Ka Molecule o ka waiwai: ke anawaena, ke'ano, ka hanana. He aha ka nui o ka molewai hydrogen?

I ka papa'aina o Mendeleev number 1 ka mea ma'amau i ke ao holo'oko'a - hydrogen. 'O kona māhele'ana, ma ka pālākene, ua kokoke i 75%. Ua'ike'ia ka mea ha'aha'a i ka pae honua - 0.0001%. 'O ka'ōpala o ka Honua he 1% o ke kinoea ma ka nui. 'O ka nui nui i'ike'ia i ka wai: 12%. 'O kā mākou pae honua ka māhele'ekolu o nā māmā i ka pāhola.

Kahi wehewehe

'O ka mole mole,'o ka huina o ia H-H a H2 paha, ua hā'awi'ia i nā'ano kino a me nā kinona.

'O ke kinoea he kinoea i ho'okū'ole'ia i ka'ala a i'ole ke ala. 'O ka wahi o ka hydrogen i ka papa ma ka wahi 1 ma muli o ke'ano ma lalo o nā kūlana like'ole e hiki ke hō'ike iā ia iho me he kila a he kino paha. Ma luna o kona'anu'u waho he ho'okahi kelepona, kahi e hiki ai i ke hydrogen ke hā'awi (nā metallic properties) a lawe i kekahi mea'ē a'e (gas.).

'O ke anawaena o ka moleuma hydrogen he 27 nm.

O ke anawaena o ka hawewe hydrogen 1A, o ka radius 0, 41 A.

Nā Kuleana

Loa'a i ke kino ke'ano penei:

1. Baila aʻela i wahi - 256 ° ^C.
2. 'O ka helu ho'ohehe'e he -259.2 ° C.
3. Kaona ma'amau (D) - 0.069.
4. Hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka waihana i ka wai.

'O nā mea'iliahi kino kēia:

1. 'O ka pilina non-polar i waena o nā mea'āpana o ka mole he mana ka 436 kJ / mol.
2. Thermal dissociation ka mahana o 2000 ° ^C.
3. Nā papahana me:

• Halogens;
• Oxygen;
• Kāne;
• Nitrogen;
• Nitric oxide;
• 'O nā mea hana ma'amau.

Ma lalo o nā'ano kūlohelohe,'ike'ia ke hydrogen ma kona'ano maoli a ma ke'ano o isotopes: protium, deuterium, a tritium.

'O ke'ano o ka mole

'O ka mole mole o ka mea ho'ohālikumu he'ano ma'alahi. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka papahana o ka mole hydrogen e nā pahu'elua, kahi e hele mai ana, e hana i kahi pilina nonpolar pa'a, a me ho'okahi mau paila elekene. 'O ka'ōnaehana o ho'okahi aumoe: 1 kahi'āpono i ho'okumu'ia i kahi o nā mea 1 i ho'onāukiuki'ia i ka ne'e'ana o ka'elepona. Aia kēia koho i ka papahana 1s.

H-1e = H + ua maika'i kēia'eneke hydrogen.

Hō'ike kēia hua'ōlelo i ke'ano o nā ho'ohālike like'ole o ka hui 1 i loko o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele,'o ia ho'i nā metala alkali (lithium, sodium, potassium), hā'awi wale i kā lākou electron wale no i waho.

H + 1e = H - hydrogen ion.

Hō'ike kēia'ōlohelohe e pili ana ke hydrogen i nā mea like'ole mai ka hui 7, he kino ia a hiki iā lākou ke lawe i nā electron e nalowale ana i ko lākou pae'ele'ele o waho. 'O nā'ano kinoea he: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc.

Hō'ike'ia ke'ano o ka mole hydrogen ma luna o ka pae honua.

'O ka mamao ma waena o nā waihā hydrogen is r = 0.74 A,'oiai ka huina o ka hō'ailona kala he 1.06 A. He mea kēia e pili ana i ka hohonu o ka uhi'ana o nā ao'elepona a me ka ho'opa'apa'a ikaika o ka hydrogen.

'O ka hydrogen atom ka mea kumu mua loa ma ke'ano. 'O ka nui o ka'ōnikekike atomic is 10.5 A, a'o ka'owa'u o ho'okahi a'oka he 0.1 nm.

He papahana kūikawā nā'ōmomo holomua. 'O ka'ōnomi atom o protium kahi ho'okahi wale nō proton. Ho'omaopopo'ia ka isotope: 1H.

'O ke'ano o ka ho'olālā ke'ano like me ka complex of protons and neutrons (2H).

3H - tritium - i loko o kona'eneki atomomi i ho'okumu'ia i kahi pu'upu'u me 1 proton a'elua mau palekana.

'O ke kaumaha

Ma ka'epekema, aia kekahi mau'ano e ho'ohālikelike ai i ka nui o ka nui o ka molewai hydrogen. No ka mea e pili ana i ka waehana, ua ho'oholo'ia nā'ōmene a me nā'ōpi'pika'enekini.

'O ka molar nui o ka mole hydrogen e helu'ia mai ke kumu ma'amau:

M = m / n, kahi m ka mikui o ka mea, n ka nui o ia.

'O ka nui o ka atom'o 1.008 amu. No laila, like ka nui o ka mole i 1.008. No ka mea, he'elua mau aumoe ke kumu o ka mole hydrogen,'o ke kaumaha o ke anomika 2.616 a. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka nui o ka mole hydrogen i ka hapani o ka mole (g / mol).

Ka mea nui i ke'ano

'O ka mea nui loa i ke'ano,'o ia ke'ano o hydrogen i loko o kahi pahu me ka oxygen, he wai. 'O ke kai ka puna o ke ola, no laila ke kumu hydrogen he mea pono.

'O ka 100% o nā'ano'enemeneka holo'oko'a e ho'opili i ka'ōlohelohe kino, 1/10 hapa, ai'ole 10%, he waihā. I ka ho'ohui'ana i ka wai, hiki iā ia ke mālama i kahi kūpona protetern quaternary, hiki ke hana'ia, no ke aloha o ka hydrogen.

'O ke kumumana'o o ka ho'ohui like'ana o nā meaola nucleic ka mea pū kekahi me ka hana o ka moleuma hydrogen. I loko o ka pūnaewele kanu, H part i ke ka'ina hana o ke kelepona, ke'ano o ke kolamu, ma ka ho'ololi'ana o ka ikehu ma o nā kahe ma'amau.

Ka ho'ohana

I ka'oihana'enekini, ho'ohana nui'ia ke hydrogen. Ho'opili'ia i ka hana'ana i nā huapalapala pa'akikī, i loko o ka mea hamo, a me ka hana ammonia a me ka menthol.

'O ka'oihana mea'ai: i ka hana'ana i ka mea'ai, ho'ohui'ia ke hydrogen e like me ka mea'ai mea'ai E949. Hiki ke'ike'ia ia mea i ka hō'ailona o ka margarine, ka'aila. Ho'opi'i'ia ke'ano'o E949 e ka'oihana mea'ai o ka Russian Federation.

Ua ho'okomo'ia'o Hydrogen i loko o ka'oihana ākea, no ka mea,'oi aku ka māmā o ka waiwai ma mua o ka ea. No laila, i nā lā he 30 o ke kenekulia i hala, ua piha kēia'ano kinoea i nā pāloloa a me nā ea. Ma muli o ka ha'aha'a a me ka pono o ka ho'ohana'ana, ua ho'ōki koke'ia'o hydrogen e ho'ohana'ia i mea e pa'a ai, no ka mea, ua ulu pinepine ka holo'ana o nā mokulele.

I kēia mau lā, ho'ohana'ia ka kino e like me ka mea'ai i ho'ohana'ia ma ka'oihana ka'awale. Eia na'e, no'ono'o'ia nā'ano o kāna noi no ka hana'ana o nā ukana a me nā ka'a, no ka mea,'a'ole e ho'oku'u'ia ke kino i nā mea'ino'ino i ka lewa i ka wā e puhi'ia ai, a no laila, he pilina ka pilina.

'O kahi mea nui o nā isotopes hydrogen i loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o nā lā'au lapa'au. Ho'ohana'ia'o Deuterium i nā ha'awina pharmacological e ho'oholo ai i ka hana a me nā hopena o ke lā'au i loko o ke kino. Ho'okumu'ia ka Tritium i nā diagnostics radio e like me ke 'ano e ho'oholo i nā hopena o ke kino o ka enzyme metabolism. 'O ka hydrogen kekahi hapa o ka peroxide, a he disinfectant.