Iwi holoholona: mau 'ano a me nā kiʻi

Ke kino iwi o kekahi mau holoholona oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Lākou 'ole hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka kaianoho koholā a me ka aoao o ke ola ana o ka ua meaola. He aha mea, he pono ole i ka holoholona iwi? He aha nō i ka oko ao? Ai kā ke kanaka iwi ma luna o ka 'ole o nā mammals?

Iwi - he kākoʻo mai o ke kino

Paa a me ka'ōlewa 'ole o ka iwi, cartilage a me ligaments i loko o ke kanaka a me ka holoholona kino ua kapaia ka iwi. Together me na nāʻiʻo a me tendons ia mauʻano a musculoskeletal'ōnaehana ana i ka mea ola ke neʻe i loko o ka lewa.

Ka hapanui e komo ai i ka iwi a me ka cartilage. Ma ka hapanui loa ka mea, e pili ana i ka hoʻoneʻe ami a me tendons e lilo i ka manaʻo aukahi a pau. Paa "haka" o ke kino, aole ia e mau komo o ka iwi a me ka cartilage'aʻaʻa, kekahi manawa ka mea, ano chitin, keratin, a hoi limestone.

Kupaianaha loa o ke kino i na iwi. Ka mea, ua nui loa mau nō a me kaʻoʻoleʻa, hiki ke ku e i ka nunui wahie, akā, i ka mea ia manawa e noho ai ka malamalama. Ma ka opiopio kino iwi laholio, a ma manawa i oi fragile a me ka brittle.

Iwi holoholona o keʻano o ka "pantry" nā minelala hao. Inā ka nele o ia i ke kino Kahalaopuna, ua niuniu i ke koena o ke koi 'ia hehee wale, mai na iwi. Iwi i hakuʻia i ka wai, momona, ke aloha 'ona (polysaccharides, collagen), a me ka kalipuna paʻakai, paʻakai, phosphorus, makanekiuma. Ke mau Nine Inch haku mele 'ana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mana o kekahi meaola.

Meaning iwi

Ke kino o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona - mea he iwi, maloko o ka a na na nā loko i ke aupuni '. Ke kinona o keia iwi i hāʻawi mai i ka iwi. Nāʻiʻo a me nā tendons i pili pololei i ka mea, a oki, ka mea, flex na ami, ka hana ana i ka hele. Pela, ua hiki ke hoala mai i ka uha mua, huli i kou poo, e noho mai a hoopaa i kekahi mea ma ka lima.

Eia hou, kino iwi o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka ua palekana maʻaeʻae'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. No ka laʻana, e huna na iwi aoao ma lalo o ka maʻiʻaʻai a me ka naau, He welo 'ia mai ka hahau ana (o ka papa, ina oi aku ikaika a kui mai). Kalevari ua ālai 'poho, aole i fragile lolo.

Kekahi o na iwi komo kekahi o ka mea nui nā loko - iwi ka lolo. Ma kānaka, ka mea, ua komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka hematopoiesis, ho okumu i ula koko keena. Ua hoʻi 'ano apau loa i ke keʻokeʻo koko keena - keʻokeʻo keena koko i ka mea kuleana i ke kino o ka e hoʻonele.

Pehea a me ka wā o ka iwi originated?

Iwi holoholona, a me ka holoʻokoʻa musculoskeletal'ōnaehana i waho ma evolution. E like me ka mea maʻamau mana, ka mea mua meaola iʻikeʻia ma ka Honua, i ole ia luna 'manaʻo. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi ma luna o kēia Honua ola amebic pahee-kino puʻipuʻi mea.

A laila, ma ka lewa a me ka hydrosphere o ka Honua ua he umi emi ka oxygen. Ma kekahi manawa, hoomaka ae la i ka puu o ke kinoea, e mahuahua, e holo like kńnaka kuhi, he kaula naoh o ka loli. No ka laʻana, ma ka mea pōhaku haku mele 'ana o ka moana ua māhuahua ka nui o ka calcite a me ka aragonite. Lakou, ma ka huli, loaa i ka noho ana meaola, ho okumu i ka paa a me ka laholio hale.

Ka mua meaola i i ka iwi i loaʻa i loko o strata o ka limestone pōhaku ma Namibia, Siberia, Spain a me na wahi e ae. Lakou noho i ka moana ma kahi o 560 miliona makahiki aku nei. Meaola i loko o kā lākou 'ole a pau me ka huahuakai me ka paukūʻolokaʻa-e like kino. I auhee radially mai na kaola lōʻihi (40 knm) o ka pōhaku paʻapuna, a pâʻani 'o ia i kekahi kūlana o ka iwi.

ʻano likeʻole o nā kino iwi

Ma ka holoholona ao, ma laila nōʻekoluʻano o nā kino iwi: ka mea ma waho, a me ka loko wai. Mawaho paha exoskeleton ua i hūnāʻia ma lalo o ka uhiʻili a me nā'aʻaʻa, a me ka loa a me ka hapa 'ia' uhi i ka waho o ka holoholona kino. Ma kekahi mau holoholona exoskeleton? Ka mea, e komo arachnids, nā mea kolo, crustaceans, a me kekahi mau vertebrates.

Like kapa kila, e hanaʻiaʻano nui he aiiay papa, akā, hiki i kekahi manawa, malama i ke awa no ka mea kino ola (honu iwi a me ka hometa). Kēia iwi i ka nui drawback. He 'aʻole i ulu a me ka mea nana ka waiwai, e ka holoholona ua puʻe wale akula kēlā i kekahi manawa Ho'ā hou ia, a ulu he hou uhi. Ma kekahi manawa i loko o ke kino ua nele o ka mau 'ohana ka palekana a me ka lilo kūlana.

Endoskeleton - ia mea he na iwi holoholona. He Ua uhi ia me ka ai a me ka ili. He ua he oi Ka Uluwehi O Ke manao, mau oihana, a ulu ka poʻe me ka mea a pau meaola. Endoskeleton ua maheleia i loko o ke kumu hapa (ka spine, puniu wale no, iwiaoao nā hīnaʻi manu) a me ka hou 'oleʻike ākea (lala a me nā iwi kāʻei).

Kinowai a hydrostatic iwi hoʻolahaʻia ka liʻiliʻi loa. Ka mea, komo ka jellyfish, ilo, kai Anemone a me ka 'ole. D. He He muscular paia, piha me ka wai. Loli puʻe malama i ke kinona o ke kino. I ka Muscle contraction puʻe loli aʻe, kūpono ma ka holo ana o ke kino.

Ma kekahi holoholona e,ʻaʻole i ka iwi?

Ma ka mau ano o ka iwi - ia mea he na kino ponoi, he lākou o nā iwi a me ka cartilage e hana i ka puniu wale no, mau lala, spine. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō i ka helu o ka meaola i mai i komo i kēia mau wahi, i kekahi o ia mai i hiki i ka maopopo shape. Akā, 'aʻole keia aha i ka mea, i ole iwi ma nā mea a pau?

Zhan Batist Lamark i kekahi manawa, hui pu ia i loko o ka pūʻulu nui o invertebrates, akā, 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai ka nele o ka spine, mau holoholona wale no keia i ka pono ole. Ua ua manawa ike i ke ahiahi hookahi-aa? Meaola i ka iwi.

No ka laʻana, radiolarians ka mea, he o chitin, ka silica i ole strontium sulufahate, a waiho maloko o ka halepaahao. I koʻa kino iwi a hiki e hydrostatic, maloko a mawaho kumuʻiʻo limestone. I ilo, jellyfish a me kekahi pūpū ia hydrostatic.

A helu o ka pūpū iwi, a me ka mawaho iwi i ka palapala. Kekahi mau 'ano o kona' ole mea okoa. Nō kāu, e maupaʻa ekolu papa haku o ke kumuʻiʻo conchiolin a me ka pōhaku paʻapuna. E poholo nā bivalves (mussels, oysters) a me ka palapala me ka swirls a me kekahi manawa kalepona paipu a me ke kakalaioa.

arthropoda

arthropods kikokiko i pili pū kēia i invertebrates. 'O kēia ka oi aku ka nui pae ana o na holoholona, i integrates crustaceans, arachnids, nā mea kolo, millipedes. Lākou mau kino Ua symmetrical, i ka paʻa o nā wāwae, a ua maheleia i Hoʻohana.

E like me ka 'ole o ka holoholona iwi - waho. Ua uhi i ke kino holoʻokoʻa me ka cuticle i loaʻa chitin. Ke cuticle mea he paakiki iwi, a i malama kēlā Hoʻohana holoholona. ʻO kona anuanu wahi sclerites oi interconnected hoʻoneʻe a me ka'ōlewaʻili lahilahi.

Ma ka insect cuticle mea ikaika a me ka mānoanoa o ia mea, he ekolu papa. Ma ka 'ilikai ia' ano apau loa no hoi na lauoho (Heta), spike in, hulu, a me ka like protuberances. Ma arachnids cuticle, kŘpa a lahilahi, a maupaʻa i ka ili, ahu iho, a me ka basalʻili lahilahi. I hou hoomalu ia, ka mea i malama holoholona e ku ona mau poho.

I'āina pāpaʻi a me woodlice ole mawaho anuanu, ahu iho i hoopaa mai ai i ona mau i loko o ke kino. Mai ka maloʻoʻana hoola ia wale nō ke ala o ke ola - na holoholona i mau hooikaika ana i wahi me ka kiʻekiʻe humidity.

iwi chordates

Chord - he na iho skeletal ho okumu, iwi lonikū kaula kino ponoi. I hiki mai ma ka chordates, a helu aku i ka nui ma mua o 40 000? Ueo. Mau nā invertebrates a me kona chord mea i loaʻa i loko o ka kekahi au o developmental kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

I na lala haahaa o ka pae (Amphioxus, cyclostomes a me kekahi laha 'o ka iʻa) notochord pilikia ma ke ola. Ma Amphioxus ia mea ma waena o ka gut, a me ka neural Tube. Ua ninoieo o ka transverse Muscle papa, a ua hoopuniia oukou e ka iwi, a pili i kekahi i kekahi appendages. Aoao a me ka nanea wale, ka mea hana e like me ka hydrostatic iwi.

Ma cyclostomes chord oi paa, a mai ka la mua o ka vertebrae. Ka mea, ua hui kaulua lala, ā. Ke kino iwi a ua hanaʻia wale nō ka connective'aʻaʻa a me ka cartilage. No ia, a hana puniu wale no, fin kukuna a me ka openwork puka olu oia i halo o mua holoholona. Language cyclostomes no hoi i kekahi iwi ma luna o ke kino o ka niho, a perforate ka holoholona? Iecaianoaaiiie.

vertebrates

Ma ka mea kiʻekiʻe 'elele o chord iho ili aku ai huli mai i loko o ka spine - kona hanau ana hehee ai o ka maloko iwi. He he'ōlewa laau, oia hoi o ka iwi (vertebrae), a e pili ana i na iwi kuamoʻo, a cartilages. E like me ka rula, ka mea, ua kaawale i na pauku.

Kanu'ōiwi kino iwi vertebrates nunui huikau like like me ka mea'ē aʻe chord, a, eia hoi, he invertebrate. No ka lala a pau o ka pae wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka pā maoli. Me ka hooulu ana o ka ua'emi'ōnaehana a me ka lolo i ua hana pokou iwi poʻo. A me ka helehelena o ka spine e hoʻolako i nā mea maikaʻi malu no ka spinal kaula a me nā aʻalolo.

E haele oukou pela mai ka spine hui kaulua a me ka unpairedʻaoʻao. Unpaired ho i huelo, a haloʻole, i ka hui kaulua māheleʻia i loko o kāʻei (luna a me lalo) a me ka iwi o ka noa lala (haloʻole aʻelima-manamana lima lala).

iʻa

Mau vertebrate iwi he o mau na pauku: ke kumu a me ka huelo. Mano, kukuna a me chimeras aʻole 'oe i iwi. Lākou mau iwi ua i ka'ōlewa cartilage, a ho'ōla loaa limestone, a lilo onipaa aku.

Ke koena iʻa iwi iwi. Cartilage interlayer aia ma waena o ka vertebrae. Ma mua o lakou e haalele, mai kaʻaoʻao lala, maalo ae la oia i iwi aoao. Fish puniu wale no, e like ano honua kahi holoholona, ua oi aku mamua o kanaha hoʻoneʻe hehee wale.

Kaniai semicircle poai puni i 3 i 7 halo o mua hoaka, a i aia ma waena o ka halo o mua oä. Ma ka mawaho ka mea, nāna i hana i ka halo o mua. Ka mea, i ka iʻa a pau, wale i kekahi ano o ka cartilage'aʻaʻa, oiai kekahi poe - i ka iwi.

E haele oukou pela mai ka spine o ke kahahńnai o ka haloʻole pili ma kaʻili lahilahi. Hui kaulua haloʻole - pectoral a me ka pelvic, unpaired - loira, dorsal, caudal. Lākou helu a me ka type ĸokoĸa ana nä pane.

Amphibians a me nā mea kolo

Amphibiansʻikea cervical a me ka sacral wahi, i ka ÷ 7 a hiki i 200 vertebrae. Part o amphibians mai ka caudal aina, kekahi o ka huelo ma laila, akā, ua hui kaulua lala. Ka mea, hele nei i ka Lele, no laila diawahine ia wāwae i ka waiho loihi ana.

Ma tailless? Ueo i iwi aoao. Ka hoʻoneʻe o ke poo e hoʻolako i ka cervical vertebra, a ua pili i ka hope o ke poo. Ma ka thoracic spine ikea huhui, collarbone, poohiwi, forearms a me ka lima. Ka 'Oihana i ka pelvic iliac, pubic a me ischial iwi. A me ka dia lala i ka drumstick,'ūhā, wāwae.

I ka iwi o nā mea kolo, hoi, he mau wahi, complicating i ka lima o ka spine - lumbar. Ka mea, i waena o 50 a me 435 vertebrae. Kalevari hou ossified. Caudal pauku mea pono e noho ana, e hoemiia kona vertebrae hiki i ka hopena.

Manu kuhukukū i ka exoskeleton i loko o ka palapala o kekahi mau nō iwi i ka keratin a me ka loko, ahu iho o ka iwi. Ā manu kuhukukū devoid o ka niho. Nahesa e mai i ka sternum,'ūhā mua a me ka pelvic kaei, a me nā kihi e pili ma ka lōʻihi o ka spine, a kaʻawale lākou, mai ka caudal māhele 'āina. Kā lākou mau a i pili ka loa mobile, e ale nui waiwai pio.

manu

No na manu iwi ka pili kēia i kā lākou hana, e lele i loko o kekahi? Ueo i ke hakuloli i ka holo, luʻu, e piʻi ma luna o ka lala a me ka vertical surfaces. Ma manu, elima o ka spine. Part o ka cervical spine e pili flexibly, ma na wahi e ae o ka spine e pinepine fused.

Ko lakou mau iwi i ka malamalama, a me kekahi mau hapa 'ia' piha me ka lewa. 'ā'ī elongated manu (10-15 vertebrae). Lākou poʻo holistic, me ka nakaka, ma ke alo o ka nuku. Ke kinona a me ka lōʻihi o ka nuku, he loa okoa, a ua pili i ke kaʻina hana o ka holoholona kino.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe no ka holo o ka keel. Kēia pokou outgrowth ma ka lalo o ka sternum, a ua pili i ka pectoral Muscle. Kiel hoʻomohala i ka lele manu, a me nā penguins. Ke skeletal 'ole o ka vertebrate pili me ka holo' ole ka eli ana (iole a me ka opeapea), ia mea i keia manawa. He mea ole ka ostrich pueo Koʻolauloa.

Ka mua lala o ka manu - na mau eheu. Ka mea, he poe paapu a me ka ikaika humerus, ke kuʻekuʻe aku alo aku, a me ka wiwi mea ulana lole. Ka palaki kekahi iwi fused pu. A pau, koe nae na Iana, ka mea,ʻaʻole fused pelvic pubic iwi i kekahi i kekahi. No ka manu ke kau nui hua.

mammals

Ano, aia nō ma kahi o 5500 laha 'o mammals, i nā kānaka. Nā lālā o ka papa maloko iwi ua maheleia i elima na pauku a me ka loaʻa o ka puniu wale no, spine, umauma, pūhaka luna, a malaloʻaoʻao. Ma armadillos i he exoskeleton like me ka iwi o kekahi mau papa.

Kalevari mammals nui, ma laila cheekbone, haumāna pokou kīleo, a me ka mahu pahu iwi, i hakuʻole i loko o nā holoholona. Luna kāʻei kaʻoi loa maupaʻa hoe, clavicle,'ūhā mua, a me ka na pulima oʻu forearm (mai na pulima oʻu, metacarpal, phalanges o na manamana lima a me). I ka lalo oo? Ninoieo o ka'ūhā, mau pale, wāwae me ka tarsal, metatarsal a me nā manamana wāwae. Ua nui nä mea i loko o ka papa, ua hiki i ka kaei.

Ilio a me na lio i ole kōmi 'ana a me nā collarbones. Mākou sila i ka femoral a me ka humeral Oihana ua hūnāʻia i loko o ke kino, a ua pili i ka elima-manamana lima lala ma kaʻili lahilahi, a e like me ka flippers. Opeapea lele e like manu. Ko lakou mau manamana lima (koe kekahi) nui ia mai, a pili mai ka iliʻili lahilahi, ho okumu i kekahi'ēheu.

He aha kaʻokoʻa e pili ana i kekahi kanaka?

Kanaka iwi i ka ia māhele like 'ē aʻe mammals. E like me ka 'ole ia mea i' ano like loa no ia o ko chimpanzees. Akā, e like ia, kanaka'ūhā, ua nui hou i na mea kaua. Ke kino a pau ua aʻo i kaʻoihana hoʻopapakū, ka poo na newa mai i mua, i ka holoholona.

Ke kaʻana like 'ana i loko o ka' ole o ka puniu wale no mea nui nui ma mua ia o ka monkeys. Iwi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, conversely, e hoemiia uuku a me ka pōkole niho, e uhi i nā niho me ka aiiay enamel. Ke kanaka i ka chin, ua hoʻokōʻia poʻo,ʻaʻohe ana kuʻemaka.

Mākou e mai i ka huelo. Kona rudimentary mana hooku iho la ia 4-5 coccyx vertebrae. Like mammals, ka thorax ua ole flattened ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua, a me ka hoʻonui. Ka manamana nui ua kue i ke koena o ka palaki slidably pili i ka pulima oʻu.