Kālaiʻike Berdyaev

Berdyaev (1874-1948) i hele mai, mai ke aliʻi ohana. Oiai këia ma ke Kulanui o Kiev, hoomaka ae la e hele ana i ka hoopuni o Social Democratsʻo ia, a lilo hoihoi i loko o nā manaʻo o Marxism. Mua i loko o kēia wā e lilo mai ai ia hoihoi i loko o philosophical nīnau, au heluhelu Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Marx, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Tolstoy. I nā hana kona kālaiʻike iho o Berdyaev, i ka piko o ka a ua he haipule idealist kālaiʻike. Over manawa, lilo 'o ia i kekahi o ka loa e ku kiʻiʻoniʻoni o materialism a me Marxism.

Kona worldview i hana i ka hana ma luna o "ka ninaninau 'ana o Life" a me ka "New Way". He ua i ka hoʻokumu o ke kahuna-philosophical hui, i kapaia "hoomanao Soloviev." I ka 1911 i kana hana mua ia paʻi. "Ke akeakamai o ke ku okoa ana," Berdyaev ia i ka pau 'ana o kona manaopaa i loko o ka hoaponoia o ke akeakamai o "Neo-Kristiano" a me ka wehewehena o "hou haipule ike paka i". I ka 1916 iʻikeʻia kāna kekahi hana, "ka Meaning oʻike hoʻokumu", a ike i kona mau manaʻo.

Ka First World War nui i alakaʻi ai i ka heluia, o ka poe akeakamai, ka mea i lawe ia i ka welau o ka humanistic mōʻaukala. Historical ikaika ua i hiki ke hoʻokō i ka huakaʻi o ka hawaiano o Christian manaʻo kanaka, ua ike wale i loko o Rusia. He nolaila ikaika aloha i ka FeberuariʻOiʻenehana , a me ka Okatoba ia negatively ike. Ka Bolshevik socialism i loko o kona puke "i ke akeakamai o ka like ole" kapa aku la ia "mea, hoʻoikaika ihola i ka hoahanau."

Berdyaev i hana i ka Free Academy o ka uhane Culture. Ke rejection o ka Bolshevik ideology ua kena ae la ia ia imua o na mana, ia i hopu,ʻelua hahauʻana i loko o 1922 - hoouna kahi'ē no ka "philosophical moku".

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana i ka hoike kanaka kālaiʻike o Berdyaev, i hanaia i loko o ke au o ka pio (Pelelina mua, a laila, i ke Palani kulanakauhale o Clamart). Kona nui na hana - "akeakamai o ka Free Uhane", "ka Meaning oʻike hoʻokumu", "noho kauā kuapaʻa, a me kanaka ku okoa ana", "Uhane a me ka Pahele," "aupuni o ka Uhane, a ke aupuni o Kaisara," ". Ka hana o ka eschatological metaphysics"

Ke kikowaena o kona philosophical noʻonoʻo - ka theme like ana o ke kanaka. Berdyaev ka kālaiʻike i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka postulate o ke ku okoa ana o kaʻike hoʻokumu a me kanaka. Kona ao ua haawiia i ka mea kū i ka existentialism a me ka personalism.

Berdyaev manaoio i kanaka ano loneliness, ahiahi a me ka abandonment mea i uhukiia i loko o ka nohona 'ia, e hookauwaia oukou i ke kanaka, a me kėia maaweawe ordinariness. Mai hana kaumaha ka makaʻu o ka ke kanaka mea hiki e noa ai ka wale akeakamai i mea he Hopu mai ka hāwāwā, laweia kanaka o ke ao nei (ka hana "au a me ke ao ana o mea," a Berdyaev kakau iho koke).

Ke akeakamai o ke ku okoa ana i loko o kāna hana i ua hōʻike ma na paʻi puke, i waena o lākou i ka "pakiko-ike". Kona ao ana i nona ma kōkuaʻana i ke kanaka, e lawe i ka proactive, a makakū kulana, pela ka uhaʻiʻana i ka hemahema o ke ola.

Kona ekolu papa kuhikuhiE manaʻo - o ka manaʻo o ka "paʻa Karistiano," ka manaʻo o ke ku okoa ana a me kaʻike hoʻokumu o ka hoʻololi aʻe. I mau, me kona ike paradoskalno hoʻomaopop 'ano o ke ola ka hoʻoponopono ulia, a pilialoha i ka ia manawa hilinai i ka lanakila o ka maikaʻi.

E like me ka haipule thinker Berdyaev i hana mai i kekahi palapala cosmogonic nānaina o ko ke ao nei. Ma mua o ke ola ola luahohonu (ka irrational moku'āina o ke ku okoa ana). Oia hoi, i mua e loa na mea a pau, o ke Akua, ka mea i hanau, a ma hope i hana i ka honua a me ka poe kanaka ku okoa. O ke Akua i ninini mai i ka uhane hanu ana ia i loko o kanaka. No laila, i ke ao nei, he mau kumu: o ka uhane a me ke ku okoa. Mau kumu i hui ma ka ke kanaka, a hoole aku paha i kekahi i kekahi. Ka Uhane He iniiaiie i pili i ka mea ao a me ka oi nui no kānaka. No ka mea, kŰia ike a me ka hoʻoponopono '-ike paka ana o na kanaka.

Berdyaev ka kālaiʻike i kaumaha aku i ka maikaʻi o ke ku okoa ana o ka hui, a kapa aku la ia "personalist socialism," i ke ano o ka primacy o ke kanaka ma luna o ke kaiāulu. Akā, i kēia anaina kanaka o nā kanaka hiki ole loaʻa i loko o ka hui, akā, wale i loko o ke Akua ( "collegiality"). No laila, i ke ano o ke kanaka mōʻaukala o ka oihana o ke aupuni o ke Akua. Ka Honua ka mōʻaukala mea finite, akā, ka mea,ʻaʻole he hewa, a me ka lanakila o ka inaina, a me ka anonymity objectification.