Ka mokupuni o Sumatra. Indonesia mokupuni: Leeuwerikplein wahi a me ka hōʻikeʻano

Indonesia - ka lua moku'āina ma South-West Asia - ole no kekahi mea i kapaia o ka aina o kekahi tausani mokupuni. Ua hohola ma luna i ka aoao o New Guinea, a me Molukskih Sunda mau mokupuni, i ka nui loa o ka a - Borneo, Sulawesi, Iawa, Sumatra, i ka mokupuni o Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Pali a me na mea e ae. Nā mokupuni ekolu o Indonesia e komo i loko o ka luna eono i loko o ke ao nei.

Tropical Paradise

ʻInidonesia Islands i variegated moena o hoʻohuihui kanaka, hana 'ike loea, okoa Landskap, climatic cii. Kekahi o ka loa kahaha ko oukou naau o ke Sumatra, i na mea he nui i kapa aku ai i ka'āinapuniʻole me ka'āhihi. Aia He He Mele a me ka savanna, fens a me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka mokupuni o ka hale i ka rhinos a me nā elepani, tigers a me ka leopadi, bea a me Buffalo - nui? Aaoa,ʻaʻole auaneʻiʻoukou i nā mokupuni.

Leeuwerikplein wahi

Sumatra - kekahi o ka nui loa mokupuni o ka Malay pae. Ua hiki mai ka Koro a hiki i ka hikina hema no 1,800 ei. Ka wahi o ka mokupuni - 421 000 ei ^2. He hana i kekahi ano o ka mauna papa koa, e kau aku ma kahi loihi i ke komohana. I ka lani kiekie loa puan mea ma ke kaawale ana o 30-50 ei mai ka Indian Ocean. Ka mea, aʻole 'oe i nā inoa. Ka hema wahi i ike like me ka Barisan mauna huahelu, ma ka akau loa o ka mokupuni kū ka Batak Hawaii.

A puni ka "makuahine" o ka mokupuni neo? Aaiiai? Na mau mea uuku o ka aina. Ma ka hapa o ka Indian Ocean hoalaala ia mai ia laua i ke Sumatra sparsely na kanaka] mauna wahi: Mentawai, Nias, Ang. Ma ka hikina kahakai aole i lalau mai Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Ua lilo notorious Simalur (Simeulue) -ʻInidonesia mokupuni komohana o Sumatra. Ma ka makahiki 2004, ka mea, LIKE ka mokuna nunui kai.

Loa kokoke, hikina'ākau, e waiho Malay Peninsula - hapa o ka hawaiian'āinapuniʻole. Sumatra e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pilikia o Malacca. Eia nō i ka loa nui moku? Ooia: i ka waiwai moku o Laielohelohe maoli pirates o ka XXI kenekulia, hao moku. East, 420 ei, mea he "nui hoahānau" - o ka mokupuni o Borneo (Kalimantan). Ma waena o "ohana" hele Karimata pilikia. Ka loa densely na kanaka]ʻInidonesia mokupuni o Iawa, kaawale mai Sumatra Sunda pilikia laula o 25 ei.

I ka nīnau "kahi o ke Sumatra" hiki ke pane wale: ma waena o Australia a me Asia. A ina oi kaʻoi loa - i loko o ka mamao komohana o ka Malay pae, ma ka triangle ma waena o Iawa, Kalimantan a me Malay Peninsula.

geology

Mauna o Sumatra hoʻokumuʻia kekahi ma ka Hercynian, kekahi hapa ma ka Mesozoic a Paleogene e pelu ana ma hope, ka mea, i like opiopio lonikū hookuuia. Ka mea, i haku no quartzites, schists, limestones o Paleozoic makahiki, loaʻa nō nā mea hōʻike aku māpala intrusions. Ka awelika kiʻekiʻe o nā mauna - mai ka 1500 a hiki i 3000 m.

Ridge Barisan maheleia lonikū ciia mau hewa, a me grabens i loko o nā laua wahi i puhi ai. Ua ai kainuʻu ka mokupuni me cone lehulehu, o ka hana a me ka mea ole lua pele, i waena o ka poʻe e kū mai maopopo ka loa pele i loko o Sumatra -. Kerinci (Indrapura), kiʻekiʻe 3800 mika ua ukali e Dempo (3159 m) a me Marapi (2891 m). He umikumamalua na kanaka nunui.

Ma waena o kokoke Sumatra a Iawa ma Sunda pilikia koʻu, huna stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). Kona ho pohihihi, akā, e nalu p ka make. Hope Activity Ua malamaʻaneʻi i loko o ka makahiki 1999. Ma 1927-1929 GG. like me ka hopena o ka papa anuʻu loa kai Naita me ia i hanaʻia mokupuni Anak-Krakatoa. Akā, i ka pele o 1883ʻaneʻane luku i ka manawa hookahi kiʻekiʻe mokupuni - ka hoʻohanuʻana i ikeia ma kela'āinapuniʻole, ekolu hele ana a puni o ka Honua.

ke ola

Akä naÿe i ka hema-komohana o ka mauna huahelu, a hiki i ka hikina o ke Sumatra mea he nui weuweu alluvial kula kai. A hiʻona o ka wahi o ia hapa o ka Hawaiian kai waikahe. Here momona lepo no ka nui hihia paʻa o ululaau. Sumatra, Island Bank a me Belitung waiwai i loko o nāʻano likeʻole o nā minelala hao: aila, lanahu, ke gula, manganese, hao, nikala, ke tina.

aniau

Malay mau pae moku ma ka palapala o Nyos i loko o ka Kapikoowāea ciia ma waena o Asia a me Australia. Ke aniau Ua humid. Kimu Sumatra wahi aku i 3500-3800 mm o (ke hele mai i ka 6000 mm), inā paha lākou e hāʻule unevenly. A nui ka nui o ka ua, kena ae la ma ka mauna o ke'ākeʻakeʻa aku ma ka mokupuni holoʻokoʻa. I kā mākou ona mau moe i loko o October a me Novemaba a hiki i ke kūkulu'ākau o ka equator, a ma December a me January - a hiki i ka aoao hema o ka ia. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, i ka manawa me ka emi kimu hōʻike oi pono ma mua i loko o ke kūkulu hema. Oluolu ana wela - 25-27 degere he aneane pau makahiki lōʻihi, akā, waiwai pio, i ka idyllic kiʻi o ka humidity incredibly kiʻekiʻe.

Ma ka hikina o ka mokupuni i loko o ka Straits o Malacca i pinepine ikaika makani mai ka hikina mai. Ka mea, a hiki i ka mea i kā mākou ikaika iloko o ka manawa o ke komohana hema monsoon. Holo nōhie, keia makani pāhili, pu ma thunderstorms, malama i ka po -ʻae nō hoʻi, i kēia ka poʻea pau i ka lapa o Sumatra, hiki laua i ka pilikia o Malacca.

ūnelunelu

Nā mokupuni o Indonesia, ma muli o ka nui nui, i excessive ona mau. Me keia ma ka hapanui o na wahi he nui muliwai kahe. No koe a Sumatra: muliwai aʻeo ka hoʻolele 'Ua anuanu lawa, mai maloʻo kahawai i loko o ka makahiki, e kaka ana aku i ka mauna o ka hailona o ke sediment. Ka nui muliwai o ka mokupuni e kukakuka iho, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

Ka mokupuni, he nui o ic ??. I ka waenakonu o ka Batak Hawaii tuff i loko o pele kiaha o ka nui loa i loko o loko Indonesia - Toba, ma ka mokupuni o Samosir i loko o ka waena. I kekahi manawa, aole ola i kaawale Batak na'lii, o kona mau pua, e like me ke kaʻao, noho ihola ma Sumatra. Ka loko o Nyos i ka kiʻekiʻena o 904 ka m luna o kaʻilikai. Area - oi ma mua o 1000 ei ² a me kā mākou ka hohonu - 433 mau mika. Eia ka ka me, o ka oi aku i ka po. Ma ka Asahan muliwai e kahe ana mai o ka? Aieeeua, kukulu iho la i ka ieie-wahi i ku ai me ka 'auhau 320 000 kW.

Ka lepo uhi

Ka loa e like me ka ano o soils i podzolized Ma hope, ua i i hanaʻia ma luna o ka weathering pńpa. Ma na? Uyie aa?, A ma nā mauna o ka lepo poe i kekahi mauna laterite. Ma ka hikina, he akea poe i lalau mai ko alluvial a me ka pohopoho soils, a ma ka puali ololi Hawaiian loloa - lawekahikiʻia.

kanu

Ke Leeuwerikplein kulana o Sumatra ma Kapikoowākea ka poʻea pau i ke anuanu Tropical nahele, ka mea noho nui ka lewa. Eia naʻe, i loko o ka muliwai awawa, o ka pāpū, a ma ka mauna, a kāwaha ma o nā'āpana o ka nahele i kua i lalo, a ua ulu wahi ulu heʻano o ka ulu. Ma ka mokupuni ua hoʻomano mahi laholio laau, raiki, niu pama, paka, kī, pulupulu, kekahi pahūpahū.

Ka loa, he pono ole ulu lāʻau? Ueo i:

• rasamaly a me ka lāʻau fiku;
• kekahi mau laha 'o nā lāʻau: kō, palmyra, Nut, Isekariota, rattan; ma ka lalo ino i o ka muliwai, a Swamp - nipa; niu - i loko o ka Hawaiian ciia;
• i kekahiʻano o ka lāʻau Fern, mau hale nunui (mai ka 30-40 m + ma ka kiʻekiʻe), amorphous-endemic Falus a me parasite Rafflesia.

Ma ka akau-hikina kapakai ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo o nā kukunaokalā haʻahaʻa-e moe ana. Ma ka intermountain kaumaha o ka poe liilii, wahi i noho ia e savannas. Ma altitudes o 1.5-3 ei na ululaau me ka predominance o ka evergreen laau (Pohon, lāʻauʻoka), loaʻa nō conifers, laulā-E haʻalele nō i deciduous (chestnut, Maple) laau. Luna 3000 m + nahele lakou e hee aku i ka scrubby o nā lāʻau kukū deciduous, laau uuku a me nā mauʻu wanawana.

? aaoa

Island? Aaoa uaʻano nui na poe ma ka ulu lāʻau? Ueo. Sumatran nani ua lilo i Mecca no Eco-iauaeoia oo? Ecia e makemake, e hālāwai me ke ola ana o kekahi o ka loa hoihoi 'laha' o ka nui me nā keko - orangutans.

I typical o mammals i primates (manoanoa Lory, Siamang, Hawaiian puaʻa-waʻa, macaque, rhesus brownie) COLUGO, o ua moo nei, nā polokina, ili,'ōpeʻapeʻa. Mawaena o ka nui poʻe e noho ana i anao? Aou elua-pepeiaohao rhino, Elephant Indian, Sumatran tiga, Malayan tapir, leopadi, onionio puaʻa, mokupuni humuhumu lope, Malay bea, hihiu ilio.

Mawaena o na manu loa hana hoihoi gomray, Argus, boatbill, kekahi mau? Ueo o ka nunu opiopio. O ka mea kolo ma ka mokupuni i ike mai la laua lele ana nā'īlio hihiu gavials (crocodiles), nahesa. O legless amphibians ku caecilians. A hailona no okoa nā mea kolo, arachnids.

moe ko supervolcano

Ka Mokupuni o Sumatra ma ka palapala 'mea,ʻaʻole nui okoa mai ka aina kokoke, akā, ia meaʻaneʻi i 73.000 makahiki aku nei ua ka epochal cataclysm e hoʻololi i ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua. Supervolcano Naita me spawned ka muli o laila,-kapaia pele hooilo, like nukelea. Ma waho aʻeo ia 3000 ei ³ o lehu i loko o ka lewa ua loaa he nui ka nui o ka anhydride, hoʻonāukiuki he ākeaʻakika ka ua.

makahiki Eono ma ka Honua noho alii iho la abnormally haʻahaʻa wela,ʻakika ua i luku iho la ia mea kanu. Mahope Ka Wā Kaukani ua wehewehe aku ma ka hoouka kaua ana o ka huʻihuʻiʻana a me ka hauneneʻe. E like me ka hopena o ka heluna nui o ka poʻe ola wale ka loa akamai - ma kahi o 10 000 mau lala o na? Ueo Homo sapiens i loko o ka naʻau o Africa. I mea, he pilikia maoli ka pilina i ka "pahū" kūpono 'ana o ka intellect o ko mākou mau kūpuna.

Lake Toba

Sumatra - mokupuni me ka mea kupaianaha maoli nā wahi. Ka loa ma ko 'ā ina a me ka nohona attraction o ke ao nei i ka nui loa pele Lake Toba, ua piha oia me ka nunui lua pele i ka loa supervolcano. Kona Ana (lōʻihi - 100 ei, laula, - 30 ei, hohonu - 505 m) ae i ka loko, e lilo i ka nui ma Indonesia a me ka lua o ka (hope Lake Tonle SAP) ma ka Hikina Hema Asia.

Lake Toba mea he nani loa mokupuni o Samosir. He kaulana no ka hiki oleʻikena, ano, pono moʻomeheu. He ole wale Nā Poʻe Isalama, akā, i na kanaka ka poe i kapaia ka Batak. Ka mea, - Kristiano i ka loa kiʻiona hoolaʻi mooolelo, oe, a oi loa aku hoi kuhikuhipuʻuone. Samosir Ua uuku, i ka lōʻihi o kona Coast - 111 ei. Akā, ma kēia mea uuku wahi organically pono a me ka ulu oo? Aacu, a "untouched" maoli panorama a me ka maʻamau o ke ola Sumatran kauwa.

ʻOiai wai i loko o Toba, kona mäliko, uliuli, a puni Landskap a me microclimate reminiscent o ke Kaiwaenahonua kahakai. Uhai aku i keia hui mea wale i ka wa e kaawale aku o ka nui ale, a no ka nui kaʻahele mea he lanakila nui.

heluna kanaka

I Indonesia neia manawa, ua oi aku mamua o 300 kanaka, oiai linguists hoike no ka 719 'ōlelo ola a me ka olelo. About 90% o kanaka, a me loko o Sumatra - Nā Poʻe Isalama. Ka hapanui o Islanders iʻInidonesia, i mea wale nō 50 makahiki. Ua lawe pu kekahi mau kānaka a me nā nationalities ma ka aina, ka mea, ua ao mai la ia ma na kula, e dominates ke kīwī, a me ka ahakanaka.

Ma ke komohana māhele 'āina (Bank, Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, he pae Lin a me na mea e ae) he mea oi mamua o 50 miliona kanaka, ka poe i olelo 52' ōlelo a pau. Ma ka akau a me ka hikina o Sumatra, a ma luna o mokupuni lehulehu ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo o ka Malays ma ka hema - ka'Ōlelo Kava. Pākē a me ka Tamils i kia ma hoʻokiwikā-oaio? A.

I loko o nā kūlanakauhale i ola e emi ma mua o ke kolu o ka heluna kanaka. Major Kauhalenui mau mea:

• Ia Medana - 2.1 miliona kanaka (2010).
• Palembang - 1.5 miliona (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - 1,15 miliona (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Ma ka Central Hawaii, a puni Lake Toba ka hale i kupanaha kanaka - Batak. Mua o nā mea a pau, e haohao lākou fantastic kuhikuhipuʻuone:-yoa? Iiai ekolu hale reminiscent o Noa i ka halelana. Indigenous poʻe i noho ma kēlā mau ho'ākāka aʻela ia i ka mua papahele hoi no na holoholona mua i loko o ka ulu lāʻau i ka ou wahi lihi iki o na holoholona hihiu, no laila, i ka hale i kukuluia "ma kona mau wawae," (ma ka lāʻau kukuluaeʻo) no ka maluhia. Upstairs ola o ka ohana, a ma ka attic -ʻuhane. ʻOiai Batak - Karistiano i loko o ka mea maoli manaoio i ka uhane, no ka mea, attics nui e hiki oi aku i ka elua palaoa mua pu. Ma ka home Batak (ma luna o lākou mokupuni e pili ana 6 miliona)'ōlelo kā lākou'ōlelo, akā, no ka nui nona kaʻInidonesia aupuni. He nui nā kanaka ike English.