'O ka waiwai fluoride: nā'ano a me ka noi

Ma waena o nā pūhui o nā halogens - nā kumuhana o ka hui 7 o ka hui pū'ulu nui o ka pūnaewele manawa o nā'enekini kino o DI Mendeleev - hydrogen fluoride he mea nui loa. A me nā hydrogen halogene, ho'ohana'ia ia i nā lālā like'ole o ka ho'okele waiwai'āina: no ka loa'a'ana o nā plastic plastics, acid hydrofluoric and salts. Ma loko o kēia pepa e a'o mākou i ke'ano o ka mole, nā kino a me nā kinikano o kēia waiwai a no'ono'o i nā wahi o kāna noi.

Ka mo'olelo o ka'ike

Ma ka 17th kenekulia K. Shvankvard i ka hoao ana me ka mea pōhaku fluorspar a me ka ʻakika sulphate. Ua'ike ka mea'epekema i ka manawa o ka ho'ouka'ana ua ho'oku'u'ia ke kino, a ho'omaka'o ia e luku i kekahi pā aniani, e uhi ana i ka pahu me ka hui'ana o nā kinai. Kapa'ia kēia huihuāhuulu he hydrogen fluoride.

Ua loa'a ka wai hydrofluoric i ka seneturi 19 ma o Gay-Lussac mai ka mea like'ole: ka momona a me ka sulfuric acid. Ua'ike'ia'o Ampere ma o kona ho'okolohua'ana e like ka huina o ka mole HF me ka hydrogen chloride. Ho'ohana kēia i nā ho'oholo aiki o kēia mau halogens. 'O nā'oko'a e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka waikawa: he palupalu ka waiwaiwai, a he ikaika ka chloride.

Nā'ano kino

'O ke kinona a me ka hulu ko'iko'i'o HF he kumu'ona maika'i,'a'ohe ke'oke'o,'oi iki a'e ma mua o ka ea. I waena o halides HI- HBr- HCl- kapuahi e wahi a me ka hauneneʻe smoothly hoʻololi i, a me ka hoʻololi i ka HF ia māhuahua. 'O ka ho'ākāka'ana o kēia'ano he mea ia:'o ka molic hydrogen fluoride ka mea hana i nā hoa (nā hui o nā mea'ai'ole ma waena o nā hanana wai). No ka wāwahi'ana iā lākou, makemake'ia ka'ike hou, no laila ua ho'onui'ia ka kohua a me ka ho'ohehe'e. E like me na huahelu i ke kinoea nuʻa ma ka laulā kokoke i ka baila aʻela i wahi (19.5), hydrogen fluoride ua haku o nā 'Ohi a me ka awelika haku mele' ana o ka HF _2. A enaena luna 25 ^{° C,} e decomposed ke kiʻekiʻe, a ma ka wela o ^{ma kahi o} 90 ° kēia mau pono a pau o C maupaʻa hydrogen fluoride Mai i nā molekō HF.

Pehea ka hydrofluoride

'O nā'ano o ka loa'a'ole'ana o kahi waiwai ma loko o nā kūlana ho'olālā'oko'a, nā mea a mākou i'ōlelo mua ai, akā i ka'oihana,'a'ohe mea e pili ai i kekahi me kekahi:'o nā reagents, like nā fluorpar (sulfur) a me ka sulfate.

'O ka mineral, kahi i waiho'ia ma Primorye, Transbaikalia, Mekikoka,'Amelika Hui Pū'Ia, e ho'opiha mua'ia e ka'auwai'ana, a laila ho'ohana'ia i ka hana hana no ka hana'ana o HF, i hana'ia ma nā kila kila. Hāpai lākou i ka huapalapala a me ka hui'ana me ka sulfate acid. Waiwai i eliia, he 55-60% o ka _fluorite. Ho'opili'ia nā paia o ke kapuahi me nā pulu alaka'i e hopu i ka hydrogen fluoride. Ua ho'oma'ema'e ia i loko o ke kola holoi, ua'olu'olu, a ho'onā'ia. No ka hana'ana i ka hydrogen fluoride, ho'ohana'ia nā kilns rotary, i ho'onā'ia e ka elela. 'O ka māhele nui o HF i ka puka puka he 0.98 wale nō, akā, ua loa'a i kāna hana nā hanana hoihoi. He lō'ihi loa ia a koi'ia ka hō'ili'ili nui o ka sulfate acid.

'O ka polarity o nā molekō HF

'O ka waihā anhydrous fluoride he mau mea'āpana e hiki ai ke ho'opa'a i kekahi i kekahi a hana i nā'āpana. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma ka hana i loko o ka mole. Ma waena o ka hydrogen a me ka fluorine nā'ātoma, he ikaika Nine Inch hoopaa, i kapaʻia Polar covalent. Ho'ohālikelike'ia'o ia e kekahi pāpālua loli ma'amau i ho'onele'ia i kahi kōmene'enehana'oi a'e. 'O ka hopena, ua lilo nā molecuke hydride fluoride i pola a loa'a i ke'ano o ka pipo.

Aia ma waena o lākou he mau pū'ali o ke koho'ana i ka pono, kahi i alaka'i'ia ai ke'ano o nā hoa. 'O ka lō'ihi o ka ho'opa'a pilikino ma waena o ka wai hydrogen a me nā mana o ka fluorine he 92 nm, a'o kona ikaika he 42 kJ / mol. Like i loko o ka gaseous a wai a waiwai ka mea, he o ka läÿau, o polymeric? Ueo H ₂ F _2, H ₄ F _4.

'O nā mea kanu

Hiki i ka waihā anhydrous fluoride ke ho'ohana pū me nā pa'akai o ka carbonate, silicate, nitrite a me sulfoda. Me nā'oihana oxidative, HF ka ho'opau'ana i nā pūnaewele i luna i carbon dioxide, tetrafluoride silicium, hydrogen sulphide a me nā oxygen hauū. An koʻana koko 40% HF pāʻoihana pepehi pōhaku puna, aniani, ili, laholio, a me kekahi hana me kekahi oxides e like me cu ₂ O. Ka huahana ua loaʻa noa keleawe, ke keleawe fluoride a me ka wai. Aia kekahi hui o nā mea i hana'ole'ia e HF, no ka la'ana, nā metala kaumaha, a me ka magnesium, ka hao, ke aluminika, ka nickel.

'O kahi kūpa'a nui o ka hydrogen fluoride

Kapa'ia'o ia'o ka hydrofluoric acid a ho'ohana'ia ma ke'ano he 40% a me 72% mau hā'ina. 'O Hydrogen fluoride,'o ke'ano o kona mau mea ho'ohui waiwai e pili ana i kona kūmole, ho'opau wale'ia i ka wai. I kēia hihia, ua ho'oku'u'ia ka wela, kahi e hō'ike ana i kēia ka'ina hana he'ano exothermic. E like me ka meakino ikaikaʻakika koʻana koko HF reacted me ke hooheheeia (hakahaka naoh). Ho'omumu'ia nā pa'akai - fluorides - a ho'oku'u'ia ke hydrogen. 'O ka palolo passive - platinum a me ke gula, a me ke po'o -'a'ole e hana me ka waiuma hydrofluoric. Hā'alo ka wai i loko o ia mea,'o ia ho'i, e hana i kahi ki'i pale ma luna o ka'ili o ka mea kila, i loko o ka fluoride alaka'i'ole. Hiki i kekahi kaomi hana o HF ke komo i nā mea haumia o ka hao, arsenic, sulfur dioxide, a ma ia'ano ua kapa'ia'o ia he'aila waikawa. Ho'oholo nui 60% ka hopena o ka HF i ka kemikū o ke'ano o ka ho'ohui mele. Ho'opili'ia ia i loko o nā ipu polyethylene a me Teflon, a'o ka wai nui o ka wai hydrofluoric ka lawe'ia i loko o nā luawai keleawe.

'O ka hana o ka waika hydrofluoric i ka ho'okele waiwai o ka'āina

Ho'ohana'ia ka wai o ka hydrogen fluoride no ka hana'ana o ka borafluoride ammonium, kahi i ho'ohui'ia ai nā flux i loko o ka metallurgy ferrous a me ka non ferrousurgy. Ho'ohana'ia nō ho'i ia i ka hana electrolysis e hua mai i ka borona maika'i. Hydrofluoricʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kremneftoridov, e like me ka hoʻohālike Na ₂ SiF _6. Ho'ohana'ia ia no ka hana'ana i nā lewa a me nā mea kūpono e kū'ē i ka hana o nā mea'alane.

Hā'awi nā lili i nā waiwai wai'ole i nā mea kūkulu. Pono e mālama'ia i ke ka'ina hana o kā lākou noi, no ka mea, he mea'awa'awa nā silicoooride a pau. Ho'ohana'ia kekahi hanana aqueous o HF i ka hana'ana o nā'aila lubricating synthetic. 'A'ole e like me nā mineral, mālama mau lākou i ka viscosity a hana i kahi ki'i pale ma luna o nā wahi hana: nā mea paakiki, nā'āpana, nā bearings ma ke ki'eki'e a me ke anawela. 'O ka mea nui loa, he hydrogen fluoride punahele i loko o ke aniani (glass), a ma kahi'oihana semiconductor, kahi e ho'ohana'ia ai no ke kakiri kilokilo.

'O nā plastic plastics

'O ka mea'oi loa o lākou'o Teflon (fluoroplastic - 4). Ua'ike'ia ma kahi pōpilikia. 'O kekahi mea ola kino,'o Roy Plunkett, ka mea i hana'ia i ka synthesis o freons, i loa'a ke kino i loko o nā mea'alakeke a me ka ethylene chlorine i mālama'ia ma kahi mahana wela'ole,'a'ole ka kino, akā, he'ele'ele ke'oke'o i ma'a i ka pā. Ua'ike'ia ma kahi ki'eki'e a me ka mahana wela nui tetrafluoroethylene polymerized.

'O kēia hopena i alaka'i'ia i ke kūkulu'ana i kahi pāku'i ulaula hou. Ma hope iho, ua kapa'ia'o Teflon. Loa'a ka wela a me ke kūpikipiki. Ho'ohana maika'i'ia nā kāpili Teflon i ka mea'ai, nā hana'enehana, ma ka hana'ana i nā kīla me nā mea non-stick. A hiki ma 70 ° ^C PTFE huahana - 4 mai i ko lakou mau waiwai i lilo aku. 'O ke kūlana ko'iko'i ka hana nui o Teflon. 'A'ole ia e ho'opili i ka pilina me nā mea'alapila -'ākena a me nā waikawa. Kēia mea nui loa ia no ka lako a hoʻohana 'ia i loko oʻanoʻenehana keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka nitrate a me sulufahate nāʻakika, 'amoniuma hydroxide, paʻakai hydroxide. Hiki i nā'ōpala ke hana i nā mea hou - nā modifiers e like me nā fila aniani a me nā metala, i mea e ho'ololi ai i ko lākou mau waiwai, e like me ka ho'onui'ana i ka pa'i wela a me ke kūpa'a.

'O ka dissociation o ka hydrogen fluoride

Ma mua, ua'ōlelo mākou i kahi pa'a pa'a pa'a i nā mole molepika HF,'oiai, hiki iā lākou ke hui pū i loko o nā pū'ulu, e hana ana i nā'eneke hydrogen. 'O ia ke kumu o ka dissociation o ka hydrogen fluoride a mahele maika'i'ia i loko o nā ion i loko o ka wai puna. Oi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka waiuma hydrofluoric ma mua o ka chloride ai'ole ka bromide. Hō'ike kēia mau hi'ohi'ona o ka ho'oka'awale'ana i ka noho'ana o ka pa'akai pa'akikī, a me nā pa'akai'ele'ele, akā na'e,'a'ole i hana'ia e ka chloride a me ka iodine. Ke dissociation a eia i o koʻana koko hydrogen fluoride pāʻoihana mea 7x10 ^-4, i keʻae i ka mea i kona kākoʻo pāʻoihana mea he nui helu o undissociated nā lātoma, a ia i haahaa ka maʻiʻo o ka hydrogen a me ka fluorine Ion.

Ma kahi o ka fluhydhydrate he mea weliweli

Pono e'ike'ia he lā'au'awa'awa ka waiwai a me ka waihā fluoride. 'O ka helu waiwai kahi 0342.'O ka waiuma hydrofluoric ka mea nona nā waiwai narcotic. Ma ka hopena o ke kino o ke kino, e noho iki ma hope. I loko o ka papa helu,'o kēia waiwai, a me hydrofluoride anhydrous, aia i ka papa'elua o ka pilikia. Hō'ike mua'ia kēia ma mua o ka hiki'ana o nā pūpū momona e ho'oku'u pinepine. 'O ke'ano, he mea maopopo loa kēia waiwai i loko o kahi pūpū e like me ka hydrogen fluoride kahe, nona ka'oihana ahi a me ka pāhū nui loa.

No ke aha e ho'oholo ai i ke ki'eki'e o ka hydrogen fluoride i ka lewa

I loko o nā hana'enehana o HF, i loa'a mai mai ka fluorpa a me ka sulfuric acid, nā nalowale o ka huahua momona, ka mea i komo ai nā hihi i ka lewa, hiki. E ho'omana'o i ke'ano o hydrogen fluoride (nona ka hopena o ka hopena o ka lua). 'O nā'ōpala'oihana'oihana e komo i loko o ka nui o nā mea'ona like'ole, a me nā mea'ona maika'i loa,'o ia ho'i nā'aila a me ka sulfur, nā sulfides kaumaha, a me nā hamo waihā. Mawaena o lakou he nui ke ano o ka hydrogen fluoride, a MPC i loko o ka lewa, he 0,005 mg / m + ³ ma ka hua'ōlelo o ka fluorine no ka lā. No ka hola ioauoa kahi e loaʻa nō pahu umu ahi, pono ia i ka i kā mākou ana lehulehu (MPC) 0, 1 mg / ka m ^3.

Nā huiwaena wai'enehana fluoride

No ka'ike'ana i nā kinoea'ino a me ka nui o nā mea i komo i ka lewa, aia nā mea kaulike kūikawā. No ka'ike'ana i nā HF vapors, ho'ohana'ia nā mea'enehana ho'olālā'eneke ki'i, kahi e ho'ohana'ia ai nā diodes light-emitting'elua a me semiconductor e like me ke kumu o ke kalawewe, a me nā photodiodes a me nā phototransistors e ho'okūkū i ke'ano o photodetectors. Ho'oholo'ia ka ho'oholo'ana o ka hydrogen fluoride i ka ea honua e nā mea'enehana ho'opihapiha kino. Ua ma'alahi lākou. Hiki i nā molekiki HF ke ho'ouluulu i ka hawewewe lō'ihi i ka laulā o 1-15 microns. Ho'ohana nā pūnaewele e ho'oholo i nā mea'ino'ino ma ka lewa a ma kahi hana o nā'oihana hanahana e ho'opuka i nā loli ma ka HF ma ka papa hana kūpono a me nā hihia ko'iko'i (nā hana'ino i hana'ia e nā kānaka, nā hā'ule'ole o ke kikowaena no ka hā'ule'ana o ka mana, etc.). 'O kēia mau hana ke hana'ia e nā mea ho'ohāpai ho'ohemo thermo conductometric o ka hydrogen fluoride. 'O ka ho'olaha. Ke ho'oka'awale nei lākou i nā mea i hana'ia ma muli o ka hilina'i'ana o ka ho'okalakiko ma'amau o HF ma ka ho'okumu'ana o ka hui hana.

'O ka hopena maika'i o ka hydrofluoride ma ke kino o ke kanaka

'O nā'aila e like me ka hydrogen fluoride a me ka waiuma hydrofluoric,'o ia kona ho'oholo i ka wai, no ka lua o ka hopena o ka pilikia. Ma muli o ka maika'i'ole, ho'ololi kēia mau pā i nā pūnaewele ko'iko'i: ka ma'i o ka ma'i, ka hau'oli, ka hanu'ana, a me ka'ili a me ka mucous membranes. 'O ka ho'opili'ana i ka waiwai ma o ka'ili ka mea i'ike'ole'ia a me ka asymptomatic. Hiki ke'ike'ia ka hanana o ka mea'eha i ka lā e hiki mai ana, a ua'ike'ia lākou he avaloka,'o ia ho'i: ua'oki'ia ka'ili, ma luna o ka maka mucous, ua hana'ia nā'āpana ahi. Ho'opau'ia nā'eme'a o nā mumū no nā'epīpī necrotic o ka alveoli. 'O nā kinona Fluorine e komo i loko o ka wai o ka intercellular, a laila komo i loko o nā pūnaewele a ho'opa'a'ia i loko o lākou nā mea nui o ka magnesium a me ka calcium,'o ia kekahi o ke kino o ke kino, ke koko, a me nā ko'i fatu - nā hanana o nā nephron. No laila, he mea nui loa ke nānā pono'ana i ka'ike o ka hydrogen fluoride ākea a me ka waiuma hydrofluoric acid i ka lewa.