Kalapona nanotubes:-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, hoʻohana, ka waiwai

Energy mea nui i hana, a Radio nui he kūlana i kanaka ola. Ka ikehu moku'āina o ka aina hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana ana o na mea he nui ka noiʻi i loko o ka hana. I kēia lā, ka mea e huli no ka ikehu kaʻaʻokoʻa kumu. No kēia mau mea, ka mea, i kona makemake ana e hana i kekahi mea, mai ka lń a me ka wai, hoʻopau me ka ea mana. ʻO ia hoʻi i mea hiki ke paha ikehu mai ke kaiapuni, ua nui mea i hoʻomaopopo ai.

Overview

Kalapona nanotubes - he lengthy olokaa graphite pelane me ka paukūʻolokaʻa shape. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, kā lākou mānoanoa kīnā mau na umi o nanometers i mau kenimika loa. I ka pau ana o ka nanotubeʻano he spherical poo i mea kekahi hapa o ka fullerene.

Aia nō kekahi mau ano o ka kalapona nanotubes: mea hao a me ka semiconducting. Ka papa likeʻole o kaʻikena conductivity. Keʻano mua ke alakai pono i ka wela o ka 0 ° C, a me ka lua o ka - wale ma ke kiekie ana wela.

Kalapona nanotubes: ka waiwai

Most kēia kū i ke au e like me haʻapili kemika paha nanotechnology, ua hoʻopili i nā nanotubes a i ke kalapona skeletal 'ole. He aha ka mea? Ma lalo o kēia 'ole pili i ka nui nā lātoma, i mea interconnected wale kalapona nā'ātoma. Kalapona nanotubes, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka waiwai o ka mea paʻa iwi palapala, e hoomaikai kuaiia. Eia kekahi, ho okumu ana o ka 'ike i ka paukūʻolokaʻa shape. Na paipu hiki e hoomakaukau e ape graphite a lahilahi, kekahi e ulu mai ka maopopo hōʻeleu. Kalapona nanotubes, i nā kiʻi i hōʻike ma lalo nei, i ka hana 'ole. Ka mea, e hele mai ana ma kekahi mau ano a me ka nui like 'ole: hookahi-, ahu iho a me ka nunui-, ahu iho, pololei a me ka sinuous. I loko nō o ka mea i na nanotubes i nani fragile, ka mea, i ka ikaika loaʻia. E like me ka hopena, ua ike nui haʻawina i mea e hoʻomaopop 'ana i ka waiwai e like me tensile a me flexural ikaika. Ma lalo o ka hana o ka loa me mechanical stress, na kumu mua mai i mai oukou, mailoko a me ka mai ole, mai hemo mai, i mea, hiki hoʻomaʻa i kekahi voltages.

kaʻawahia

E like me ka hopena o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i mau, ka mea i loaʻa ia o carbon nanotubes hiki i ka ia pilikia me asbestos olona, a laila me keʻano o ka malignant hikoko e like me akemāmā Ka maʻi' aʻai. Ke degere o ka adverse ole o ka asbestos hilinaʻi nui ma luna o keʻano a me ka mānoanoa o kona olona. No ka mea, kalapona nanotubes i ka uuku kaumaha a me ka nui, ka mea, eaaei komo i ke kino a pau a me ka lewa. Eia, e hāʻule i loko o ka pleura, a ua hui pū i loko o ka pahu, a me ka ho'ōla i kaʻano o complications. Epekema i mālama 'ia i ka hoʻokolohua, a hou i kaʻai o kaʻiole (particles) nanotubes. Products o liʻiliʻi anawaena kokoke i i noho i loko o ke kino, akā, nui - i eli iho i loko o nā paia o ka opu, a i kela maʻi.

ki ina hana o ka la hoomalolo

I ka lā, loaʻa nō ka mea kēia mau ki ina hana like no ka hana kalapona nanotubes piʻo malama, ablation, ka ohu palapala moʻopane.

Ka pila hookuuia. Makaukau o (kalapona nanotubes i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o kēia' atikala) i loko o ka wai koko o ka uila malama, a puhi me ka helium. Oia kekahi kaʻina hana paha e hana hoʻohana kūikawā oaoieei-lako a pan no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o fullerenes. Akā, ua hoʻohana 'ē aʻe piʻo' ole i loko o kēia hana. No ka laʻana, ka mea he pa apŘ emi, a me na cathodes hoʻohana nunui thicknesses. E ho okumu i ka lewa o ka helium mea pono e hoala mai i ka puʻe o keia hehee ai. Kalapona nanotubes loaa ma kaʻawa. I Ua hoʻomāhuahuaʻoe i ko lākou helu, e pono e komo i loko o ka graphite koʻokoʻo hōʻeleu. Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, he läÿau, he okoa pūʻulu o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Eia, he mea he loli i loko o ka puʻuwai a me ka sputtering hana. Penei, he cathode 'anaʻana, a me kahi o ka kalapona nanotubes i hana. Pau huahana e ala perpendicularly mai ka cathode, a ohi i laulau. Ka mea, i ka lōʻihi o 40 microns.

Ablyasatsiya. Oia kekahi papa hana i invented e Richard Smalley. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe ia ma ka mea i kekahi vaporize graphite ili i loko o ka mīkini'ātoma, ke hoʻohana i kiʻekiʻe mahana. Kalapona nanotubes i hanaʻia ma ka omoāea o graphite i loko o ka haʻahaʻa o ka mīkini'ātoma. Anuanu a me ka houluulu ana ia i wahi ma ka mea o ke anuanu maila ili honua. Ma ka hihia mua, i ka helu o ka hehee wale, ua like ia 60%, laila, i loko o kēia iaoia huahelu mahuahua ma ka 10%. Ke kāki o ka kukuna absolyatsii iaoia Ua oi pipiʻi ma mua o nā mea a pau na mea e ae. Nui, hookahi-hala nanotubes hoomakaukau ia e hoʻololi i ka naoh mahana.

Ka palapala moʻopane mai ke kinoea pae. kalapona mahu palapala moʻopane iaoia i invented i loko o ka hopena o 50s. Akā,ʻaʻohe kekahi hiki i ike mua ia ma ka mea o ka mea i hiki ke loaa ka kalapona nanotubes. No laila, mua oe pono e hoomakaukau i ka ili o ka hōʻeleu. E like me ka mea i e ke olonā i (particles) o likeʻole ke hooheheeia, e laʻa me, cobalt, nikala a me na mea e ae. Nanotubes e hoomaka ana i ka nuʻu, mai ka hōʻeleu, ahu iho. Lākou mānoanoa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nui o catalyzing metala. Ka ili ua enaena i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, a laila, he mea hoolako o ke kinoea me carbon. Iwaena o lakou, - .., Methane, atsetelen, ethanol, etc. E like me ka hou kaʻina kinoea ka ammonia. Kēia? Iecaianoaaiiuo hana o ka loa, he pono ole nanotubes. Ke kaʻina hana iho i wahi ma na hanalima hana, no laila, ua emi kala ua hoolilo ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka helu nui o nā paipu. Kekahi pono o kēia iaoia mea hiki e loaa i ka vertical lālā, mai kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia (particles) e lawelawe me ka hōʻeleu. Makaukau o (i hoakakaia kalapona nanotubes ma nāʻaoʻao) i hiki ai i ke aloha a hiki i ka noiʻi 'ana Suomi Iijima, ka poe i malama ma lalo o ka microscope no kā lākou helehelena me ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kalapona.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o

i hoʻolaha Kalapona hehee wale, e like me ka helu o nā papa. Na simplest ano - hookahi-paʻa kalapona nanotubes. Kēlā me kēia no ia i ka mānoanoa o ma kahi o 1 HI, a me kā lākou mau loa i e nui oi aku. Inā ka 'ole mākou noonoo, i ka huina hoonui nana e like graphite wahī ka hoʻohana' ana i ka hexagonal maka aha. Ma kona vertices ke aupuni 'ana o carbon. Pela, ke Tube i ka paukūʻolokaʻa kinona, aʻaʻohe nakaka. I ka luna e pani 'ilikai ke poʻi manao ona oia hoi o ka fullerene nā lātoma.

Next nānaina - multiwall kalapona nanotubes. Ka mea, he poe no kekahi mau papa o ka graphite mea i noae i loko o ke kinona o ka paukūʻolokaʻa. Ka mamao therebetween Ua mālama 'ia ma ka 0,34 HI. Ke 'ole o kēia' ano i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hoʻohana' ana mau ki ina hana like. Ma ka mea mua, nunui-Tube - he mau pūnana hookahi-pa paipu e ku pono e like me ka Lūkini pēpē kIʻi. Ma o ka lua, nunui-paʻa nanotubes i graphite pepa i ua wahi iho la ia mau manawa a puni iho, i mea like me ka nupepa pelupelu ia.

Kalapona nanotubes: noi

Hoʻohana'iaNā i momoku ahi hou hoa o ka papa o nanomaterials. I hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, ka mea, i ke kupapau 'ole i kekahi, mai ka waiwai o ka graphite paha daimana. Ua Ua nolaila, hoʻohana 'oi pinepine ma mua o nā pono hana.

Ma muli o ia mau 'ano i tensile ikaika, flexural ikaika, conductivity, e hoʻohana' ia i loko o nā wahi:

• i mea hoʻonui i polymers;
• hōʻeleu no ka ho'ā nā manaʻo, e like me i lalo panel ka hōʻike 'ana a me nā handsets ma kelekaʻaʻike latike;
• me he absorber o electromagnetic a ale;
• mana huli ana;
• anodes i loko o nā o na pu kiʻAno;
• Waho pūnaewele o ka hydrogen;
• ka hana nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, a capacitors;
• pele ahupapa me iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka amplification o lākou me nā hale a me ka waiwai.

No ka nui makahiki, kalapona nanotubes, ua i kaupalena 'ia kekahi hana i ka hana o ka a, hoʻohana' ia i loko o 'epekema noiʻi. Ia mea i ka nawaliwaliʻoihana i loko o ke kuai, e like me ka mea, ua pilikia me ka nui-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Kekahi mea nui wahi o ka kiʻekiʻe lilo o ke kalapona nanotubes, i mea e pili ana 120 dala no kekahi gram o ka waiwai.

Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia me ke kumu o hehee ai no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na pele ahupapa me, a i hoʻohana no ka hana ana i na mea he nui nii waiwai. Kekahi hana -avtomobilestroenie. ua hoemiia Functionalization o ke kalapona nanotubes ma ke akamai, e kūʻai nō polymers lawelawe waiwai.

Kaʻi lau waiwai o thermal conductivity o nanotubes Ua kiʻekiʻe lawa, no laila, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ke anuanu maila manaʻo no kela papakaukau lako a pan. Nō hoʻi ka mea, ua i papale i e pili ana i kaʻimiʻohe.

Ka mea nui wale lala noi nā kamepiula enehana. Manawa nanotubes i oi loa aku hoi i lalo-panel hōʻikeʻike. Me ke kōkua o lakou, e hiki me ka nui loa emi ka nui o ka lolouila, e like me ka hoomahuahua i kona oaoieei-hana. Makaukau lako a pan e e kekahi mau manawa oi aku ma mua o kaʻikenaʻenehana. Ma ke kumu o kēia haʻawina, e hiki e kāinoa kiʻekiʻe-kinescopes.

Over manawa, na paipu e hoʻohana 'e ole wale i ka uilaʻoe, akā, i ke ola kino a me ka ikehu nāʻoihana.

? iecaianoaaiiuo

Kalapona paipu, ua haawi mai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o a ma waena o nā ano mau o ia mau mea, kōā kaulike haawi. Ie, MWNT paka nui aku ma mua o SWNT. I ka lua o kaʻano o ka hana i loko o ka ulia pōpilikia. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'onipaa no noke paka kalapona nanotubes. Akā, ka mea, kokoke e ole hoʻohana i ka koi, no ka mea, loaʻa nui kiʻekiʻe.

nā alakaʻi? iecaianoaaiiuo

I kēia manawa, ke alakai kulana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kalapona nanotubes noho hawaiian aina e, ? Iecaianoaaiiie nona iho i mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 3 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o loko o nā'āina oʻEulopa a me Amerika. Ma 'ana, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o MWNT ua hoʻoili i loko o Japan. Akā, nā'āina, e like me Korea a me Kina, i ole concede i loko o keia anakahi.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o Rusia

Wahi lulu popilikia? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka kalapona nanotubes ka lōʻihi ma ke kua o nā'āina. I ka mea, a pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea e like ai o ka noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi. Aia ua ole anao? Aou lawa dala no ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema a me ka' enehana-oaio? A ma ka aina. He nui nā poʻe mai i ike i ka ulu ana o ka nanotechnology, no ka mea au i ike pehea e hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana. No laila, ke hoʻololi i ka hou hoʻokele waiwai Trail holo lokahi mai lakou mea he pilikia.

No laila, i ka pelekikena Lūkini palapala i olelo paa, i ka haʻina mai i ka hooulu ana mai o kekahi mau wahi o ka nanotechnology, me kalapona hehee wale. No keia mea, i hana i ka hana kūpono 'ana polokalamu , e hana i ko lakou mau loea. Company "Nanotechnologies" Ua hanaia no laila, i nā maka o ka mea i hana ,. Kona functioning Ua anao? Aou i kekahi lula nui, mai ka moku'āina Bedroom. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea e mana i ka manao,? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka manaʻo i loko o hanalima palapala noi o kalapona nanotubes. Ke dala i anao? Aou e pana aku au i ma luna o ka ulu ana o kekahi mau noiʻi institutes a me nā keʻena hoʻokolohua, e like me ke kōkua, hooikaika mai la ka na e piʻi like o ka wahi luluʻepekema. Nō hoʻi, i kēia mau dala e e hoʻohana 'ia no ke kuai ana o kbps? Ieaoa no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kalapona nanotubes. Ua E hoi lawe mālama ana i kēlā mau mea i mea e hoomalu kanaka ola, mai ka lako e ke kumu no keʻano o ka maʻi.

I hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, i ka pau pilikia ke moe me ka hooulu ana kālā. Ka hapanui o nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā mai i makemake i ke kālele ma ka noiʻi a me ka ulu, o ka oi aku no ka lōʻihi manawa. All pāʻoihana makemake e ike i ka pono, akā, Nano-ke hele aku no ka makahiki. A i pushes na lunamakaainana o ka poe liilii, a me ka meakino-pepa paia pāʻoihana. Eia hou kekahi, me ka lehulehu waiwai kūʻai e aole i hiki maopopo olalo? Iecaianoaaiiuo o nanomaterials. pilikia kekahi mea i ka nele o ka loio i kumu, no ka mea, aohe intermediary ma waena o nā kuʻina likeʻole o ka hana. No laila, i ke kalapona nanotube? Iecaianoaaiiie i loko o Rusia, i ua ole koi, e noi mai ana i wale kālā, akā, i ka noʻonoʻo waiwai kūʻai. Oiai ka Russian Hui mea mamao aku, mai hawaiian'āina i e alakai ana ma ka ulu o ka nanotechnology.

I ka lā, Aey? Acaeoey i loko o ka hana pū i loko o Nine Inch na Oihana o nā kulanui o Moscow, Tambov, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk a me Kazan. Ke alakai Manufacturers o kalapona nanotubes, ua naueue ole "Garnet" a me Tambov kanu "Komsomolets".

Noke a me ka hopena maikaʻi, ao ke ano

Mawaena o na pono mākou ke hoomaopopo i ka kūikawā waiwai o kalapona nanotubes. Ka mea, eia he mau nō mea, i mea ma lalo o ua i luku i ka aoao o ka me mechanical stress. Eia hou, e hana pono i anuenue a kona. Ua Ua i hiki no i ka paʻa 'ole o ke kino. Lākou hoʻohana ua i kaupalena 'ia kekahi kaiaulu. Nā paipu Ua ua hoʻohana ma o ka kaʻa, uilaʻoe, lāʻau a me ka ikehu.

Nunui drawback o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole i kanaka ola. (Particles) nanotubes komo i ke kino o ke kanaka, e haawi ala i ka malignant hikoko a me ka maʻi 'aʻai.

An nui, ao ke ano o ka kaʻoihana kālā o kēia kaiaulu. He nui nā poʻe mai i makemake i ke kālele ma ka 'epekema, e like me kou pono i ka puu o ka manawa no ka waiwai. A me ka functioning noiʻi keʻena hoʻokolohua hiki ole ia i ka hooulu ana o ka nanotechnology.

ka hopena

pāʻani Kalapona nanotubes he nui kūlana ma ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahi loea. Ua nui na poe akamai i wńnana i ka ulu ana o keia hana i loko o nā makahiki e hele mai ana. Aia E e he nui mahuahua i? Iecaianoaaiiie nona iho, a e emi i ka lilo ana o ka waiwai. Me ka emi ana o kala, i ke Tube e ia i loko o nunui koi, a e lilo i irreplaceable mea no na manaʻo a me ka lako a pan.

No laila, ua loaʻa mai i kūpono ai i kēia mau huahana.