka moku'āina ma ke kupulau o kela makahiki, mana shortages kena ae la ia e ka 4 GW. Ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana o blackouts Aha Kuhina nana e hoole kona mua olelo hooholo, a kāhea akula i ka mea māmā commissioning o ka nukelea mana kanu "Kudankulam". Nukelea mana, nae, i komo i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana, hoʻowahāwahā i ka olelo hooholo o ka Aha Kiekie ma September 2012, ua hoomalau mai ma ka paleʻana i ka hoʻouka o nukelea wahie.

I ka Ia manawa, uaʻoi loa kue ana i ke koa, i kekahi manawa, huli i loko o ke kolohe, i koi 'ia i ke alo o nā tausani o ka policemen, e hoomalu iho i ke koa. Ke lawsuit ku ei ka nukelea mana kanu ia i pau a hiki i May 2013, ka wā o ka Aha Kiekie eia kuu i ka hihia. Aka hoi, i ka lohi ma muli o ke kue a me ka? Ieoaeunoai pilikia, a mahuahua nui o ka lilo ana o ka papahana ma $ 1 ieeeea?.

Ke aeie mua e hoʻomaka ana ka helu 1 ma July 2013 Low-mana ikea ai hoomauia ma ka kēia mau mahina, a ua ee 100% mana pa alima June 9th. Commercial ana o nukelea mana hoomaka December 21, 2014 e lńkou kookoo o NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

lua o ka gigawatts

Ka lua o ka "Kudankulam" NPP me ka nona iho o ka 1000 MW i ee aku ma July 10, 2016. He lilo i ka 22 la nukelea mīkini'ātoma ma Inia, a me ka lua o ka pressurized wai.

Ma hope iho o ia, i loko o 45 mau lā o ka mana-hoʻomakaʻia pa alima hoomaka ae la e paka 400 MW o ka uila, a ma August i pili i ka mea ulana pukapuka. Hanauna o ka uila, e ke kiʻekiʻe o hoʻonui i ka 500, 750, 900, a me ka 1000 MW. Ma hope o ohui 1,000 MW i loko o ka lua o ka pae o ka hema pukapuka o ka hoʻouka kekahi nona iho o nukelea mana i loko o Inia, e hoʻonui mai i kaʻikena 5780 a hiki i 6780 MW.

E like me ka NPCIL, ka mua Launch i wahi ma hope o ka like helu'ōnaehana hiʻona a pau o nā ana hoʻohālike a me kaʻaeʻana i nā koi stipulated ma ka kanawai a me ka hooponopono ana o ka nukelea hoʻokonukonu Council (AERB).

NPCIL mai nei i "Kudankulam" - nukelea mana mea kanu, i mea okoa holomua maluhia hiʻona, ke pili lahui hae. Reactors hanauna III + hui pu ihoʻeleu a me ka OE ola nenoai e like me ka OE wela pōpilikia 'ana'ōnaehana, hydrogen recombiners, kāna mau' ōlelo pahele accumulators a me kokololio boron ka pahu kui nenoaiu.

hoʻoheleleʻi iho ka manaʻolana 'ia

"Kudankulam" NPP commissioning o ka lua o ke kahua ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia no ka wanaʻao 2017, malalo no o ka mau nō lā hoʻi o ke alu like' ana ma waena o India a me Rusia, hiki ke hāʻawi mai i ka 6-8 huahelu. Ma ka aina? Oaony e kūkulu 20 mau reactors.

Aelike ma ke kolu a me ka ha naehana Ua kakauinoa ia ma April 2014 no ka huina o 330 ieeeea? Rupees ($ 5.5 ieeeea?). Kona manaʻo i hoʻokaʻulua ma muli o ke 'ole-kaʻaeʻana i ke kānāwai i loko o ka makahiki 2010 ma ka Kanawai aie no nukelea poino, i entitles NPCI koi ka uku, mai ka laau wale mai ana i loko o ka hanana o ka ulia, kena ae la ia e hewa lā lako a pan.

Ua Loaʻaʻia aie loaa ole ia na poe imi i ka hana hana ma Inia, hoʻowahāwahā i ka 'aelike, mai ka makahiki 2008, no NSG, a wehe i ke aupuni i ka hoʻonohonoho' oihana i loko o nukelea mea.

ʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai pāʻoihana

Kūkaʻi'ōleloʻana ma waena o India, a me ka Lūkini "Rosatom", a mau ae la ia i na makahiki eha, ua makaukau i ka? Aieao e hoʻomau i ka hana. Hiki i keia manawa, Rusia o ka wale aina e ua pili i ka 'aelike, e like me a Indian moku'āina-waiwai lapaʻau poe General Insurance Co. e loiloi i kēlā me kēia ke keʻena o nā reactors, a imi i ka 20-makahiki lapaʻau ka uku nui loa, e uhiʻia piʻi. Ke kāki o ka hou mana huahelu ua manaoia e noonoo i kēia hou hoʻokokoke.

Kilo kamaʻilio mai i manaoio ia mau pīhoihoi manao e hele mai i ka fruition, e like me na mea hoopaapaa, e ku oe i ka mea kū hoʻokahi i ka Indian ke aupuni, a me ka Ahahookolokolo, a me nā kālai'āina e hoʻokaʻulua i ke kuhikuhi i ka hana o ka nukelea 'enehana. Aka hoi, i ka pomaikai o "Kudankulam" NPP He kumu no optimism i loko o ke aupuni o ka ikehu kaiaulu ua ma keu o nele o nukelea ikehu.