An integral hapa o ke akamai o hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā, a "paʻahau mele", pinepine haawiia keia i like me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone mea he kuhikuhipuʻuone kauoha. Ka olelo mai, mai ka Roma 'aoʻao o "ka ordo", a' o ia hoʻi "mea, kauoha." Ua kauoha aku, hemolele, me ka nānā 'ana ma o ka ikaika o ho a me na rula o ka kia-a-ulana lole' ole.
Ke muli o ka Tuscan mea like me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone ano
Mai ka lā o ka wa kahiko Kaiwaenahonua maikai ana i ka i keia lā, aia no elime kuhikuhipuʻuone kauoha. Aia he hope ka ho'āʻo 'ana e ho okumu ana i ka' ōlelo Palani a me 'Amelika kauoha, akā, ka mea, i ole kahu ai i ka lilo i ka par me ka Classic quintet, kona mau lala oko mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka nui a me ka huliāmahi, kona noʻeau hehee wale, i ka wahi o ke kumu. A me ka Hellas ola kahiko Etruria (laekahi Tuscany). Nolaila i ka inoa - Tuscan mea, akā, i kekahi manawa ka mea, ua i kapaia o Etruscan. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea kahiko Greece i ke kuhikuhipuʻuone ano honua ekolu - Doric, Ionic a me Corinthian, a ma hope, he elua hou - Tuscan, a me na mea a eiiieaen, iʻikeʻia i loko o kahiko Roma. Other noiʻi e like me Roma kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone a mechanic Vitruvii kuleana Tuscan mea i mea no ka mua, a me archaic, kuahene Doric kia ao type. Ma kekahi hihia, kā lākou pili ua olelo mai kekahi similarity o ka manao a me layouts o ka luakini, nā mea hale lio. Ka loa lua o ka inoa - "na mea" - mai la i ka palapala hopu Tuscan ku mai, mai nā mea a pau kona poe noonoo ole, nui a me ka pono.
Nā huliāmahi kēia a me ka mea ka pili ma
He aha ka ka mea i loko o kekahi mau? Kēia kuhikuhipuʻuone 'ole, i mea he luna' iloko olaila o ka pedestal, kolamu, mall māhele a me entablature - laweia aku la oia ma ka mahele. No ka mea, a pau na kauohaʻelima ano o keia e kukulu, ma kela a me keia o ka a pau wahi a pau puaʻa heʻa ala i kekahi i kekahi. Eia hou kekahi, aia no i ka mahele ma waena o piha a me ka hapa-manawa kauoha, ma i ka huina kiekie o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone 'ole ninoieo o 19 kuhikuhipuʻuone calving ma ka hihia mua, a elima - i loko o ka lua. Ka mea, e haawi like penei:
- ka pedestal hapa 4 loaʻa ka huina loa;
- loaʻa ke kaula 12 māhele;
- entablature, niioaaonoaaiii, ekolu hapa.
E pili ana i ka kāpili Lolina nalowale i ka pedestal, ke puunaue mea e like me ka eha a me kekahi hapa. Mea a me eiiiiiaiou o ka entablature, a mai nā 'ekolu māhele: architrave, frieze a me ka cornice. Tuscan palapala hopu i kekahi, mai kona mau hoa paio ma ka mea i loko o kona keena kākoʻo 'ole ua ole frieze, waena recessed hapa.
Hiʻona o ke kūkulu
Ka mea'ē aʻe ma waho ke akahai o ka piha mana helu mea hoopunipuni. Kēia kuhikuhipuʻuone palapala, mai ke kumu mai a hiki i ka attic mai he 32 hapa. Oia kekahi manaÿo like entasis aʻoʻoleʻa Module, he päkaukau, e hoʻohana i ka hoʻomaulia Tuscan mea, i ka hana o ka i mea hoaponoia ma ka hana "Ma kuhikuhipuʻuone" Vitruvius kau aʻela ma luna. A me ka i ka ho omaulia, a oko ma ka pili ke akahai o ka kūkulu, no ka mea, i nā mea a pau i hoʻohana ai no keia hana, he mau interconnected. Pela, ke Module o ke kahahńnai o ka waihona ipu o ke kolamu, a i kona kiekie (y me Tuscan mea) 7 ka ho, kela mea keia mea o a be 24 ke päkaukau. 1/3 ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paukūʻolokaʻa kolamu kino i ka conical palapala. Keia ua kapa entasis.
I ka waiwai o nā kauoha ma ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kahiko o hope manawa
All kauoha Helene a me Roma hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o kahiko kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ka mea, hiki lakou i waho i nā facades o na luakini a me ke Aupuni hale, a me kā lākou kōkua i kukulu rotunda a me ka hamama keʻena ma luna. Maoli, wale no ia ia, a hiki hoʻoponopono e pili ana i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, a me ka Nani Loaʻoihana o ke kahiko. A laila, no ka mea, na manawa he nui, ua lilo i ke kuala i loko o ia, a hou hoomaka ae la e hele mai i loko o ka XV kenekulia, i ka pakebona. Mai noho indifferent i kēia mau kuhikuhipuʻuone ano o ka baroque a me ka classicism. Ma pōkole, me ka hoihoi i loko o ia mau mea, hoomaka ae la e mae a i ka hopena o ka XIX kenekulia. Tuscan mea i loko o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka Russian aupuni a pau e ku i ka koʻikoʻi wahi. He nui Orthodox ekalesia, ua pau kolamu. A koʻikoʻi ka Luna o na aupuni a pau i loko o Rusia ua Carlo Rossi. A ma ke alanui i kona inoa i loko o St. Petersburg, ma ka facades o nā hale ma Moscow, Sevastopol (ke Kauna ka Quay) he mau kuhikuhipuʻuone oihana mua o ka wa kahiko Greece a me ka Roma. Ka mea, eia, ma ka moolelo, nô i ka nui loa o ka uhane, a me nā koa nani o ke aupuni.