Keʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction. Ka mana a me ka waiwai o ka skeletal Muscle

Muscle contraction - o ka luna 'kaʻina iloko olaila o ka helu o ke kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiouʻaneʻi nō myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin a me ka actomyosin, a me ka kalipuna Ion a me ka hui ana i Muscle ikehu. E hoomanao i na ano a me maomeka o Muscle contraction. E mākou hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, mai a lakou i hana ai, a me ke kapuai hookahi e pono ai no ka cyclical kaʻina.

nāʻiʻo

Nāʻiʻo i hui i loko o nā pūʻulu, a i ka iaʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction. Ma ka ia hoailona ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o 3 hoailona ia mea:

• striated nāʻiʻo o ke kino;
• striated nāʻiʻo o ka atria a me ventricles o ka naau;
• ala apuupuu Muscle nā loko, ipu koko a me ka ili.

Striated nāʻiʻo i kekahi hapa o ka musculoskeletal'ōnaehana, i kekahi hapa o ka ia, no ka mea, i loko o hou ia ia, i kēia nā tendons, ligaments, iwi. I ka hoʻokō 'ia' i keʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction, hana i ka hana kēia a me ka oihana:

• kino Pńk'pika;
• kino māhele e hoʻoneʻe i pili i kekahi i kekahi;
• i ke kino ua kākoʻo i loko o ka makahiki;
• wela ua ua loaʻa;
• cortex ua ho'ā 'ia paha ma ka afferent i ka receptive kihapai o ka Muscle.

O ka pahee no Muscle mea:

• Hawaii nakeke o ka na nā loko, i ka loaʻa o ka bronchial laau, na ia maʻiʻaʻai a me ka digestive Tube;
• ka lymphatic a circulatory nenoai;
• nenoaiu urogenital nā loko.

physiological waiwai

Like a pau vertebrates i loko o ke kanaka kino, he ekolu loa nui waiwai o skeletal Muscle olona,:

• contractility - emi a me ka hoʻololi i ke anakahi uila ka wā malia;
• conductivity - ana nona iho ma o ka puluniu;
• excitability - ke paneʻana i ka stimulus e hoʻololi i kaʻili lahilahi Loaʻaʻia a me ka ion permeability.

Nāʻiʻo nō e inu nei, a hoʻomaka i ka huli ma nā aʻalolo impulses e hele mai ana, mai ka waena. Akā, ma lalo oʻimi hoʻopunipuni aku ana me ka hoʻohana ' uila stimulation. Ke Muscle hiki laila e ukiuki 'ana (pololei stimulation) ole ma ke aʻalolo innervating Muscle (ʻauhau'ēʻaʻe stimulation).

'ano o nāʻoki

Keʻano papa hana o muscular contraction 'o ia hoʻi huli ana o ka Nine Inch ikehu i loko o me mechanical hana. Kēia kaʻina hana hiki e ana experimentally me rana: kona bipi Muscle haawe haʻahaʻa ke kaupaonaʻana, a laila, nāuki mai electroimpulses malamalama. Ke ka ho'ēmiʻana, ma a ka Muscle lilo pōkole, kapa isotonic. hua'ōleloʻo ia lŘlŘ ka wā isometric contraction. Tendons e ole ae i ka hooulu ana o ka Muscle ikaika hoopokole. Kekahi auksotonicheskyʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction komo ai na kumu o ka, pili stress ka wā o ka Muscle hoʻopōkole 'oe i ka palena haʻahaʻa ala, a me ka mana e kau i kekahi i kā mākou.

Ke 'ole a me ka innervation o skeletal Muscle

Na striated skeletal Muscle ka loaʻa o keʻano o ke olona, ma connective'aʻaʻa, a paa i na tendons. Ma kekahi Muscle olona, i ka hooponopono ia laua i ka lōʻihi (axis), a ma ka 'ē aʻe ka mea, i kēlā wale, he pili i ke kikowaena tendon tyazhu a me ka pinnate type.

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka puluniu mea sarcoplasm nui o ka palaoa i pae - myofibrils. Ka mea, ua olinolino a me ka pouli wahi alternating me kekahi i kekahi, oiai o ka pili striated olona, i poni o - ma kea-pauku. Kēia hualoaʻa ma keʻa-wanaao, a puni ke Muscle olona.

Sarcomere mea he luna ', pouli a me nā mālamalama nā pā, a me ka mea delimited Z-hoʻokino laina. Sarcomeres - he contractile nakeke o ke Muscle. Ua huli mai i ka contractile Muscle puluniu ninoieo o:

• contractile i hoʻomākaukauʻia (myofibrils kahua);
• trophic i hoʻomākaukauʻia me ka mitochondria, Golgi eiiieaena a me ka nawaliwali endoplasmic reticulum ;
• kaʻili lahilahi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe;
• pili i hoʻomākaukauʻia;
• ko mākou hopohopo i hoʻomākaukauʻia.

Muscle puluniu ua maheleia i 5 hapa a me kā lākou mau hale a me ka oihana, a me ka mea he integral hapa o ka Muscle'aʻaʻa.

innervation

Kēia kaʻina hana i loko o striated Muscle olona, hoʻomaopopoʻia nā aʻalolo olona, oia axons o Hawaii neurons o ka spinal kaula a me ka lolo anei i. Kekahi motoneuron innervate mau Muscle olona. Complex me ka neuromotor motoneuron a innervated Muscle olona, i kapaʻia (hme) a ka Hawaii pa alima (HA). Ka helu waena o nā olona, a innervates he motoneuron, characterizes ka DE Muscle, kapa reciprocal innervation nuʻa. Ka hope o ka mea nui i loko o nā nāʻiʻo, uuku ka neʻe 'ana a me ka "lahilahi" (maka, manamana lima, olelo) kahi. Kona waiwai, ua uuku ia, ma ka mea ku ole, i loko o ka Muscle me ka "lohi" noi (e laʻa me, torso).

Innervation hiki e hookahi a me ka mau. Ma ka hihia mua ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo olelo hoopomaikai Hawaii a hāʻule pahū wale. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ia mea typical no ka nui Hawaii neurons. Muscle olona, (i kapaʻia ma kēia hihia, physical, a hoʻokēʻai) hoʻomakaʻia PD (hanaʻia) e pili ana i ia mau mea.

Mau innervation i, no ka mea hoike, i loko o ka mawaho maka nāʻiʻo. He ua i ka hanaʻia ua ua loaʻa, mai kaʻili lahilahi i electroexcitability paʻakai kaha. Ka mea, e haawi ma ka puluniu depolarization o ka synaptic a hāʻule pahū wale. He mea pono i ka mea e haʻalele i keʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction. Ke kaʻinaʻaneʻi mea,ʻaʻole like hoʻokēʻai i loko o ka hihia mua. No laila, ka mea, ua kapaia lohi.

Ka 'ole o ka myofibrils

Muscle puluniu noiʻi lawe mai i keia la ma ka muli o ka X-Ray diffraction, huina'ine microscopy, a me histochemical ki ina hana like.

Ua he pōpilikia i loko o kēlā me kēia myofibril, ke anawaena o ka i mea 1 micron, mai nā 'o ka hola 2,500 protofibrils, a laila elongated polymerized nā lātoma nā polokina (actin a me ka myosin). Actin protofibrils palua thinner myosin. I koena, i kēia mau nāʻiʻo i aia no laila, i ka actin filament kōkua komo i loko o ka hakahaka ma waena o ka myosin protofibrils.

A wahi paiki loloa o ka malamalama i loko o ka pā hōkū A Ua noa mai actin filaments. Aʻili lahilahi Z paa ia pu.

Ma myosin filaments i transverse protrusions mai i ka 20 HI, i loko o ka poo i mea e pili ana 150 myosin nā lātoma. Ka mea, e hele aku biopolyarno, a me kēlā poʻo myosinic hoʻohuiʻia i ka actin filament. Ka wā he mea stress ma ka filaments o actin-oaio? A myosin, actin filament mea kokoke i ka waenakonu o ka sarcomere. I ka pau ana o ka myosin filaments hiki i ka laina Z. A laila, e lawe i ka pau sarcomere, a me ka actin nō i waena o lākou. I ka Ia manawa aʻu e kipaku aku ai ua hoemiia lōʻihi, a ma ka hopena e nalo loa, pu me mea o ka laina Z lilo pūhaka.

Penei, e like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka neʻe nā huakaʻi, ma muli o ka hoemiia loa o ka Muscle olona. Ke kumumanaʻo, i kapaia "kahunapule", i? Ac? E Huxley a me Hanson ma ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia.

ʻano papa hana o ka Muscle puluniu contraction

Ka papa kumumanaʻo mea i ole filament (myosin a me ka actin) e hoʻopōkole. Lākou lōʻihi koe ua hoʻololiʻia a me ka Muscle hoʻopilikia. Akā, laulau o ka lahilahi filaments, a hoʻopöholo, e hele ma waena o nā filaments manoanoa, emi ka degere o ke ano, no laila, he mea ka ka ho'ēmiʻana.

Ke hakakinoʻano papa hana o ka muscular contraction mea like penei ma ka hāʻuleʻana actin filaments. Myosin poʻo pili protofibrils me ka actin. Me kā lākou mau kumu he ua ka hāʻuleʻana, neʻe actin filament i ka waenakonu o ka sarcomere. Aie i ka bipolar hoʻolālā o myosin nā lātoma ma na aoao a elua o ka filaments, na olelo no ka hāʻuleʻana o ka actin filaments ma kekahiʻaoʻao.

I ka Muscle hoʻomaha myosin poo kolo ana aku, mai ka actin filaments. Me ka oluolu 'oihana nanea wale Muscle hoʻopilikia ka pale nui emi. No laila, ka mea i passively hooloihiia.

ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ke kapuai

Keʻano papa hana o muscular contraction hiki ke pokole puunaueia i ka i kēia kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. Muscle puluniu ua hauma¯na ka wā i Loaʻaʻia hana ua lako, mai ka Hawaii neurons o na synapses.
2. I ka hanaʻia ua ua loaʻa ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi o ka Muscle puluniu, a laila, hohola i na myofibrils.
3. Loea electromechanical paʻa ia ho i ka huli ana o ka uila i loko o ka hāʻuleʻana me mechanical PD. He pono kŰia kalipuna Ion.

kalipuna Ion

No ka hoomaopopo maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana o ka puluniu ho'ā hope o ke kalipuna Ion mea kupono e noonoo i ka 'ole o ka actin filament. Kona lōʻihi mea e pili ana 1 micron, mānoanoa - mai ka 5 a hiki i 7 HI. He He paʻa o hilo lopi, a e hoohalike ai i ka actin lātoma. Kahi o kela 40 HIʻaneʻi i spherical troponin lātoma, a ma waena o nā kaulahao - tropomiozinovye.

I ka kalipuna Ion ma kahi e, oa myofibrils hoʻonānea lōʻihi tropomiozinovye nā lātoma aeie i ka IeIIeYOA o actin kaulahao a me myosin na alahaka. Akā, i ka wa a ho'ā 'ia paha kalipuna Ion tropomiozinovye nā lātoma pohō aiʻoi a me ka hamama like.

A laila, ua pili i ka actin filaments a me ATP mahae ka myosin na alahaka a me ka hoʻomōhala ana i Muscle ikaika. He hiki no i ka hopena o ke kalipuna troponin. Ma keia lātoma i ka la mahope, ua ino, hiki e hookuke i ka tropomyosin.

I ka wā o ka Muscle Ua nanea wale, ia mea 1 gram pulu kaumaha he oi aku 1 mmol o kalipuna. Kalipuna paʻakai e noho kaʻawale, a kuikawā neeaaa. I ole ia, na nāʻiʻo makemake mau hoole mai.

kalipuna waihoia like penei. Ma kekahi wahi o ka diaphragm Muscle aeee i loko o ka puluniu mau paipu ma i ka mea, he pili me mawaho o na keena o ka kaiapuni. He He ano o transverse tubules. A nenoaiu mea p ÷ haku i ka lonikū hope o ka a - vesicles (maʻi) poʻina nalu i hoonohonoho i kokoke koke i ka transverse diaphragms nenoaiu. Together loaa triad. Ua ua i ka hue waiho waho kalipuna.

Mai PD ua haawi i loko o ka halepaahao, a me he mea he electromechanical conjugation. Excitation komo iloko o ka puluniu hele i loko o ka lonikū nenoaiu ke hookuu aku oia kalipuna. Pela ka ka ho'ēmiʻanaʻano papa hana ua lawe Muscle olona.

3 kaʻina me ATP

Ion he nui kūlana no ATP Ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā kaula makalii ma ke alo o ke kalipuna. I ka hoʻokō 'ia' i keʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction o skeletal nāʻiʻo, i ka ikaika o ATP ua hoʻohana 'ia:

• hana o ka paʻakai, a potasiuma EII ni i malama i ka ikaika lehulehu o Ion;
• mau waiwai ma kekahi aoao o kaʻili lahilahi;
• ka hāʻuleʻana filaments hua'ōleloʻo myofibrils;
• Job kalipuna EII ni hana e hoʻonānea.

ATP o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, na filaments o myosin a me sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Nā'ūhū e wawahi ia a me keʻano o ka myosin.

hokii no ATP

Ua ua ike ia myosin poo pāʻani aku me ka actin a me kekahi mau oihana mua no ATP cleavage. Hope ho'ā 'actin a me myosin ma ke alo o ka makanekiuma Ion. No ia mea,'ūhū cleavage i wahi ka wā pili i actin myosin poo. Ua oi aku ke kea-uapo, ka splitting māmā e e kiʻekiʻe.

ATPʻano papa hana

Ma hope o ka pau ana o ka neʻeʻana o ka AFL lātoma e hoʻolako i ka ikehu no ke kaawale ana o ka naoh limahana ma ka actin a me ka myosin. kaawale Myosin poʻo, ATP ua pipili e posapahate a me ADP. Ka mea hou hope ua pili ATP lātoma a me ka pōʻaiapuni ka hoʻomau 'ana. Oia ka keʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction a me ka hoʻomaha ma ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe.

I ka ha awina o kea-na alahaka, e mau wale like loa me ka ATP hydrolysis ia lŘlŘ. Inā 'oe aeie i ka'ūhū na alahaka e ole e pili hou.

Me ka hoouka kaua o ka make ana o ka meaola kiʻekiʻe o ATP ma na keena, e hina ia a me na alahaka ke koe stably paa i ka actin filament. A laila mea i ke kahua o ka mea koʻikoʻi ia mortis.

ATP resynthesis

Resynthesis hiki ke hoʻokō i nāʻaoʻao.

Ma enzymatic hoolilo o posapahate pae mai creatine posapahate i ADP. Mai ka laau o creatine i loko o ka halepaahao nui hou ATP resynthesis hoʻokō loa koke. I ka mea ia manawa, ma ka'okesaside o pyruvicʻakika a me lacticʻakika resynthesis e e lohi.

ATP a CP e nalo loa ina resynthesis ka mea i haki hoomake iho no hoi. A laila, ke kalipuna EII ni ua oki ka hana, kūpono ma ka Muscle ua irreversibly hoemi ( 'o ia hoʻi e hele mai contracture). Penei, wāwahiʻano papa hana o muscular contraction.

physiology kaʻina

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua e hoailona oukou i ua hoopokole ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke Muscle olona, ma kela a me keia o myofibrils sarcomeres. Nā filaments o myosin (ka mānoanoa o ia) a me ka actin (lahilahi) e pili ana welau i loko o ka nanea wale moku'āina. Akā, e hoʻomaka ka hāʻuleʻana neʻeʻana aku kekahi i kekahi, i ka wa a hoʻokōʻano papa hana o ka Muscle contraction. Physiology (pokole) wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana ka wā i alakaʻi ai myosin ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka ikehu pono e hoohuli ATP i ADP. Pela myosin ha awina e e hoʻomaopopo wale ka wā i lawa ka maʻiʻo o ke kalipuna Ion loaa i loko o ka sarcoplasmic reticulum.