Ka oxygen haʻilula. Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina - ka oxygen

Nine hehee ai ka oxygen waiho i loko o ka lua o ka wā VI-ko ka papa kuhikuhi pae o obsolete he pōkole hoʻokolohua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika pakuhi. E like me ka mea hou helu puke maʻamau, - o ka 16th pūʻulu. Ua like hoʻoholo i i e IUPAC i ka 1988. Ka oxygen like me ka mea waiwai o ka haʻilula - O _2. kona papa kuhikuhiE waiwai, kūlana ma ke ano a me ka hoʻokele waiwai e noʻonoʻo. hoʻomaka mākou me ka hōʻike o ka holoʻokoʻa pae o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oihana, a ua alai ae ma ka oxygen. Hehee ai i kekahi mai kona congeners me ka chalcogen, a me ka mea okoa, mai hydrogen ka wai i ka hui o ka luaipele, selenium a me ka tellurium. I ka ho'ākāka 'ana no nā mea a pau i nāʻano a e loaʻa, wale e aʻo e pili ana i ka' ole a me ka waiwai o ka'Ātoma.

Chalcogens - nā kumu mua o oxygen

Similar waiwai o na nā'ātoma kuahene he hookahi pūʻulu i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Oxygen ma ua poai puni ia e ka ohana o chalcogens, akā, i kekahi mai o ia mau mea i loko o ka helu ana i ka waiwai.

Ke'ātoma nuipa o o oxygen - ke kupuna pūʻulu - He 16 He. .. E M chalcogen i huiʻia me ka kahua o ka hydrogen a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ho'āʻo lākou maʻamau'okesaside moku'āina -2. No ka paha, haku o ka wai (H ₂ O)'okesaside helu o ka o oxygen mea -2.

Haku mele 'ana o typical hydrogen chalcogen i huiʻia o ka mau haʻilula: H ₂ R. ka noho male' ana o kēia mau waiwai i hanaʻakika. Wale hydrogen ka ponaʻana o oxygen - wai - ua kūikawā waiwai. E like me nā haʻina o nā kānakaʻepekema, keia waiwai ka hana a me ka loa nawaliwaliʻakika, a me ka loa nawaliwali kumu.

Luaipele, selenium a me ka tellurium i typical maikaʻi'okesaside moku'āina (+4, +6) ma i huiʻia me ka o oxygen a me nā 'ole-ke hooheheeia me kiʻekiʻe electronegativity (EO). Haku mele 'ana chalcogen oxides noonoo i ka mau haʻilula: RO _2, RO _3. Ka mea, i ka haku mele 'ana e likeʻakika: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Oihana mua hoʻopili like ke ano waiwai: oxygen, luaipele, selenium, tellurium a me ka polonium. Ka muaʻekolu lālā ho'āʻo mea hao waiwai. Oxygen ma haʻilula - About _2. Allotropic hooponopono hou ana o ka mea hookahi hehee ai -'okikene kolu (O _3). He mau wale nō nā kinoea. Luaipele a me ka selenium - paa ole-ke hooheheeia. Tellurium - metalloid waiwai, he alakaʻi mele o ka uila papa, polonium - metala.

Oxygen ma - ka loa nui hehee ai

Ka huina maʻiʻo o nā'ātoma o ka hehee ai i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa mea e pili ana i 47% (ma ke kaupaonaʻana). Oxygen ma ua loaʻa i loko o noa palapala, a me hapa o mau pili 'o Randy. Simple waiwai nui, nona ka haʻilula o ka O ₂ mea i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka lewa, aha 21% ea (ma ka leo). Hakakino oxygen ma ua mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai, ia mea ma waena o ka lepo (particles).

Ua ike mua ia he mea kekahi ano o ke ola ana o ka ia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka palapala o ka mea waiwai. Kēia'okikene kolu - kinoea ho okumu ia ma kahi o 30 ei, mai ka 'ilikai, ahu iho, pinepine kapa'okikene kolu pale. Ua nakiiia ma ka oxygen komo ka wai nā lātoma i loko o ka nui pōhaku a me nā minelala hao, ke aloha i huiʻia.

'Ole ka oxygen'Ātoma

Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina he piha 'ike e pili ana o oxygen.

1. Ke pūkaʻina helu o ka hehee ai - 8.
2. nukelea kauoha - +8.
3. I ka huina helu o ka huina'ine - 8.
4. Electronic oxygen ma haʻilula - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

Ma ke ano maoli, ma laila nō ka pilina paʻa ekolu isotopes, a i ka ia ke kaʻina, helu i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table, he'ālike haku mele 'ana o protons a me electrons, akā, he okoa ka helu o neutrons. Isotopes i denoted ma ka ia hōʻailona - O. No ka nane hea pakuhi e hoike ana i ka haku mele 'ana o ka ekolu ka oxygen isotopes:

Waiwai o ka o oxygen - he Nine Inch hehee ai

Ma 2p sublevel'Ātoma i mau unpaired electrons, a wehewehe i keʻano o ka'okesaside -2 a +2. hiki ole elua hui kaulua electrons hoʻokaʻawale, a hiki i ke degere o ka'okesaside mahuahua i eha e like me ka luaipele a me nā chalcogenides. Ke kumu - nele o noa sublayer. No laila, ka mea i huiʻia o ka Nine Inch hehee ai, aole ia i ho'āʻo i oxygen valence a me ka'okesaside moku'āina like pūʻulu helu i loko o ka pōkole mana o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana (6). Ka'okesaside helu mea -2 no ia.

Wale me ka fluorine hui hōʻike oxygen ma uncharacteristic maikaʻi'okesaside moku'āina o +2 no ia. EO waiwai o nāʻokoʻa ikaika nonmetals: EA (D) = 3.5; Ee (F) = 4. E like me ka oi electronegative hehee ai, fluoro ikaika hoopaa mai ai i kona valence electrons, a,ʻo nā (particles) a hiki i ka mawaho ikehu kiʻekiʻe o ka ka oxygen'Ātoma. No laila, i loko o ka naoh me ka fluorine ia mea i oxygen hoemi Agena nalowale electrons.

Oxygen ma - he mea waiwai

D. English noiʻi Priestley i ka 1774 i loko o ka papa o ka ho okolohua hōʻike 'kinoea ma ka decomposition o Hereme'okesaside. Mau makahiki mua, i ka ia waiwai i loko o kona maemae ano ua K. Scheele. Wale i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope, i ka Palani chemist Antoine Lavoisier loaʻa ia no ka kinoea mea i kekahi hapa o ka lewa, a ua aʻo ka waiwai. Nine oxygen ma haʻilula - O _2. Noonoo kākau i haku mele 'ana o ka mea electrons komo i loko o ke kahua o ka ole-Polar covalent hoopaa - O O ::. E puku i kēlā me kēia ka ponaʻana huina'ine paʻa me kekahi laina: O = O. Oia ka oxygen haʻilula maopopo hōʻike i nā nā'ātoma ma ka lātoma i ua hoʻopiliʻia nā, he pono ole huina'ine hui.

Hana na mea helu, a hooholo i mea na hoahanau hakakino nui o ka o oxygen: Mr (O ₂₎ ='Ara (O) m 2 = 16 m 2 = 32. No ka mea, e like me: (. Air) Mr = 29. oxygen ma Nine haʻilula ÿokoÿa mai'okikene kolu hoʻokahi ka oxygen'Ātoma. Nolaila, Mr (O ₃₎ = Ara (O) m 3 = 48.'okikene kolu ma o oxygen mea 1.5 manawa kaumaha.

physical waiwai

Oxygen ma - He kinoea me ke kala, hoao aku la, a me ka honi (ma maʻamau ka mahana a me ka puʻe like i ka lewa puʻe). Ke substance Ua iki kaumaha ia ma mua o lewa; wailana i loko o ka wai, akā, ma ka liʻiliʻi mea. Heheʻe wahi oxygen ma ka io a me ka mea -218,3 ° C. Ka wahi i i ke kinowai ai oxygen ma ua huli mai hoʻi i loko o ke kinoea - o kona baila aʻela i mahana. No O ₂ nā lātoma waiwai o keia physical nui kīnā -182,96 ° C. ʻO ka wai a me ka paa o oxygen lilo he kukui-uliuli waihoʻoluʻu.

Kaniak oxygen ma loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua

I ka enaena, oxygen ma-na waiwai e like me potasiuma permanganate, ua anao? Aou he colorless kinoea i hiki ke ohi ia ma ka alabata, a Tube. Inā 'oe e ka maemae o oxygen lama i ho'ā, e kuni i ka oi brightly ma mua i loko o ka lewa. Mau 'ē aʻe keʻena hoʻokolohua hana no ka hana i oxygen - decomposition o ka hydrogen peroxide a me ka potasiuma chlorate (potasiuma chlorate). E noonoo oe i ka huakai kaapuni ka manaʻo, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka thermal decomposition.

Ma ka hōʻike şarkı a me ka poepoe-waʻa hohonu alabata mea pono ke ninini i ka iki potasiuma chlorate, pani i ka pani me ke kinoea mākeke Tube. Kona ku pono ana i hope e e hoʻouna (papa anuʻu loa kai) hulu i lalo ke alo i loko o ka alabata. Ka'ā'ī E e hōʻike pū 'ana i loko o ke aniani a punahelu piha i ka wai. I ka hahana loa o oxygen ua hookuu mai ka şarkı chlorate paakai. E like me ka mea komo i ka mahu şarkı i loko o ka alabata, pau ka wai mai ia. A hiki aku ua piha i ke kukui a me kinoea, kona paʻa papa anuʻu loa kai pani'ōmole a me ka hulu. I loaa i loko o kēia keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, oxygen hiki ke hoʻohana i ka noiʻi i ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai.

aa ana

Inā ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hāpai mai i ka'ā o ka waiwai i loko o oxygen, ia mea pono e ike, a like me ke ahi rula. Hydrogen ua combusted instantaneously i loko o ka lewa, i hui pūʻia me ka o oxygen i loko o ka lākiō o ka 2: 1, ia mea pahū. waiwai'ā i loko o ke gula i oxygen mea nui oi, pili ma mua i loko o ka lewa. Keia ua wehewehe ia e ka kŰia o ka lewa haku mele 'ana. Oxygen ma loko o ka lewa, ua uuku oi ma mua o 1.5 māhele (21%). 'ā - he naoh waiwai me ka oxygen, a kūpono ma kekahi huahana,ʻano nui oxides o ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals. Oxidising hui o ka O ₂ me ka flammable waiwai, ma ka hou, ke kūpono i huiʻia hiki eʻawahia.

'āʻike mau kukui ( 'ole ihoiho) pu ma ke kahua o ka o carbon dioxide. ʻO kēia hoʻokolohua hiki ke hana ma ka hale. Inā i ka waiwai, e kuni i ka mea ma lalo o ke aniani ipu a me ka nui kiaha, i ke'ā, e oki koke i ka oxygen ma a pau ua hoopauia. Naikokene 'Aʻole i kākoʻo hanu a me ka'ā. I carbon dioxide -'okesaside huahana - hou reacts me ka oxygen. Ka aniani moakaka limewater hiki huai ae i ke alo o ke kalapona'okikene lua ma luna o ke ahi kukui. Inā'ā huahana kekahi, ma ke kalipuna hydroxide, ka pāʻoihana i kia. Nine naoh ia lŘlŘ ma waena o ka Lime wai a me ka i carbon dioxide, loaa insoluble paʻapuna.

Makaukau o ka o oxygen ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole

Ka makepono kaʻina, ma i nā lātoma i loaa noa o ka lewa O _2,ʻaʻole me ka hali ana mai Nine Inch reactions pili. I ka hana, no ka laʻana, ma ka mea wili kila, i ka lewa i haʻahaʻa ka mahana, a kiʻekiʻe puʻe liquefied. Ua nui maoli ka lewa eiiiiiaiou e like me o oxygen, a naikokene, mai hehe ma kekahi mau mahana. Hoʻokaʻawale i ka lewa ukuhiia me gradual lalana ana ia ia i ka Ambient ana wela. Mua, naikokene nā lātoma i kūlana, a laila ka oxygen. I ka papa hana o ke kaawale ana ma muli o kekahi mau physical waiwai o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona. Haʻilula alodio waiwai o ka o oxygen, oia ka ia me ka mea i mua o ka ka huʻihuʻiʻana a me ka liquefaction o ka lewa, - O _2.

E like me ka hopena, kekahi o ka electrolysis reactions, hoi, oxygen, ua ohi ia ma o ka AYEIE'ūholo uila. Kinoea pono o ka hanalima, no? Ieoaeunoaa poʻe i loko o nui puke. Oxygen ma koi ua mau e ulu ana, o ka oi aku nele ia i ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. Waiho waho huahana kinoea no ka hanalima a me ka 'inikua manao ma ka kila nā paukūʻolokaʻa, i hoʻolako pono me ka omaka. An oxygen ma pahu palaheʻa i ka uliuli a me ka uliuli ke kala, e maopopo ia mai nā liquified kinoea - naikokene, methane, ammonia.

Nine ho omaulia ka nānā 'ana ma luna o nā papakuhikuhi a me nā helu kaulike o reactions pili i O ₂ nā lātoma

Ka laulā waiwai o ka molar nui o ka o oxygen coincides me kekahi mea - i pili hakakino nuipa a. Wale nō i loko o ka hihia mua, he mau huahelu. Pokole haʻilula oxygen ma waiwai, a me kona hakakino kaupaona pono e palapala like: M (O ₂₎ = 32 g. / Mol. Ma lalo o maʻamau kumu kameleona o kekahi kinoea ka leo hoʻopili like i 22,4 nā lika. Nolaila, 1 Mol o ka O ₂ - Ua 22,4 nā lika substance 2 iole O ₂ - 44,8 nā lika. E like me ka helu kaulike o ka naoh ma waena o hydrogen a me ka oxygen hiki ke ike i pane koke 2 iole o ka hydrogen a me kekahi kameleona o o oxygen.

Inā i ka hula o ka naoh o 1 Mol o hydrogen, ka oxygen ma ka nui o 0.5 Mol • 22,4 L / Mol = 11,2 nā lika.

Ke kūlana o ka O ₂ nā lātoma ma ke ano maoli, a kanaka ola

Ka oxygen ma hoopauia e ola meaola ma ka Honua, me ka ua 'ole ma o ka holo o ka waiwai ma ka oi o ka 3 ieeeea makahiki. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai no ka hanu a me ka pūnao, ka mea hiki ke decompose māhuaola nā lātoma synthesized ma ke kino pono i ka ikehu. Oxygen ma ua mau hoʻopau i loko o ke ao nei, akā, i niuniu kona me ke koe ma kāʻamaʻai. Russian nä känaka 'epekema K. Timiryazev manaoio ia no a hiki i keia kaʻina he mea nō ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua.

He nui ka ke kūlana o ka o oxygen ma ka 'ano a me ka hoʻokele waiwai:

• hoʻokemuʻia i ka hanu ola meaola;
• komo i loko o nā reactions o kāʻamaʻai i ka mea kanu;
• hapa o ka ke aloha lātoma;
• palaho keʻano o ka hanaʻana, fermentation, rusting ana me ke komo 'ana o ka o oxygen ana me oxidant;
• hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha huahana.

Na liquefied oxygen ma nā paukūʻolokaʻa i hoʻohana no ka oki a kuʻihao ke hooheheeia ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai i loko o ka mīkini-hale kanu, ma ka amo, a kukulu poe. No ka hana ma lalo o ka wai, lola honua, ma kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena i loko o ka holo kanaka i pono i ka O ₂ lātoma. Oxygen ma poʻina nalu i hoʻohana ma ka lapaau e hoʻowaiwai i ka haku mele 'ana o ka lewa ana e ka poʻe i poe mai no ia. Kinoea no ka 'inikua hana, wehewehe aku ma ka aneane piha nele o oaoieei-impurities, ala.

Oxygen ma - ka hemolele oxidizer

Ike i oxygen i huiia me nā mea a pau Nine Inch oihana mua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, koe wale no na elele mua o ka ohana o ka pohihihi keia kinoea. He nui 'ona' ana pane koke me ka o oxygen nā'ātoma, Ma waho aʻeo ka halogens, ke gula a me ka platinum. O ka nui nō kaʻike manaʻo pili i oxygen, a i pu ma ke kala ana o ka malamalama a me ka wela. Ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka hale a me ka hana. Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i eliia reacting me ka o oxygen kapa ae hoʻolele. Mālama '-lepo i eliia, ua hui me ka o oxygen-waiwai lewa. Ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela i ka loaa ana o ke hooheheeia mai sulfide i ka mea waiwai. Pela i loaa ka hao a me kekahi ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia. Ke alo aku o ka maemae o oxygen hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i ka uku o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o kaʻokoʻa lala o kemika, 'enekinia, a me ka metallurgy.

I ka helehelena o ka nike iaoia no ka hana i oxygen mai ka lewa ma ka kaawale ana i loko o kona eiiiiiaiou ma haʻahaʻa wela, ua hauma¯na ka hooulu ana o nā hana o hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Chemists manaʻo lātoma O ₂ a me O nā'ātoma maikaʻi oxidizing konohiki. Mau mea maoli mea, ka mea e mau hana hou i loko o ke ano maoli, mai hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni. Eia hou kekahi, Nine Inch reactions pili i ka oxygen pinepine pau me ka hoʻololi kemikala o hou kekahi maoli a me ka maluhia huahana - wai. Ke kūlana o ka O ₂ i loko o ka wehe 'ia o kaʻawahia hanalima neoneo ka wai huikala mai impurities. Eia kekahi o oxygen ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka disinfection o kona allotropic ka hoʻololi' ana -'okikene kolu. Ua noʻonoʻo waiwai paʻa kiʻekiʻe oxidizing haʻawina. I ka wai ozonization decompose pollutants. 'okikene kolu Ua hoi detrimental hopena ma pathogenic microflora.