Ka hydrogen pōkā pahū. Mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu o ka ikaika mea

Ma ka hopena o 30-ies o ka hope kenekulia ma Europe i kānāwai mahele a me ka palaho i loaa Nine Inch hehee ai uranium, he hydrogen pōkā pahū mai ka waeʻano o fiction huli i loko o ka lanakila. I ka moolelo o ka hooulu ana o nukelea ikehu mea hana hoihoi, a nō mea he pīhoihoi Competition ka aina i ka 'epekema Loaʻaʻia ma waena o: Nazi Kelemânia, ka Soviet Union, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Ka loa ikaika loa pōkā pahū, ka mea moe ana i ke kuleana i kekahi aupuni i loaa ole na mea wale, akā, i ka ikaika kālai'āina mea paahana. I ka aina i loaa ia ia i loko o kona arsenal, ma ka mea lilo a pau-mana a me ka hiki ke dictate na rula.

Ka hydrogen pōkā pahū i ka mōʻaukala o ka honua, a ua muli ma luna o nā kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea,ʻo ia ke kuʻi nukeliu kaʻina. Initially ka mea i kapaia o incorrectly nukelea, a me ke kumu no ka mea, ua naʻaupō. I ka 1938, he nä känaka 'epekema Bethe, ka mea ma hope lilo i Nobel laureate, i hana ia ma kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni ikehu kumu - uranium fission. Keia manawa, ka mea, ua i ka piko o ka 'epekema hana ana i na mea he nui physicists, a mawaena o lakou i ka manao i' epekema mea huna e ole nei i nā mea a pau, mai ka hoʻomaka i nā kānāwai o ka 'epekema i lahui.

Theoretically, Ua invented ka hydrogen pōkā pahū, akā manawa iholaʻo ia i me ke kōkua o nā mea akamai, e loaʻa iā oaoieei-pepa. Ua noho wale i ka Paka ia i loko o ka ua iwi, a 'ike i ka mana. Aia i mau haumana nona ka inoa, e mau loa e ua hoʻopili i ka haku o kaua mana:ʻoʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia mea - Edward kilokilo, a ma ka USSR - Andrei Sakharov.

Ma ka US thermonuclear pilikia i kakahiaka nui me 1942 ia i hoomaka ai e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina physicist Edward kilokilo. By mea o Garri Trumena, i ka manawa o ka US Peresidena, ma kēia pukana o ka mea maikaʻi kānakaʻepekema o ka aina, ka mea i hana i ka fundamentally hou kaua o ka make. A, i ke aupuni ka mea ua e pōkā pahū mana ole e emi malalo o na tona he miliona o TNT. Ua hana kilokilo hydrogen pōkā pahū, a hōʻike i ke kanaka i loko o Hiroshima a me Nagasaki, kona limitless, akā, ke hiki, e luku aku.

Ua Ua hāʻule ma Hiroshima pōkā pahū, a kaupaona iho la 4.5 na tona o ka uranium maʻiʻo o 100 kg. Kēia Naita me ia, Noord i aneane 12.500 tona o TNT. Ke Japanese kulanakauhale o Nagasaki plutonium pōkā pahū obliterated ka ia ke kaupaonaʻana, akā, i ka like ana o 20 000 na tona o TNT.

Wā e hiki mai Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov i ka 1948, ma muli o kona noiʻi, hooku iho la ia i ka manao o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū ma lalo o ka inoa o RDS-6. Kona noiʻi ua hele i loko o kona mau lala elua: o ka mua, ua kapaia "haakei" (RDS-6s), a me ka mea, ua i ka hiʻona o ka'ātomaʻoihana e poai puni i na papa o ka malamalama a me ka kaumaha hehee wale. Ka lua o ka lālā - "paipu" 'ole (RDS-6t) ilaila plutonium pōkā pahū mea i loko o ke kinowai deuterium. A laila, he mea nui loaʻa i ua i i ka hooiaio ana i ka olelo o ka "ohe" mea he make hope.

Ka pae'ōnaehana rula o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū mea like penei: loko o ka iwi mua explodes HBʻoihana a nāna ke kuʻi nukeliu naoh ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o ka neutron waihonaʻike. Ka wā o kēia kaʻina ua pu ma ke kala o ka wela i mea e pono ai hou kuʻi nukeliu. Neutrons e hoʻomaka ana e bombardment liner mai likiuma deuteride, a me ka ia i loko o huli mea ma lalo o ka pololei ole o neutrons ua Wāwahi i loko o nā kumu, a me ka tritium helium. Penei ka hoʻohana 'nukelea kaula hō'ā no ka ho okumu i ka makemake eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala ano mana pōkā pahū. O ia ka leo e like me ka paakiki rula o ka hydrogen pōkā pahū. Ma hope iho o kēia ka mua a me ke kapuai hoʻomaka 'ana thermonuclear naoh i loko o ka läÿau, o ka deuterium a me ka tritium. I kēia manawa i loko o ka pōkā pahū oi maoli ka mahana, a me ka hoʻololi kemikala komo ai mahuahua i ka nui o ka hydrogen. Inā 'oe ma hope o ka papa o kēia mau reactions, hiki ke ho'ākāka' ia ma kā lākou māmā holo o ka hana like koke.

A laila,ʻepekema i i pili i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nuclei a me kā lākou i ke ku e. Ma ka fission o kekahi tona o ka uranium ua loaʻa ikehu like paha i 18 Mt. Oia ka pōkā pahū i alahula mau nona iho. Ka loa ikaika loa pōkā pahū, hanaia ma ke koko hookahi, no a hiki i ka Soviet Union. Oia i loaʻa i loko o ka Guinness Book o Records. Kona hoʻohanuʻana ua like me 57 (ka hola) megatons waiwai TNT. Ua Ua puhi i loko o 1961 ma ka Novaya Zemlya pae'āina wahi.