Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana: ka Mea Maluna o ka Nine Inch hehee wale

Ma ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia loaʻa nā ho'āʻo likeʻole e hoonohonoho oihana mua, a hui pu iho la ke hooheheeia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Eia kahi mea akaka keia hana o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia moʻolelo i hala, e like me Nine Inch Ka Ikepili.

Mai ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kahua o ka oihana mua

E ho ohana i ka like iaoia no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka hana i ho'ākāka 'Nine Inch waiwai o ka manawaʻepekema i ho'āʻo i ka hui pu iho i ka hui o ka oihana mua, alakaʻiʻia e lākou laupaʻi ano, a me ka'ātoma kaupaona.

E ho ohana i'ātoma ke kaupaona

Penei, IV Dubereyner i ka 1817 hoʻoholo ihola i ka'ātoma kaumaha o ka strontium mea i 'ano like me ka AYEIE nā hoailona o ka barium a me ka kalipuna. ike mai la no hoi ia ma waena o nā waiwai o ka barium, strontium, kalipuna, a ma laila nō loa he wahi lihi iki ma, he pono ole. Ma muli o kēia mau loina kaulana chemist aha ai-kapaia triad hehee wale. I like pūʻulu i Ua merged a me nā waiwai:

• luaipele, selenium, tellurium;
• chloro, bromo, iodo;
• likiuma, paʻakai, potasiuma.

Mea Maluna Nine Inch mall

L. Gmelin i ka 1843 i kaumaha aku ai i ka papaʻaina i ua waiho like i loko o Nine Inch waiwai o nā kumu i loko o ka ikaika mea. Naikokene, hydrogen, oxygen, ka mea, ua manaoio aku i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o kaʻeleu chemist waiho mawaho o kona papaʻaina.

Ma lalo o ka oxygen ma ka mea, ua waihoia tetrad (4 huahelu), a me nā pentads (5 huahelu) hehee wale. Ke hooheheeia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i haawiia e Berzelius terminology. Like Hapai Gmelin, a pau kumu mua i ua hoʻouka kekahi e emi i ka electronegativity waiwai i loko o kēlā me kēia subgroup o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu.

Hoʻohuiʻia hehee wale hoʻopapakū

Alexander Emile de Ka Chancourtois i ka 1863 i pau na kumu mua i ka mahuahua'ātoma paona ma ka paukūʻolokaʻa, mahele ia i loko o kekahi mau vertical kaula. E like me ka hopena o ia i kekahi mahele i loko o verticals mau oihana mua ua like ke kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai.

Ke kānāwai o octaves

D. Newlands loaa i ka 1864 loa he hoihoi 'kumu. A hiki i ka wahi o ka Nine Inch hehee wale ma ka mahuahua o ko lakou'ātoma paona no kela a me keia o ka walu o ka lala me aʻo Kīwala'ō mua ua 'akomi i. Kēia mea i kapaia o Newlands kānāwai o octaves (ewalu memo).

Kona papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana ua nui conditional, no laila, i ka manaʻo o ka Luna nä känaka 'epekema i kapa ia "Octave" mana, ai pili aku ana me ke mele. I koho Newlands i ka hoʻopuniʻana i ka laekahi 'ole o ka SS. Akā, i ka i olelo ia kānāwai o octaves, 17 wale oihana mua noho ma kā lākou mau papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika waiwai i loko o ka hoailona o ia mau kanawai i koe iʻaʻole i loaʻa.

Odling papaʻaina

W. Odling hooku iho la ia mau koho no ka oihana mua o ka papa. Ma ka mana mua, hana i ka 1857, ka mea, ua manaoia e māhelehele au iā lāua i loko o 9 pūʻulu. I ka 1861, i ka chemist i kekahi ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i ka palapala mana o ka papaʻaina, hui ma ka pae nā hōʻailona me nā' ano like Nine Inch waiwai.

Koho Odling papa, i manaoia ma ka 1868,? Aaeaaaaony i ka wahi o ka 45 kumumea ma ka hoʻoulu'ātoma paona. Incidentally, ua papaʻaina ma hope lilo i ka prototype o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana D. I. Mendeleeva.

I ka mahele o ka valence

L. Meyer i ka 1864, i kaumaha aku ai i ka papaʻaina i komo he 44 hehee ai. Ka mea, ua waihoia lakou ma ka 6-pelaha, e like me ka valence o ka hydrogen. Ka papaʻaina ua pono nā māhele. Summary lawe pu eono pūʻulu komo he 28 na hoailona pii'ātoma paona. Ma kona 'ole pentad, a nana aku la au, mai tetrads me ka like Nine Inch waiwai huapalapala. Ke koe oihana mua o Meyer hoonoho i loko o ka lua o ka papaʻaina.

Ka makana D. I. Mendeleeva a hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka papaʻaina a hehee wale

ʻO kēia papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina D. I. Mendeleevaʻikeʻia ma muli o Mayer papa 'ohi ai i ka 1869. Ma ka lua o ka mana Mayer Ua waiho me na hoailona hoi ma ka 16 pūʻulu, i na oihana mua pentads a me ka puke noke, haawi mai i ka ike Nine Inch waiwai. Kahi mea hoʻohana i ka mea valence helu pūʻulu. Aia i loko o laila boron, thorium, hydrogen, niobium, uranium.

Ka 'ole o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana i loko o ke ano o i ua poe ma kaʻikena a paʻi ikea koke. ka papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao Ekolu hiki ke ike okoa, i ka wa i hana i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana:

1. I ka mana mua o ka papaʻaina i hooku iho la ia ia ma ka mall naehana. Hahai I papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika ano o ka pili ma waena o ka waiwai o na kumu mua, a me nā loina o ko lākou'ātoma paona. Kēia AOAIAaOO Kahiamoe ka Mea Maluna Mendeleev'ōlelo i loko o 1868-1869 GG.
2. Nä känaka 'epekema, haalele aku la ka palapala'ōnaehana, no ka mea, aole ia e noonoo i nā ana hoʻohālike i a hehee wale e hāʻule i loko o ka ua kia ao. He kaumaha ana i ka waiho na hoailona ma aʻo Kīwala'ō o ka Nine Inch waiwai (February 1869)
3. I ka 1870, Dmitri Mendeleev i hōʻike mai iā ia i ka 'epekema ao nei i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina.

Version Russian chemist hoʻoholo a me ka oihana o ke hooheheeia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a me ka oi ole-ke hooheheeia waiwai. I ka makahiki i hala i hope o ka Edition mua o ka ingenious hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, aole ia i undergone kekahi nui loli. A i loko o ia mau wahi i i ua waiho hakahaka ma ka manawa o Dmitry Ivanovich, hou hehee wale ikeia ma hope o kona make ana.

Hiʻona o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina

No ke aha ka mea, ua manaoio aku i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia nenoaiu - papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika? Kēia Ua wehewehe ma ke 'o ka' ole o ka papaʻaina.

I huina, he 8 pūʻulu, a me kela mea keia mea he mau subgroups: iniiaiie (ka papa kuhikuhiE) a me ka sideline. Ua huli mai i nā mea a pau subgroups o 16. Ua loaa hoʻopapakū, i mea, mai luna a lalo.

Eia hou, i loko o ka papaʻaina, ma laila e ana papamoe, lalani kapa manawa. Lakou no hoi i ko lakou hou mahele i loko o ka poe liilii, a me ka nui. Ano o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana komo ai ka malama ana i hehee ai wahi, i kona pae a me ka subgroup wā.

Pehea e hoʻololi i ka waiwai ma ka nui subgroups

A pau nui subgroups o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o ka oihana mua hoʻomaka o ka lua o ka wā. Ma na hoailona a pau a hiki i ka ia ka papa kuhikuhi pae, i ka helu o waho electrons o ka ia, akā, i ka mamao ma waena o ka electrons, a me ka hope maikaʻi Kernel loli.

Eia hou kekahi, ma luna o lākou, a he mea i ulu i loko o ka'ātoma kaumaha (pili'ātoma nuipa) o ka hehee ai. I keia huahelu o ka hoomaopopo ana ololi i loko o nä kumu hoohalike o ka loli ana i ka waiwai o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups.

Mai ka kahahńnai (mamao ma waena o ka maikaʻi kāna mau 'ōlelo a me ka io electrons mawaho) i ka papa kuhikuhiE iiaciiie-pae, piʻi pū, nonmetallic waiwai (hiki iloko o Nine Inch loli' lawe electrons) emi. E pili ana i loli mea hao waiwai (nā'ātoma'ē aʻe recoil electrons), ka mea e mahuahua.

E ho ohana i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana hiki ke hoohalikeia ai i kekahi i kekahi waiwai o kekahi mau elele o ka ia ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu. I kekahi manawa, i ka wa i hanaiaʻi ka Mendeleev papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, uaʻaʻohe 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka mea. Kahaha ko oukou naau o ka mea e koke ae originated i ka kumumanaʻo o'ātoma 'ole, aʻo i loko o nā kula a me ka hoʻonaʻauao holoʻokoʻa o Nine Inch kulanui a me ka manawa, ua hookupaa iho la ia i ke kuhiakau o Mendeleev, a i hōʻole i kona mea mahuʻi ma ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma i loko o ka papaʻaina.

Electronegativity emi i ka lalo i loko o nui subgroups, a laila ka haʻahaʻa hehee ai ua aia i loko o ka pae, ai kona hiki e paʻa nā'ātoma e e emi.

Loli o ka waiwai o na nā'ātoma i loko o kaʻaoʻao subgroups

Mai ka Mendeleyev papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, i ka loli i loko o ka waiwai o ia mau subgroups ia lŘlŘ loko aʻe mea. Nā subgroups nā kumumea mai ka manawa i 4 (d a me ka [illegible] 'elele o nāʻohana). Ma ka lalo o kēia mau subgroups hoemi i mea hao waiwai, akā, me ka helu ana o waho electrons o ka ia no ka lala a pau o ka mea hookahi subgroup.

Avilable manawa ma PS

Kēlā me kēia hou manawa, koe wale no ka mea mua, ma Table Lūkini chemist hoʻomakaʻeleu mekala 'åkilikai metala. Eia hoopakele amphoteric ke hooheheeia, hoike i ka pālua waiwai o Nine Inch loli '. A laila, loaʻa nō kekahi mau 'ole-mea hao hehee wale waiwai. Manawa welau a me ka inert kinoea (ole-metala, he mea hiki, e hoike reactivity).

Ua haawiia i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu, ma na manawa he mea he loli o ka ha awina. Mai haʻalele i ka akau, e emi i ka hoemi ha awina (mea hao waiwai) mahuahua'okesaside hope ( 'ole-mea hao waiwai). Ke'ī mai, ka mea brightest ke hooheheeia ma ka manawa ma ka hema a me ka pono 'ole-ke hooheheeia.

I ka lōʻihi manawa, iloko olaila aʻelua hoʻi lālani (4-7), no hoi eia kahi mea akaka Periodical ano, akā, no ka mea, o ke alo o ka poeikohoia o ka D a [illegible] o kaʻohana, me ka mea hao hehee wale i loko o ka hopena ua mea 'ē aʻe.

Ka inoa o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups

Part o ka pae ana o hehee wale i loaʻa i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i kā lākou mau inoa. Me ka Poeikohoia o ka mea mua pūʻulu A subgroup kapaia mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia. Similar inoa i eliiaʻi aie kā lākou hana i ka wai, kūpono ma ka ho okumu o caustic mekala 'åkilikai.

A subgroup o ka lua o ka pūʻulu ua kuhi 'ākilikai honua ke hooheheeia. I ka interacting me ka wai, i kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia hana oxides, hookahi kapaʻia aina. Ua mea, mai ia manawa, a i häʻawi mai ai iä na lala o keia subgroup o like inoa.

Ole-ke hooheheeia oxygen ma subgroup kapaia chalcogens, a me ka poeikohoia o ka 7 A pae i kapaʻia nā halogens. 8 A subgroup kapaia maikai, kinoea no o kona ka palena haʻahaʻa Nine Inch hope.

PS i loko o ka papa kula

No nā haumāna pele mohai Lolina o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ma kahi a ma ka hou i nā pūʻulu, subgroups manawa no hoi i hōʻike haʻilula, a luna e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie i huiʻia, a kiekie ae oxides. A like liana e leie aku ka kahua o nā haumāna 'nā mākau i ka makaukau o ke kiekie oxides. Lawa ma ka lieu hehee ai ae pani hōʻailona 'elele subgroup e kiʻi makaukau no ka mea kiekie loa'okesaside.

Inā e nānā pono i ka mau ano o yiaeaiiacaaeneiie hydrogen i huiʻia, Ua akaka no i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i' ole-ke hooheheeia. Ma nā pūʻulu 1-3 mau dashes, like typical lunamakaainana o kēia mau pūʻulu i ke hooheheeia.

Eia kekahi, i loko o kekahi puke o kemika no kela a me keia hoailona o ka huina'ine puʻunaue kiʻikuhi hōʻike i ka ikehu pae. Kēia 'ike hakuʻole i loko o ke au o Mendeleev, e like' epekema kūʻiʻo Ua ikea nui hope.

Kekahi ke ike a me ka haʻilula mawaho lolouilaʻilikai ma i ka oluolu, e koho i ka 'ohana nā kaʻeleu hehee ai. Mau kōkua 'aʻole' ae i loko o na kau hōʻike, no laila, puka o 9 a me 11 papa, ua hoʻoholo ihola e hōʻike aku i ko lakou Nine Inch ike i ka OGE, a me ka hōʻike, e haawi mai i ka Classicʻeleʻele, a keʻokeʻo hoʻokolohua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ma ka a loaʻa nō ole hou lāliʻi e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma, na nā papakuhikuhi o kiekie oxides, haku o yiaeaiiacaaeneiie hydrogen hui .

Oia ka olelo hooholo Ua Logical a me ka maopopo, no ka mea, no ka poe haumāna mea i hoʻoholo e hahai ma nā kapuwaʻi o Mendeleyev a me Lomonosov, e ole e paakiki e hoʻohana i ka Classic mana o ka 'oihana, ka mea wale mai i pono ai kōkua.

Ia mea i ke kānāwai, a me ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaia D. I. Mendeleeva hoʻokani i ke kūlanaʻano nui i loko o ka hou kūpono 'ana o ka'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo. Ma hope o kou ho okumu i ka'ōnaehana, hoomaka kānakaʻepekema, e uku hou hoʻolohe i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka haku mele' ana o ka hehee ai. Table kōkua e möakäka hou i kekahi 'ike e pili ana i na mea waiwai, e like me ke' ano a me ka waiwai o na kumu o ka a lakou i hana ai.

Mendeleyev ia ia iho, manao iho la e hou oihana mua e weheia e koke, a ua hoakaka no ka oihana o ke hooheheeia ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ua mea ma hope o ka nānā aku o ka la mahope, hoomaka ae la ke au hou i loko o ka kemika. Eia kekahi, he kaumaha hoʻomaka 'Ua haawiia mai i ka lilo i ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā sciences, e pili ana me ka' ole o nā'ātoma a me ka hope o ka oihana mua.