ʻakika paʻakai

Inā kaʻakika kekahi a me nā mea a pau hydrogen nā'ātoma hookomoia ma kekahi cation, ua Nine Inch waiwai i kapaia o ka paʻakai. Metal a'amoniuma pae i loko o ka lātoma mau i ka maikaʻi'okesaside moku'āina, a ua kapaʻia cations. ʻakika koena ua kapaia anion. All paʻakai i hanaʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e pili ana i Group Ia o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ua wailana. Me ka pili ana i ka paʻakai i hana iia, pae i eliiaʻi, kā lākou solubility loli aʻe.

Aia meakino, ina a pau o ka hydrogen lātoma i loko o ka polybasicʻakika ua hookomoia ma kekahi cation, e like meʻakika paʻakai, ina, i hou i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cations a'amoniuma mea i hiki mai ka olelo ikaika mai, papa mai hydrogen. Me lakou i mea hoike, maʻamau paʻakai hiki ke kākau i nā:

- makanekiuma sulufahate MgSO4;

- Aluminum sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3;

-'amoniuma posapahate (NH4) 3PO4;

- paʻakai kalepona Na2CO3.

Dissociation o ka paʻakai meakino ia lŘlŘ ma ka maikaʻi metala cations a me ka hopena maikaʻi anionsʻakika koena. Inoa awelike paʻakai loko mai o kaʻakika a me ka inoa o kona ho okumu i cation.

ʻakika paʻakai i hana ia e ka hapa hakahaka o ka hydrogen ma luna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia a'amoniuma pae. Penei, ka mea, iloko o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, hydrogen a me kaʻakika koena. Lākou ho okumu Ua hiki polybasic nāʻakika wale no. 'O kekahi mau hui:

- paʻakai hydrogen kalepona NaHCO3;

- paʻakai dihydrogenphosphate NaH2PO4;

- paʻakai hydrogenphosphate Na2HPO4;

- potasiuma hydrogen sulufahate KHSO4.

I kā lākou mōhaiʻai inoa pākuʻina kau "hydro" (ina kekahi unsubstituted hydrogen cation) a me "dihydro" (ina he mea mau unsubstituted hydrogen cations).

Ke koʻana koko pāʻoihana oʻakika paʻakai i dissociated i ka io anions i loko o ka palapala o anions, e like me nā 'ano o ka maikaʻi cations (metala Ion a me hydrogen): NaHSO4 ↔ Na + + H + + SO4ˉ ˉ. Hydrolysisʻakika paʻakai i hanaʻia me nāʻakika ikaika, koʻana koko meakino i ka pH o ka emi o 7, ma keia hope aku i ka inoa o kēia mau paʻakai. Ke hydrolysis oʻakika paʻakai loko mai nawaliwali nāʻakika (e laʻa me, hydrogen), i ka pāʻoihana'ākilikai paha kona'ākilikai, a laila i ka pH o ka ma ka liʻiliʻi 7.

Inā ka awelike paʻakai i e loaa me ka hopena o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka metala me kaʻakika, a me nā ano, i ka makaukau o kaʻakika paʻakai ma muli o ka naoh me ka oi o ka:

• he polybasicʻakika me ka awelika ka paʻakai. Pela i loaa paʻakai hydrogensulfate: H2SO4 + Na2SO4 → 2NaHSO4, wai wailana diammonium posapahate (NH4) 2HPO4: H3PO4 + 2NH3 → (NH4) 2HPO4 paha paʻapuna: CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O → Ca (HCO3) 2;

• he polybasicʻakika me ka mekala 'åkilikai. No ka laʻana, ma muli ma ka loaa ana o ka dihydrogen mea barium naoh helu kaulike: 2H3PO4 + BA (OH) 2 → BA (H2PO4) 2 + 2H2O. I alakaʻi ai i ka mekala 'åkilikaiʻakika paʻakai, no ka mea, i nā huahana o kāpili neutralization ke loaa hou kiʻekiʻe paakai;

• ʻakika'okesaside me ka mekala 'åkilikai i loaa paʻapuna: 2CO2 + Ca (OH) 2 → Ca (HCO3) 2.

Ua ua ike ia hydrocarbons mai ole nei ma na kumu mua, alo i ka akau, i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa Groups iia,, a ua loaa paa hydrocarbons wale no ka pae Ia hehee wale.

Salt ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā hana, akā, i kekahi mau kuhikuhi o ko lākou hoʻohana mea like a pau pākahi. Noi mai o kēia 'ano o ka paakai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka waiwai o Nine Inch i huiʻia, a ua nānā' ia e? Aneiai feasibility.

Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana,'amoniuma hydrogenphosphate (NH4) 2HPO4 hoʻohana like phosphorus-'amoniuma luna 'mea hoʻomomona ma ka mahiai. Eia hou, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia hui i loko o ke kaua ahi: ka mea, ke kō i ke ahi malu kekahi mau hale. Nō hoʻi, (NH4) 2HPO4 e hoʻohana i mea hoʻonui i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kekahi papa o ka uahi paka.

Paʻakai hydrosulfite NaHSO3 hoʻohana no ka loloʻa ana o kekahi mau mea a me nā kiʻi.

Kalipuna bisulfite Ca (HSO3) 2 He waiwai nui maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kelulose mai ka laau.

Bisulfites i nāʻakika paʻakai o sulfurousʻakika, H2SO3, hapa o ka lāʻau epinephrine, a ua hoʻohana i loko o hakakino kālaimeaola.

Hydrogensulfates KHSO4 a NaHSO4 paʻakai potasiuma e hoʻohana i ke koko i loko o ka politika-ferrous metallurgy.

Paʻakai hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 - waiwai, ka hapanui o ka ikeʻakika hou paʻakai. Kona hookuu ma Sterlitamak (o ka poe "soda") e like me ka hoakaka i aku la i loko o GOST 2156-76. Paʻakai bicarbonate ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kaʻai, a me ka Nine Inch mea lāʻau lapaʻau na hana, i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka maʻamau o ke ola.