Ka lehulehu a me ka pa apŘ o ka sulfuricʻakika. Ke kaukaʻi ana o ka pa apŘ o ka sulfuricʻakika lehulehu i loko o ke kaʻa o na pu ki

Dilute a kia sulfuricʻakika - ia mea no ka nui Nine Inch i ka mea, paka nui i loko o ke ao nei ma mua o kekahi 'ē waiwai. Aneiai waiwai o ka aina hiki e ana kūpono i ka hua'ōlelo o ka hua mai loko sulfuricʻakika.

dissociation kaʻina

Sulfuricʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o ke koʻana koko pāʻoihana o like nā hoʻohui like. Ua undergoes dissociation naoh i loko o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka hana H ⁺ Ion i ka pāʻoihana.

H ₂ ¶ ₄ = H ^{+ +} HSO ₄ ^-;

HSO ₄ ^- = H ^{+ +} ¶ I ₄ ^-2.

Sulfuricʻakika mea he ikaika, a me ka mea mua kahua o ka dissociation ia lŘlŘ no laila, hoʻomaka koke i kaʻaneʻane a pau o ka palapala lātoma hoʻohiolo nō ia i loko o H ⁺ -ions a me HSO ₄ ^-1 -ions (hydrogen sulufahate) ma ka pāʻoihana. Recent hapa 'ia' disintegrate hou, ka hoʻokuʻu 'H ⁺ Ion' ē aʻe, a haalele iho i ka sulufahate ion (¶ I ₄ ^-2) ma ka pāʻoihana. Eia naʻe, hydrogensulfate, i he nawaliwaliʻakika, nō ka i lanakila ma ka pāʻoihana o H ^+, a ¶ I ₄ ^-2. Piha dissociation ia wale nō ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka pa apŘ o ka sulfuricʻakika pāʻoihana mea kokoke i ka pa apŘ o ka wai, R. F ma lalo kiʻekiʻe dilution.

Waiwai o sulfuricʻakika

Ua mea kūikawā ma ka hoohalike ana ia ke hana e like me kaʻike mauʻakika a me ka ikaika oxidizer - ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mahana a me ka lehulehu. A anu dilute pāʻoihana o sulfuricʻakika reacts me kaʻeleu metala, e haawi aku i ka paakai (sulufahate) a me ka evolution o ka hydrogen kinoea. No ka laʻana, ka mea naoh ma waena o anu dilute H ₂ ¶ ₄ (holoholo kona piha-ʻanuʻu dissociation) a me ka mea hao kiniki like penei:

Zn + H ₂ ¶ ₄ = ZnSO ₄ + H _2.

Ka wela i kia sulfuricʻakika, nona ka pa apŘ mea ma kahi o 1.8 g. / Knm ^3, hiki ke hana me ka oxidant, reacting me nā pono hana i ka mea nui inert i nāʻakika, e like me ka laʻana mea hao keleawe. Iloko o ka naoh, i ke keleawe ua oxidized, a ua hoemiia kaʻakika nui, ua hanaʻia ka pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulufahate (II) i loko o ka wai, a me ka gaseous sulfur dioxide i (¶ I ₂₎ kahi o ka hydrogen, i makemake e manaoia ma ka reacting kaʻakika me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Cu + 2H ₂ ¶ ₄ = CuSO ₄ + ¶ ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Like nui hoikeia ma ka lehulehu o nā pāʻoihana

Maoli, i ka lehulehu o kekahi pāʻoihana hiki e hoike ia ma naʻano likeʻole, akā, i ka loa i lohe nui ia lehulehu ma ke kaupaonaʻana. Ua hōʻike i ka helu o nā huna o ka solute i loko o ka kekahi paona a me ka leo o ka pāʻoihana a'ūheheʻe (nō kāu 1000 g., 1000 knm ^3, 100 knm ³ a me ka 1 dm ^3). Ma kahi o ka nui i loko o nā huna o ka waiwai hiki ke lawe i ka mea, i olelo ia ma kaʻiole, - laila, no ka loaa i ka molar lehulehu o 1000 g. A 1 dm ³ pāʻoihana.

Inā ka molar lehulehu hoʻoholo i pili ole i ka nui o ka pāʻoihana, akā, i ka'ūheheʻe wale, ka mea, ua kapaia ka molality o ka pāʻoihana. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ke kuokoa o ke ana wela.

Pinepine i ke kaumaha lehulehu i hōʻike mai i nā huna no 100 nā huna o ka'ūheheʻe. Hoonui i kēia aka e 100%, ka mea, ua hoʻomākaukauʻia ma luna o ke kaupaona pakeneka (o ka lehulehu). Oia hoi, keia iaoia ua loa pinepine hoʻohana i noi ai i ka sulfuricʻakika pāʻoihana.

Kēlā me kēia waiwai o ka pāʻoihana lehulehu, nānā 'ia ma ka haawi ana wela, e hoʻopili like no ka loa kekahi nuʻa (e laʻa me, ka pa apŘ o sulfuricʻakika pāʻoihana). Nolaila, i kekahi manawa ka mea, ua wehewehe aku pāʻoihana. No ka laʻana, H ₂ ¶ ₄ pāʻoihana, wehewehe aku pakeneka lehulehu 95,72%, he pa apŘ o 1,835 g. / Knm ³ ma Halau = 20 ° C. Pehea e hooholo i ka lehulehu o ia ka pāʻoihana, ina i haawi wale sulfuricʻakika nuʻa? Table haawi ia palapala nei i ka fixture o kekahi puke haʻawina ma mau ole mākau kemika.

Kumu lehulehu recalculation

E hele i kekahi 'ano paha o ka olelo mai a hiki i kekahi pāʻoihana lehulehu. Ina i ua i H ₂ ¶ ₄ pāʻoihana i loko o ka wai me ka 60% lehulehu o ka hoihoi. Mākou i mua hoakaka i ka pa apŘ o ka AYEIE sulfuricʻakika. Table i loaʻa ka pakeneka (mua kolamu) a me ka AYEIE nuʻa o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ka H ₂ ¶ ₄ (kolamuʻehā), ua hoike mai ia ma lalo nei.

Ua hoʻoholo i ka makemake waiwai i mea like me 1,4987 g. / Knm ^3. Mākou i kēia manawa e huli i ka molarity o ka pāʻoihana. No keia mea, he mea pono e hooholo i ka nui o H ₂ ¶ ₄ i ka 1 hano o ka pāʻoihana a me ka like ka helu o ka iole o kaʻakika.

Volume, a noho 100 g. O ke kumukūʻai pāʻoihana:

100 / 1,4987 = 66,7 ml.

No ka mea, i loko o 66,7 ml o 60% pāʻoihana, he 60 g. O kaʻakika i loko o 1 hano o ka mea e loaʻa:

(60 / 66,7) x 1000 = 899, 55 g.

sulfuricʻakika molar ke kaupaona like i 98. Nolaila, i ka helu o ka iole na ma 899,55 g. o kona nā huna, e ia:

899,55 / 98 = 9,18 kameleona.

Ke kaukaʻi ana o ka pa apŘ o ka sulfuricʻakika lehulehu ua hoike mai ai ma ka lāʻau. ma lalo nei.

Ka hoʻohana a sulfuricʻakika

Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā hana. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hao a me ke kila ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ili mua ka mea, ua uhi ia me kekahi waiwai' ole i loko o ka haku o kemikala make e like me nā 'ano o nāʻakika e like me hydrochloric a me ka nitric. Ua i hoʻohana 'ia ua i loko o ka hana o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau huahana, fertilizers a me nā pōkā pahū, a nō mea nui he mea kemikala i ka wehe impurities, mai ka makaʻaila i loko o ka hoohehee maemae au ia puolo.

Kēia Nine Inch Ua mākaukau pono ma ka maʻamau o ke ola, a me ka mea hiki wawe ka i loaʻa like me ka sulfuricʻakika pāʻoihana hoʻohana i kēpau-ʻakika iuo aaoa? (E laʻa me, ka poe e noho ana i loko o nā kaʻa). Oiaʻakika nui i ka lehulehu o ka mai ma kahi o 30% e 35% H ₂ ¶ ₄ ma ke kaupaonaʻana, i ke koena - wai.

No ka mea, he nui consumer noi 30% H ₂ ¶ ₄ E e oi ma mua o lawa, e hālāwai me kā lākou mea e pono ai. Naʻe, i loko o ka hana a ka mea pono i ka lehulehu he nui kiekie o sulfuricʻakika. Nō kāu, i hana ka mea, ua mua loaa pono dilute, a ua hoʻohaumiaʻia me ke aloha inclusions. I kiaʻakika ua loaa i loko o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: mua, ka mea i like ai i 70%, a laila, - i loko o ka lua o kaʻanuʻu - ua hoala hou ia 96-98%, i mea na ke kaupalenaʻana aiao no ka hoʻokele waiwai viable? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

I ka pa apŘ o ka sulfuricʻakika a me konaʻano likeʻole

'Oiai, aneane 99% sulfuricʻakika hiki e pokole ma reflux, akā, mahope lilo o ¶ I ₃ ma ka baila aʻela i wahi ho'ēmi i kā ka lehulehu i 98,3%. I mau, i ka laha 'ana me ka' inideka 98% oi paa ma ka pūnaewele.

Commercial papa nāʻakika lauwili i loko o kona lehulehu o ka ukupanee, a no ka i ka mea, ua wae mau aiee ma a ka haʻahaʻa crystallization mahana. Keia ua hana e emi i ka lilo ana o sulfuricʻakika nā pōaka precipitate i halihali a me ka pūnaewele. I ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano likeʻole i:

• Ka hale kiai (nitrous) - 75%. Sulfuricʻakika nuʻa o ka papa, ua like me 1670 kg / ka m ^3. E kiʻi i kona ai-kapa. nitrous hana ma i ka kūpono nitroso lapaau ana (keia mea i H ₂ ¶ _4, akā, me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe naikokene oxides) i loko o ka iniiaiie ae hoʻolele i ka calcined maka kinoea i loaʻa ka sulfur dioxide i ¶ I _2, i loko o hoalaala ia me ka hale kiaʻi (ma keia hope aku i ka inoaʻano likeʻole). E like me ka hopena anao? Aouʻakika a me ka naikokene oxides i mea ole i hoopauia ma ke kaʻina hana, a hoi aku la a hiki i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kalapona.
• Hoʻokaʻaʻike - 92,5-98,0%. Sulfuricʻakika nuʻa o ka 98% o ka papa, ua like ia 1836,5 kg / ka m ^3. Ua i loaa mai roaster kinoea i loaʻa ¶ I _2, kahi i ke kaʻina maupaʻa anhydride'okikene lua'okesaside e ¶ I ₃ a me kona hui '(ma keia hope aku i ka inoa papa) me ka mau papa o ka paa vanadium hōʻeleu.
• Oleum - 104,5%. Kona pa apŘ mea like i 1896,8 kg / ka m ^3. Kēia pāʻoihana o ¶ I ₃ i loko o H ₂ ¶ _4, ai ka mua ke keʻena he 20%, a me kaʻakika - mea 104,5%.
• High-papa oleum - 114,6%. Kona pa apŘ - 2002 kg / ka m ^3.
• O na pu ki - 92-94%.

Pehea e holo ai ke kaʻa o na pu ki

I ka hana o keia kekahi o ka loa hanohano pou manaʻo ua ma muli loa ma ka electrochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ke alo o ke koʻana koko sulfuricʻakika.

Ulia kaʻa o na pu ki he dilute sulfuricʻakika electrolyte, a me ka maikaʻi a me ka hopena maikaʻi nā uila aʻa lolo ma ke ano o kekahi mau papa. Noke mau papa i i o ka lepaʻano-eleele mea - o ke alakaʻi i'okikene lua (PbO _2), a me ka io - o grayish "huahuakai" kēpau (PB).

Mai na nā uila aʻa lolo i i ke kēpau a me ke alakaʻi ma ia mea, i kēia 'ano o na pu ki aloha ua pinepine kapa kēpau-ʻakika o na pu ki. Kona operability, 'ole. E. Na ia auoiaea anakahi uila ka pono nānā' ia e ka mea i keia manawa i ka pa apŘ o sulfuricʻakika (kg / m3 paha g. / Knm ^3), ua piha oia i ka pu ki aloha e like me ka electrolyte.

He aha ka hana a me ka electrolyte ka wā o ka o na pu ki hookuuia,

Ke electrolyte kēpau-ʻakika o na pu ki mea he rechargeable pāʻoihana o sulfuricʻakika i loko o ka i puhi ia chemically maemae ka wai me ka lehulehu o ka hoihoi o ka 30% ma ka piha kauoha. Upenaʻakika i ka pa apŘ o 1,835 g. / Knm ^3, electrolyte - ma kahi o 1,300 g. / Knm ^3. A i ka mea o na pu ki ua hookuu, ia electrochemical reactions ana kūpono ma ka sulfuricʻakika haalele iho mai ka electrolyte. lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana hilinaʻi nui kokoke hapaʻauhau i ka pa apŘ, no laila ia e emi aie i ka emi ana ma ka electrolyte lehulehu.

Like loa me ka hookuuia pono kahe ana ma ka o na pu kiʻakika ua hoʻomano hoʻohana kokoke kona nā uila aʻa lolo a me ka electrolyte lilo hou dilute. ʻakika maholahune mai o ka huina o ka leo o ka electrolyte, a me ka'ūholo uila papa Kākoʻo ka hola ikaika aku ka nui o Nine Inch reactions, a, nolaila, ke auoiaea anakahi uila.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka hookuuia kaʻina hana o ka maholahune o kaʻakika electrolyte i loko o ka una honua ia lŘlŘ koke, no ka mea kūpono sulufahate me keia manawa ua eo ili ma kaʻeleu mea o na nā uila aʻa lolo. I ka sulphate hoʻomaka e hana, a hoʻopiha i ka ili o na nā uila aʻa lolo, ka maholahune i wahi hou lohi.

Theoretically ia mea hiki ke hoʻomau i hookuuia like loa me e ole a pauʻakika e hoohana ia, a me ka electrolyte e e haku o ka maemae ka wai. Eia naʻe, ka hoao ana hōʻike i ole e hoomau oe i kaʻilikai ma hope o ka electrolyte nuʻa hāʻule i 1,150 g. / Knm ^3.

A hiki i ka pa apŘ emi mai ka 1,300 a 1.150, a 'o ia hoʻi i nui sulufahate i hana i ka naoh, a me ka mea hoolako mai a pau ili ma kaʻeleu mea ma luna o nā papa, oa. E. Mai ka pāʻoihana ano koho, kokoke pau sulfuricʻakika. I ka pa apŘ hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka lehulehu proportionally, a like me, ka nuʻa o ka malama ana o ka pu ki hilinaʻi nui. Lāʻau. lalo hōʻike i ke kaukaʻi ana o na pu ki aloha electrolyte nuʻa.

Hoʻololi i ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyte, i ka mea o ka hoomaopopo ana o na pu ki hookuuia moku'āina, aka i ka mea, ua pono i hoʻohana.

Nā degere he kaʻa o na pu ki hookuuia ke kaumaha ma muli o ka electrolyte nuʻa

Kona pa apŘ E e ana i kela mau pule, a pono mau e mālama heluhelu i ka mooolelo no ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ka oi anuanu electrolyte, ka oiʻakika ia iloko ona, a me ka oi ua kauoha mai ka o na pu ki. Nuʻa 1,300-1,280 g. / Knm ³ Hōʻike he piha kauoha. Nō kāu, e hahai ana i ka pu ki hookuuia ke degere oko ma ka electrolyte nuʻa:

• 1,300-1,280 - loa ia:
• 1,280-1,200 - oi ma mua o ka hapalua o nele;
• 1,200-1,150 - papa mai emi ma mua o ka hapalua;
• 1.150 - aneane nele.

Ma ka hoʻopau ai i ke kauoha aku i na pu ki aloha ma mua ai pili aku kona kaʻa lako anakahi uila o kela a me keia halepaahao, he 2,5 e 2,7 V. A hiki i ka haawe ana ua pili, ke anakahi uila koke paka ua i ma kahi o 2.1 V no ekolu eha paha minuke. Keia mea aie a hiki i ke kahua o ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka kēpau sulphate ma luna o ka ili o ka hopena maikaʻi'ūholo uila papa, a ma waena o ka mea alakaʻi, ahu iho, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia peroxide maikaʻi papa. Ka hope waiwai o ka halepaahao anakahi uila ma hope o ka alanui aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'ai pili aku ka hola 2,15-2,18 volts.

I ka wa au i hoʻomaka e kahe ana ma ka na pu ki aloha ma ka hora mua o ka hana, he mea he anakahi uila kulu i 2 V ma muli o ka nui ae maloko aeea ia'ku no i ke kahua o ka nui dala o ka sulufahate e hoopiha ana i ka ili o ka papa, a me ka koho ana o ka electrolyteʻakika. Koke ma mua hoʻomaka 'ana o ka pele o ka papa nuʻa o ka electrolyte mea maximal a me ka ewaewa ole i ka 1,300 g. / Knm ^3. Initially ia underpressure ia lŘlŘ koke, akā, laila, i ka 'O ke kaulike ana ma waena o ka pa apŘ oʻakika kokoke i na papa, a kūpono kou electrolyte ka leo koho nā uila aʻa lolo kākoʻoʻakika komo hou liiliiʻakika, mai ka bulk o ka electrolyte. Ka awelika nuʻa o ka electrolyte mau e emi steadily ma ka pilina i hoikeia ma ka lāʻau. luna. Ma hope o ka loiloi mua kulu anakahi uila emi hou lohi, kona uku o ka ho'ēmiʻana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pu ki haawe ana. Manawa haʻalele 'ana hookuuia kaʻina ua hoike mai ai ma ka lāʻau. ma lalo nei.

Hooponopono o ka moku'āina o ka electrolyte i loko o ka o na pu ki

E hoʻoholo i ka pa apŘ kaumaha wai i hoʻohana. Ua Ua haku o ka hoailonaia aniani şarkı me ka palena manawa ma ka lalo hopena, ua piha oia me ka Hereme a ua pana mai, a me ka unahiʻole, i o Kuisa: ma luna o ka papakaukau. Kēia unahiʻole, i 'ae' ia mai ka 1.100 a hiki i 1,300 me nā waena cia, e like me ka hoike ana ma ka lāʻau. ma lalo nei. Inā ke ana kaumaha wai ua waiho ia ma ka electrolyte, ka mea e pohō ai i ka kekahi hohonu. Pela ka mea, e pau ka i kekahi ka leo o ka electrolyte, a me ka wā o ka equilibrium kulana ua hiki aku, i ke kaumaha o ka hoʻoneʻe ka leo e e pono like i ke kaupaona ana kaumaha wai. lākou, Mai ka pa apŘ o ke electrolyte ka lākiō o kona kaumaha ana i ka leo, a me ke kaumaha o ke ana kaumaha wai ua ike, laila, kēlā me kēia pae o ke kaiapuni i loko o ka pāʻoihana hoʻopili like i ka kekahi kona nuʻa. Kekahi ana kaumaha i me na aiee o ka pa apŘ me ka unahiʻole, akā, i waeʻia e "kauoha mai", "hapalua o ka huahelu", "Full hookuuia" a me ka mea e like.