Nucleotide - He aha ka keia? I ka haku mele 'ana,' ole, ka helu a me ka kaʻina o nucleotides i loko o ka DNA kaulahao

A pau ke ola ma luna o ka Honua ua haku o na keena e kākoʻo i ka hoonoho papa ana ia o ko lākou mau hui i ka uku i loko o ka nucleus o ka aaiaoe ike. He nō makana, hoʻokō a ho'īli luna 'macromolecular i huiʻia - he nukeleaʻakika iloko olaila o ka lātoma huahelu - nucleotides. he mea hiki ole ke overestimate i ke kūlana o ka nukelea nāʻakika. Kumupaʻa o ko lākou mau hale a nānā 'ia e ka maʻamau functioning o ka meaola, a me kekahi deviations i loko o ka' ole e inevitably alakai i ka loli ma ke kelepona hele hoʻolālā, haʻawina o physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka viability o aeee i mau.

I ka manaʻo o ka nucleotide a me kona waiwai

Kēlā me kēia lātoma o ka DNA a RNA ua i mai o ka uuku monomeric i huiʻia - nucleotide. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, nā nucleotides - na ālai 'hale o nukelea nāʻakika, ke kākoʻo'-nā'ūhū a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe liluwelo i huiʻia, i nā pilikia e aeea i kona ola.

Ke kumu waiwai o kēia mau nui waiwai loaʻa:

• waho pūnaewele o ka 'ike e pili ana i ke kumuʻiʻo' ole a me ka ili kāna moʻolelo;
• Na Makuahine ma luna o ka ulu a me ka'ōlelo;
• komo i loko o ka pūnao a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao.

I ka haku mele 'ana o nā nucleotides

Olelo ana mai o nucleotides, ua hiki ole e noho ana ma luna o ia he nui pukana like lākou me nā hale a me ka haku mele 'ana.

Kēlā me kēia nucleotide ninoieo o:

• kōpaʻa koena;
• nitrogenous kumu;
• posapahate pūʻulu a me ke koena o phosphoricʻakika.

Mākou ke olelo aku i ka nucleotide - he luna 'ke aloha i huiʻia. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka papa haku mele 'ana a me ka' ano o nitrogenous kumu i loko o ka nucleotide pentose nukeleaʻakika 'ole subdivided i loko:

• deoxyribonucleicʻakika paha DNA;
• ribonucleicʻakika, a RNA.

Haku mele 'ana nukeleaʻakika

Ke nukeleaʻakika-pentose kō ua hōʻike mai iā ia. Keia elima-i carbon kō i loko o ka DNA ka mea, ua kapaia o deoxyribose, ma ka RNA - ribose. Kēlā me kēia lātoma he pentoses elima kalapona nā'ātoma, eha o ka i pu me ka oxygen ma'Ātoma hana i ka elima-Aupuni Lālā a ke komo lima, a me ka hapalima o ka HO-CH2 pae.

Ke kūlana o kēlā me kēia kalapona'Ātoma i loko o ka lātoma pentose denoted Apapika numeral me ke Kuhina Nui (1c ', 2c', 3C ', 4C', 5C '). No ka mea, a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka heluhelu ana i aaiaoe 'ike me ka nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma i ka ikaika directivity, ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma a me kā lākou hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha i loko o ke apo hookahi malama me ka laʻau kuhikuhi i ka pololei ao ao.

Ke hydroxyl pae i ke kolu a me ka lima o kalapona nā'ātoma (a 3s '5S') i pili phosphoricʻakika koena. He hoʻoholo i ka Nine Inch wahine paha, o ka DNA a me ka RNA i ka pae ana o nāʻakika.

Ka mua kalapona'Ātoma (1s ') nitrogenous kumu pili i ke kōpaʻa lātoma.

? Ueo haku mele 'ana nitrogenous ko lākou mau kumu

Nucleotides o ka DNA nitrogenous kumu i poe e eha? Ueo:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• thymine (T).

Ka mua elua e pili ana i ka papa o purines, ke mau hope - pyrimidine. Hakakino kaumaha purine pyrimidine mea mau kaumaha.

Nucleotides RNA nitrogenous kumu poe:

• adenine (A);
• guanine (G);
• cytosine (C);
• uracil (U).

Uracil like pono me thymine, he pyrimidine kumu.

Ma ka 'epekema moʻokalaleo, a hiki pinepine loaʻa nā inoa nitrogenous kumu - Roma palapala (A, T, C, G, U).

Oi aku au mamuli o ka Nine Inch 'ole o purines a me pyrimidines.

Pyrimidines, oia, cytosine, thymine a me ka uracil, i loko o ka 'ole na poe ma ka naikokene nā'ātoma elua a me eha kalapona nā'ātoma ho okumu i ka eono Aupuni Lālā a apo. Kela a me keia'Ātoma i kona helu iho, mai 1 a hiki i 6.

Purines (adenine a me ka guanine) ninoieo o pyrimidine a me ka imidazole a mau heterocycles. Lātoma purine kumu poe e eha naikokene nā'ātoma a me elima kalapona nā'ātoma. Kēlā me kēia'Ātoma helu mai ka 1 a hiki i 9.

Ke kūpono i huiia o nitrogenous waihona ipu, a me ka pentose koena hana nucleoside. Nucleotide - he nucleoside hui a me ka posapahate pae.

Ke kahua o ka phosphodiester paa

He nui no ka maopopo i ka ninau o ana i ka hui pu iho i ka nucleotides i loko o ka polypeptide kaulahao, e hana i kekahi nukeleaʻakika lātoma. Kēia ka hana aie i ka ai-kapaia phosphodiester paa.

AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā nucleotides hāʻawi mai dinucleotide. Ho okumu ana i hou i huiʻia ia lŘlŘ ma condensation like ma waena o ka posapahate koena o kekahi lātoma a me kekahi hydroxy pentose phosphodiester hoopaa ia lŘlŘ.

Polynucleotide hoʻololi kemikala - hai repetition o keia naoh (he mau miliona manawa). A polynucleotide pae ua kūkuluʻia e ho okumu i phosphodiester paa ana ma waena o ke kolu a me ka lima o ke kalapona pulapula o ke (3s 'a me ka 5S').

E akoakoa nui ana polynucleotide - he luna 'kaʻina i lawe wahi i ka wa a ka'ūhū DNA polymerase, a ua hoakaka no ka ulu wale kaula i kekahi hopena (3') me ka noa hydroxy pūʻulu.

Ka 'ole o ka DNA lātoma

A DNA lātoma like hoʻi me ke kumuʻiʻo hiki ia he iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary 'ole.

Ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides i loko o ka DNA kaulahao Ho'ākāka 'kona iniiaiie ' ole. Secondary 'ole ua hanaʻia ma muli o ka hydrogen paa ana, ke kumu o ka a ka hanana kau complementarity rula. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka DNA papalua helix hana kekahi regularity: adenine, thymine hoʻopili like i ke kaapuni'ē aʻe, guanine - cytosine a Hope versa. Hui o adenine a me ka thymine a guanine a me ka cytosine i hanaʻia e ka mea mau i loko o ka mua, a ma ka hope hihia ekolu hydrogen paa. Oia ka hui hoʻolako i ka paa hoopaa nucleotide kaulahao a me ka ewaewa ole mamao ma waena o lākou.

Ike i ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides i loko o ka DNA kaulahao ma ka rula o ka complementarity hiki e hoopomaikai io lua paha kumukanawai.

Ke tertiary 'ole o ka DNA luna' ua hanaʻia ka ekolu-dimensional paa ana, a lātoma ana ia oi kana olelo hoopomaikai, a hiki hoi i hoonoho ai ma ka liʻiliʻi buke aeea. No ka laʻana, E. coli DNA lōʻihi, ua oi aku ma mua o 1 mm o, oiai o ka halepaahao lōʻihi - o ka emi o 5 microns.

I ka helu ana o nucleotides i loko o ka DNA, a me ka mea o lākou laupaʻi pili mea paha i ka rula Chergaffa (helu o ka purine kumu e mau like me ka nui o ka pyrimidine). Ka mamao ma waena o nucleotides - ka ikaika like i 0,34 HI, a me kā lākou mau hakakino kaupaona.

Ka 'ole o ka RNA lātoma

RNA ua poe ma ka hookahi polynucleotide kaula, i hanaʻia ma ka covalent paa ana ma waena o pentose (ribose i loko o keia hihia) a me ka posapahate moiety. Ma lōʻihi ia mea nui pōkole DNA. Ka laha 'haku mele' ana o ka nitrogenous kumu i loko o ka nucleotide, a ma laila nō oko ao. Ke RNA pyrimidine kumu thymine kahi o ka uracil i hoʻohana. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mana hoʻokō i loko o ke kino, RNA i ia no ekolu ano.

• Ribosomal (rRNA) - e nui apo ia mai ka 3,000 a hiki i 5,000 nucleotides. E like me ka mea e pono mall ke keʻena ua komo i loko o ke kahua o ka hana konu o ribosomes, na wahi a kekahi o ka loa nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao - kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis.
• amo (tRNA) - he o ka awelika o ka 75 - 95 nucleotides, hanaʻia hoolilo i ka wahi o ka makemake'aminoʻakika polypeptide hoʻololi kemikala ma ribosome. Kēlā me kēiaʻano o tRNA (ma ka liʻiliʻi 40) mai ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i wale no ia i ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides a monomers.
• Information (RNAi) - ma ka nucleotide haku mele 'ana o loa like. Aoaao o aaiaoe 'ike mai ka DNA i ribosomes, hana like me ka EOIeIOUIeXAOOON no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma.

Ke kūlana o nā nucleotides i loko o ke kino

Nucleotides i loko o ka halepaahao hana i ka helu o ka mea nui i hana ':

• e hoʻohana i kukulu ālai 'no nukelea nāʻakika (nucleotide purine a me ka pyrimidine moʻo);
• ka pae'āina ma na mea he nui metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao;
• hapa o ka ATP - i ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu kumu i loko o keena;
• hana like vectors o ka hoemi hoʻokoe i loko o ka halepaahao (NAD +, NADP +, FAD, FMN);
• hana like bioregulators;
• hiki ke noʻonoʻo me kekona elele extracellular regular hoʻololi kemikala (e laʻa me, hoʻomoana ai a cGMP).

Nucleotide - he lātoma pa alima i lilo 'oi luna' i huiʻia - nukelea nāʻakika, ole i ka hoolilo ana o aaiaoe 'ike, kona pūnaewele a me ka hōʻike hou. Free nucleotides i ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou komo i loko o ka hōʻailona ikehu keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a kākoʻo keena a me maʻamau functioning o ka pau meaola.