Nā papa o ka hui pūnana

Logical mau nō lā hoʻi o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kānāwai o ka Mea Maluna o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. E like me ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i nā kumuhana pono'ī,'ike'ia ka ho'ohālike'ana o nā pūhui'eneke i loko o ka'ōnaehana wikiwiki a no laila, he mea kūpono maoli ka'ike.

'O nā'ano nui o ka hui pūnaewele: nā pa'akai, nā mea'ele'ele, nā wai, nā kumu (hydroxides).

'O ka ho'olaha'ana i nā mea nui e ho'oponopono i ka hana o kā lākou a'o. He mea ma'alahi ke kuhikuhi'ana i nā waiwai o nā 'elele o kekahi mau papa, inā'ike'ia nā'ano meakamekino'ano o ka papa i'ike'ia.

Nā papa o ka hui pūnana: nā lā'au kau

Oxides he pūpū o nā'ano me ke oxygen i ho'opa'a'ia ai kēia hope i ka atom o ka mea. 'O kahi maika'i a pau nā mea'ē a'e, koe wale nō nā kinoea'ekolu iner - Argon, Helium, Neon - nā lā'au kaulike.

Nā papa inoa o nā pūnona hō'ona: hydrates o nā lā'au kau

'O ka hapa nui o nā kaupona i pololei a pololei paha i ka hui me ka wai, i kapa'ia he hydrates a he hydroxides. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka papa hana o ka waiwai ma ke'ano ma'amau'o E (OH) x, kahi o E ka mea i ho'okumu i ka hydroxide, x ka hō'ailona o ka pale'ana i ka waiona e pili ana.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka Nine Inch ano o ka hehee ai hydroxides māheleʻia i loko o hydrates walaʻauʻana oxides (kumu), amphoteric'okesaside hydrates (hydroxides o amphoteric), hydrates, ʻakika oxides (ʻakika). 'O ka hui'ana o ka waihā i kekahi papa o ka pūhui e ho'oholo'ia e kahi o ka māhele i loko o ka pūnaewele manawa, e ho'oholo ana i ka pa'apa'a o ka pa'a'ana i waena o ka mea a me ka'ōmole - ma kekahi'ao'ao, a ma waena o ka Oxygen a me ka Hydrogen - ma kekahi.

Nā papa o ka hui pūnana: acids

'O nā'āpana e komo ana i loko o nā kinetona me nā hanana Hydrogen, hiki ke ho'ololi i kahi kila e hana i nā pa'akai. 'O ka pū'ulu o nā mana i ho'omau'ia ma hope o ka ho'oka'awale'ana mai ka mole mole'aene o nā waiwai Hydrogen i kapa'ia'o ke koena o ka wai.

Nā papa o ka hui pūnana: salina

Ho'ohālike'ia ka mīkini i huahana no ka ho'ololi piha'ana a me ka ho'opiha'ia'ana o nā'ōmole Hydrogen no nā ohe metal a i'ole nā OH i nā kumu no nā koena waikawa. I kekahi mau kumu, hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka hydrogen i loko o ka waikawa'a'ole wale nō i ke kola, akā i kahi hui'ē a'e o nā mākole e loa'a ka uku maika'i (cation). Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka papahana a me nā waiwai o ka pa'akai i'ano: acidic, basic, medium, complex.

Ua ho'okumu'ia nā pa'akai (ma'amau) no ka ho'ololi piha'ana i nā mana o Hydrogen o nā waikawa no ka mea (metal), ai'ole nā hui hydroxl i nā kumu no nā koena o ka wai. Ke'okesaside moku'āina o ka metalaʻoihana, a me kaʻakika moiety pono ike i ka mea e e hiki i ka pololei hana haʻilula meakino paʻakai. Ua hui'ia lākou i loko o kēlā me kēia'ano e kūlahi'ole ka pa'akai.

Kaʻakika paʻakai loaa mai ma ka hapa hakahaka o nā'ātoma i loko o ka hydrogel nāʻakika ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. 'O nā pa'akai wai wale nā polybasic acid wale nō. 'O ke ka'ina o ka haku'ana i nā ho'opi'i pa'akai pa'akai e like nō ia me nā pa'akai waena: ua ho'oholo'ia ka uku o ka cation a ua ho'olālā'ia ke koena o ka waiā a ua hui pū'ia kēia mau'āpana i loko o ka lakene i'ole e uha'i i ke kulekele o ka electroneutral o nā mole.

XIX. Paʻakai loaa mai ma ka hapa hakahaka o ka OH pūʻulu o nā kumu a me hydroxides o amphoteric maʻakika residues. 'O nā'ano o ka pa'akai ma'amau he mau koena o nā kumu polyacid a me amphoteric hydroxides i pau'ole nā hamo hydroxy a me nā koena wai. E like me nā mana'ē a'e a pau, pono e pili i ka kulekele o ka ponohu.