Ke aloha kemika a me ka fizkolloidnaya: ano, Pahuhopu a me nā hiʻona

Fizkolloidnaya kemika - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina ke kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka' ilikaiʻike manaʻo, a lūlū aku iā nenoai.

hoakaka

Fizkolloidnaya kemika pili me ka liʻiliʻi iā nenoai. Ma lalo o ia mea, ua lawe ia ana paha o ka moku'āina ma i hoʻokahi a oi 'ona i hoopuehuia (mamala) moku'āina ma ke kaupaonaʻana lua mea. Pae Ua haawiia keia i like me ka shattered puehu pae. Ka lakou hoopuehu meakino ua kapaʻia he 'ia i loko o i loko o ka hakina palapala o ka discontinuous pae.

Adsorption a me kaʻili kaiʻike manaʻo

Fizkolloidnaya kemika e manao iliʻike manaʻo e ana ma ka mau 'ana o puehu nenoai.

Iwaena o lakou mākou e hoailona oukou:

• wetting;
• 'ilikai hoʻopilikia;
• adsorption.

Nine kālailai Fizkolloidnaya nui oaoieei-keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana sewage a me ka lewa huikalaʻana, enrichment o ka mea pōhaku, metala kuʻihao, coloration okoa surfaces, lubrication, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe surfaces.

'ilikai hoʻopilikia

Ke aloha kemika a fizkolloidnaya wehewehe i kaʻike manaʻo 'ia ma ka mau'. Mākou kālailai i ka'ōnaehana i ninoieo o ke kinoea a me ka wai. Per lātoma, i mea i loko o ka'ōnaehana, attraction koa lawelawe ma ka aoao kokoke nā lātoma. Per lātoma, i kahi ma luna o kaʻili kai, hoi i ke kanawai o ka ikaika, akā, e ka mea, i compensated.

Ke kumu o ia i loko o ka gaseous noho ana o ka mamao ma waena o nā lātoma Ua nui lawa ka ikaika o aneane ka palena haʻahaʻa. Na na puʻe o ka imi i ka tighten i ka hohonu o ka wai a nā lātoma, kūpono ai i loko o ka mīkini'opihia.

E ho okumu i ka houʻilikai mau ', no kekahi laʻana, i ka hohola ana o ka ho film, ia mea pono e hana hana aku i ka mea maloko puʻe. Ma waena o ka hooliloia ikehu, a me ka na puʻe o ka pololei pili ole. Ka ikehu ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o nā nā lātoma aia ma kaʻili kai, he ili noa ikehu ua noʻonoʻo pono.

Paʻa o nā thermodynamics

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana fizkolloidnoy kemika ka loaʻa o ka i ka ho omaulia ana o ka thermodynamic nā helu kaulike. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka naoh ma ka ninau, ua hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka manawa kūpono o kona noho'na makaainana i ulu hanana.

Aie i ka thermodynamic instability o ka pele nenoai keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau i pili me ka hoʻonui o ka (particles), pu ma ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o ka mau '.

Kumu no ka loli ma thermodynamic moku'āina

He aha kumumea lakou aloha ia i ka 'ilikai hoʻopilikia?

Mua o nā mea a pau ia mea nui e kahińuli i ke ano o ka waiwai. Ka ili hoʻopilikia mea pololei nā i ka hiʻona o ka Punk pae. Ma ka hoʻoulu i ka polarity i loko o ka waiwai ia lŘlŘ hoʻopilikia koa mahuahua.

Ka moku'āina o ka mau 'e loli ai ka pae a me ka mahana. I Ina o ka mahuahua o ka emi ma ka waiwai o nā kaua e hana ma waena o ke kanaka (particles).

I ka lehulehu o na waiwai mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka hoao ana loli, kekahi e loli ai i ka moku'āina o ka thermodynamic kahua.

Elua ano o ka waiwai. TID (ili-AEeOEXAaI mea) hoomahuahua i ka nui o ka hoʻopilikia o ka pāʻoihana like me ka maikaʻi'ūheheʻe. Oia mea i ikaika electrolytes. Surfactants (iliʻeleu Luna) emi ka nui o ka hoʻopilikia i ka mau 'ana ma o ka kūpono pāʻoihana. Ma ka hoʻoulu kēia mau waiwai ma ka pāʻoihana ua malamaia, kā lākou lehulehu i loko o kaʻilikai o ka pāʻoihana. Polar ke aloha i huiʻia nō nāʻakika, waiʻona mai ke kino. Ka mea, i haku no Polar nā pūʻulu ('amino, carboxyl, hydroxo) a me ka nonpolar hydrocarbon kaulahao.

sorption Hiʻona

Fizkolloidnaya kemika (KANAWAI) ka loaʻa o ka pauku e pili ana i ka sorption keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Adsorption - he kaʻina hana o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu hou i loko o kaʻilikai o ka waiwai lehulehu me ka pili ana i kā lākou mau dala ma ka pae buke.

Ke adsorbent mea he waiwai a ua lawe ma luna o ka ili o ke kimu. Adsorbate - he waiwai hiki o ka palapala moʻopane. Adsorbate - precipitated mea. Desorption - He aʻe kaʻina hana o ka adsorption.

'ano o ka sorption

Kumu fizkolloidnoy kemika nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā 'ano o ka adsorption. Ma ka hihia o physical mahu palapala moʻopane mea he auaaeaiea o ka nīnūnē nui o ka ikehu i mea like me ka wela o ka condensation. Kēia kaʻina He reversible. Kēia adsorption emi ke ana wela mea ulu maoli i ka mämä holo o ka mea nana e hoole kaʻina (desorption).

Ke Nine Inch adsorption Ua irreversibleʻano, mai ka ili honua waiho ole adsorbate a me kaʻilikai hui. I chemisorption wela mea kiʻekiʻe, e ka puaʻa heʻa ala me ka nui o ka maʻamau enthalpy o ka ho okumu. Me ka hoʻoulu ka mahana maoli he chemisorption inideka maoli he AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o 'ona.

E like me ke kumu hoohalike mākou e hōʻike 'ia i ka adsorption o ka o oxygen chemisorption o ka metala luna mai o ka lewa, e hoʻokolokolo ai fizkolloidnaya kemika. Nā hana a me nā pāʻoihana e pinepine me ka hoʻopilikia cia hoʻoholo 'ia ma ka mau' ma waena o nā Media, pili.

E quantitatively kakau i ka haʻi adsorption, e hoʻohana loa adsorption. Ua Hōʻike i ka nui o ka adsorbate (ma ka Mol) no pa alima wahi ia adsorbent. I fizkolloidnoy kemika kuka nā laupaʻi hoʻoholo o keia nui.

'Ano o nā adsorbents

Helu, a Colloid kemika uku kūikawā noonoo ana i ka Ikepili o nāʻano o nā adsorbents a me kā lākou e pili ana. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka nui o ka adsorbent luna, o hiki mai kekahi mau dala o adsorbed waiwai. Ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai adsorbents loaʻa 'ona me ka ulu luna: colloids, me ka pauka, porous reagents.

E like me ka walaʻauʻana laupaʻi ano o adsorbents pee no kekahi 'ili wahi a me ka porosity. Ka mua cia Hōʻike ka lākiō o ke kaumaha o ka adsorbent ili honua. Ka lua o ka ano kuhi 'ano o kona' ole.

Ma colloid kemika maopopo mau ano o adsorbents. Ole-porous waiwai i hana ia e ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa (particles) ho okumu i kekahi porous 'ole "he lepo lā diaphragm" me ka anuanu hāʻawe. E like meʻanuʻu loa ma waena o ia hana ma waena o ka mānoanoa o ka waiwai. Ke 'ole paha e micro- paha macroporous' ole. Porous adsorbents i nā hale i i haku o ka mānoanoa nona kūloko ma porosity.

Ma physical kemika e kālele ana ma luna o ka characterization o lohi loa nenoai. Ka mea, i ka pauka mele i mea i hanaʻia mai ka mānoanoa a me kona lepo i loko o ke koiʻana iā o ko lākou mau anuanu hāʻawe i loko o ka Tube. Ke kūpono nenoai i kekahi thermodynamic ano, i ke ao ana i ka ke kumu manao o ke fizkolloidnoy kemika.

Aia kaʻina pa alima (e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka ano o ka adsorptive) ma ionic, hakakino, colloidal adsorption. Hakakino kaʻina pili me ka pāʻoihana o ka nawaliwali electrolytes paha dielectrics. Ua lŘlŘ adsorption o solutes ma luna o ka ili o ka paa adsorbent.

Part o ka hana 'ō a ma ka adsorbent ili honua e ku ma ka'ūheheʻe nā lātoma. Me ka hooholo ana o ka palapala moʻopane kaʻina hana, a me ka adsorptive'ūheheʻe nā lātoma hana nā kānaka hoʻokūkū.

ka hopena

Helu, a Colloid kemika e nui mau mea o ka kemika. Ka mea, wehewehe i ke kumu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o pāʻoihana ae ho mea o ka wela kinoea (ke kemu) i loko o ke kahua o ka hou' ona. Ke kumu o kānāwai hoʻohana e lawe mai laupaʻi ho, o ke kānāwai o Hess. Ua hoʻohuiʻia kekahi mau thermodynamic ano hoʻomaopop 'ana i' ona: enthalpy, entropy, ikehu. Ke thermodynamic kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana i luna 'i huiʻia mai ka poe noonoo ole (loiloi mua) eiiiiiaiou hiki ke noʻonoʻo' aelike i Hess. Ia ka hoʻomaulia e ka mea hiki e hooholo i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ke kaʻina.