Kōkua aloha o kumu: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Kōkua aloha o nā aʻalolo kumu o kekahi o na eiiiiiaiou o ke aloha o ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehanaʻike ākea hapa.

'ole

I kulike ai me ka 'ole o ke aloha o kumu (Truncus sympathicus), a ia mea he mau aka wahi mea e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, e kōkua aloha o olona. Educationʻikepili i aia ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka spinal kolamu i loko o kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa.

I kekahi o ka mea aloha o kumu'āina - keia lehulehu autonomic neurons ae hana i ka hoʻololiʻana preganglionic olona, (nui o ia mea) i ka nuʻu, mai ka spinal kaula, ho okumu i ka mea keʻokeʻo ai pili aku lala.

ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo i ka luna i hoakakaia olona, a me ka AYEIE mokuna aeee i kekahi haku o i waena o-wahi lala ma ka below- a vysheraspolagayuschiysya kōkua aloha o kumu'āina.

Hoonohonoho ai pili aku keʻokeʻo lala i loko o ka luna lumbar a me ka thoracic. Ke sacral, haʻahaʻa lumbar a me cervical aka wahi o kēia 'ano' Aʻohe lala.

Ma waho keʻokeʻo lala, kaʻawale me oho ai pili aku lālā, a iloko ka hapanui o kōkua aloha o postganglionic puluniu a spinal nā aʻalolo pili me ka barela ekalesia. Mau lālā e puka ana i kela a me keia o na spinal nā aʻalolo, ka haalele ana mai o kela mea keia mea o ke aloha o kumu aka wahi. E like me kekahi hapa o na nā aʻalolo e hele aku la lakou i ka innervated nā loko (glands, malimali a me ka striated nāʻiʻo).

E like me kekahi hapa o ka mea aloha o kumu ('anatomia) kau e hahai i ka oihana.

1. Sacral.
2. Lumbar.
3. Pahu.
4. 'ā'ī.

oihana

E like me ka māheleʻana o ke aloha o kumu a me kona constituent nā aʻalolo ganglia, a ma laila i kekahi mau hiʻona o ka hoʻonaʻauao anatomical:

1. Innervation o ke poo a me ka ai, e like me ka hooponopono ana o ka ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka moku, o ko lakou ai ana.
2. Innervation o ka thoracic lua (kōkua aloha o kumu lala mai na aka wahi me loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā aʻalolo i loko o ka pleura, diaphragm, pericardium a me ka akepaʻa ligament).
3. Innervation o vascular paia (oia hoi o nā aʻalolo plexuses), he pono ole carotid, thyroid a me ka subclavian arteries a me aorta.
4. Hoʻohui i nā aʻalolo ganglion nā aʻalolo plexus.
5. Komo i loko o ke kahua o ka celiac, aortic,ʻaʻa puʻuwai a me ka oi mesenteric plexus.
6. Innervation o ka pelvic nā loko aie i ka hanana o lala o ka Crusades ganglia o ke aloha o kumu i loko o ka lalo hypogastric plexus.

Ke cervical kōkua aloha o kumu mahele

E like me kekahi hapa o ka cervical spine, eia ekolu huahelu: ka lalo, waena a me ka luna. More noonoo hou ia kela mea keia mea o lakou.

ka luna wahi

Education fusiform Ana 20 * 5 mm o. Ua? Aniiei? Aia 2-3 cervical vertebrae (lākou kea otrostah) ma lalo o prespinal fascia.

Ua haalele mai ka'āina ehiku ka papa kuhikuhiE lālā i nā postganglionic olona, i innervate na nā loko o ke poo a me ka ai:

• Ai pili aku oho lālā i 1, 2, 3 cervical spinal nā aʻalolo.
• N. jugularis (jugular nā aʻalolo) ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau lala, elua o ka a i pili i ka glossopharyngeal a me ka vagus nä olonä, a me kekahi - i ka hypoglossal nā aʻalolo.
• N. caroticus internus (nā aʻalolo loko Pule Hoola) komo i loko o ka pā iwi o ka mea maloko carotid artery o ka ia inoa, a ma laila ano plexus, mai i loko o ka wahi o komo i loko o ka artery o ka ia inoa i loko o ka kino iwi Canal haalele kōkua aloha o olona, i lilo i ka hohonu pōhaku mai nā aʻalolo o ka pterygoid Canal holo ana ma ka auka iwi. Ma hope o exiting ka puluniu Kanal piliwaiwai pterygopalatine fossa, a hui i ka postganglionic parasympathetic nā aʻalolo mai pterygopalatine wahi, e like me ka maxillary nā aʻalolo, a laila, hoʻouna akula ia i nā luna i loko o ka wahi o ka maka. Ma Pule Hoola Kanal, mai ka mea, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia somnolence loko plexus lala, e komo iloko plexus a me ka hana i ka tympanum. Loko o ka iwi poʻo Pule Hoola (loko) hele aku i loko o ka cavernous plexus, a ua haawi mai kona olona, ma luna o nā ipu lolo, ho okumu i ophthalmic plexus waena cerebral a anterior cerebral arteries. Eia kekahi, cavernous plexus hoouna mai i kekahi lala e e pili ana me ka parasympathetic olona, parasympathetic ciliary wahi a innervate Muscle dilating i ka haumāna.
• N. caroticus externus (ka mea mawaho Pule Hoola nā aʻalolo). He 'ano apau loa i ka pahale mawaho plexus kokoke i ka homonymous artery a me kona mau lala, a hoolako i ke koko i na nā loko o ka'ā'ī, maka, a me ka dura.
• Pharyngeal-laryngeal lala moku pili ana i pharyngeal paia a me ka palapala pharyngeal plexus.
• Cardiac nā aʻalolo hele kokoke i ka hapa luna o ka cervical kōkua aloha o kumu. Ka umauma lua ili paha ke cardiac plexus, i ua aia ma lalo o ka aortic e pio.
• Nā lālā i nā hapa o ka phrenic nā aʻalolo. Lākou panina hoʻonohonoho i loko o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku a me ligaments o ke akepaʻa, pericardial, diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum, pleura a me ka diaphragm.

awelike pa alima

Education nui like 'ole 2 * 2 mm o, Aia ma luna o kaʻilikai 4 o ka cervical vertebrae, ma kekahi wahi kahi intersect ka pono carotid, a me ka emi thyroid artery. Keia wahi, oia ke ala i eha ke ano o na lala:

1. Ai pili aku oho lālā e hele aku i ka 5, 6 spinal nä olonä.
2. Ka naau nā aʻalolo, i ua aia a hiki i ka hope o ka pono carotid artery. Ma ka lua o ka pahu nā aʻalolo mea hoʻomau ana i loko o ke kahua o ka cardiac plexus (hohonu), a ua aia ma waena o ka trachea, a me ka aortic e pio.
3. Na lala o ka pae'āina ma ka hoʻolālā o ke aʻalolo plexus subclavian, pono ole carotid a malalo thyroid arteries.
4. Mezhduuzlovaya lala i ua i pili ai i ka luna cervical kōkua aloha o kaua.

haʻahaʻa pa alima

Education ua aia ma ke kua o ka vertebral artery a me ka subclavian luna. Ma pohihihi keia hoopii, hui me ka wahi mua, a me ka thoracic kōkua aloha o laila, i kapaʻia stellate (cervico-thoracic) wahi. Lowerʻaha kanaka, oia ke ala hou ana i na lala eono:

1. Oho ai pili aku lala e holo ana a hiki i ka 7, 8 cervical spinal nā aʻalolo.
2. I ka lala e hele ai i ka plexus vertebralis, e holo ana i loko o ka puniu wale no, a me ka plexus ho okumu i posterior cerebral artery a me basilar plexus.
3. Nä olonä o ka lalo naau, i ka hema e waiho ma hope o ka aorta, a me ka pono - no ka mea brachiocephalic artery, a ua komo i loko o ke kahua o ka hohonu naau plexus.
4. Manamana o ia hapa o ka phrenic nā aʻalolo, akā, mai hana i plexuses, a 'ōlelo i loko o ka diaphragm, pleura a me ka pericardium.
5. Na lala, a hana i ka hoʻomaopopo like carotid artery plexus.
6. Branch i ka subclavian artery.

thorax

Ka 'ole o ka thoracic kōkua aloha o kumu ninoieo o ganglia thoracica (mammary aka wahi) - nā aʻalolo Education he triangular kinona, a moe ma ka costal'ā'ī ma kaʻaoʻao o ka thoracic vertebrae, he hilar fascia, a me ka parietal pleura.

Mai ka thoracic ganglia haalele 6 nui pūʻulu o lala:

1. White ai pili aku lala, a manamana ai, mai ka intercostal nā aʻalolo (lākou anterior aa), a komo iloko o ka aka wahi.
2. Oho ai pili aku na lala e hele mai, mai ka ganglia, a ua hoouna aku i ka intercostal nā aʻalolo.
3. Na lala o ka mediastinum. Originate mai 5 kōkua aloha o luna Ganga, a ho'āʻo i loko o ka posterior mediastinum hapa, pu me nā olona, ho okumu i ka bronchial a me esophageal plexus.
4. Cardiac thoracic nā aʻalolo. Originate mai 4-5 keena kōkua aloha o ganglia, komo i loko o ke kahua o aortic a me ka hohonu naʻau plexus.
5. Splanchnic nā aʻalolo nui. Akoakoa mai la na lala 5-9 thoracic kōkua aloha o knots, a uhi intrathoracic fascia. Ma ka puka ma waena o ka waena a me ka medial nā aʻalolo o nā wāwae diaphragm kŰlń ao i loko o ka abdominal lua a me ka welau ma ka ganglia celiac plexus. I ka haku mele 'ana o kēia ka loaʻa o ka nui helu o nā aʻalolo preganglionic olona, (i i ua hō'ā i loko o ka celiac ganglia plexus ma postganglionic olona,) a me ka postganglionic ana i ua hō'ā mua, e hoohaahaa iho thoracic ganglia o ke aloha o kumu.
6. Nā aʻalolo uuku vnutrinostny. Ua Ua hanaʻia ma ka lālā aka wahi 10-12. Ma ka diaphragm ka mea, haule iki kīloi paʻewa n. splanchnicus nui, a me kekahi hapa o ka celiac plexus. Part o ka preganglionic olona, o kēia nā aʻalolo i loko o ke aloha o ganglia i ua hō'ā postganglionarnae, a me kekahi e ia i nā loko.

lumbar

Lumbar kōkua aloha o kumu ganglia - ole mea 'ē aʻe, me ka hoomau ana i ke kaula o ka thoracic ganglia. Lumbar maupaʻa 4 aka wahi mea i aia ma na aoao a elua o ka spine ma ka pā kihi o ka nui lumbar Muscle. Ma ka'ākauʻaoʻao aka wahi visualized waho mai o ka vena cava malalo iho, a me ka hema - waho mai o ka aorta.

Lala o ka lumbar kōkua aloha o kumu e:

1. White ai pili aku na lala e holo ana mai ka 1 a me 2 lumbar spinal nä olonä a me ka pono i 1 a me 2 ganglia.
2. Oho ai pili aku lala. Hui pu iho la i ka lumbar ganglia o nā mea a pau spinal lumbar nā aʻalolo.
3. Lumbar splanchnic lālā i ana mai a pau ganglia, a komo i ka hoaka o hypogastric, celiac, abdominal aortic,ʻaʻa puʻuwai a me ka oi mesenteric plexus.

sacral Hoʻohana

Ke lowermost hapa (niioaaonoaaiii kōkua aloha o kumu 'äina) mea sacral Hoʻohana i maupaʻa kekahi unpaired coccygealʻaha kanaka, a eha hui o sacral ganglia. Aka wahi ke aupuni 'iki medial i ka anterior sacral lua.

Aia i kekahi mau lala o ka hapa sacral o ke aloha o kumu:

1. Oho ai pili aku lala, a nakinakiia, a hiki i ka sacral spinal nā aʻalolo.
2. Splanchnic nā aʻalolo e i kekahi hapa o ka autonomic plexuses i loko o ka pelvis. Visceral nā aʻalolo olona, mai ka 'ikepili ho okumu i ka lalo hypogastric plexus, e waiho nei ma ka lala o ka maloko iliac artery ma i komo iloko o ke aloha o nā aʻalolo i loko o ka pelvic nā loko.