Kuʻi nukeliu reactors i loko o ke ao nei. Ka mua kuʻi nukeliu mīkini'ātoma

I kēia lā, e lawe ana nā mea he nui loa i loko o kuʻi nukeliu noiʻi. Nā luna i ka Europa Union, ka United States, Rusia a me lapana, iā China ka polokalamu, Brazil, Canada a me Korea e ulu hikiwawe loa. Initially, kuʻi nukeliu reactors ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, a me ka Soviet Union i ua ua hoʻopili i ka ulu ana o nukelea mea kaua, a noho malu a me ka hālāwai kūkā "nā'ātoma no ka noho mälie '", a i paʻa i loko o Geneva i ka 1958. Ma hope iho o ka hanaia'na o ka Soviet tokamak noiʻi o nukelea kuʻi nukeliu i loko o nā 1970s ka mea, ua lilo ia "nui 'epekema". Akā, ua mahuahua ka waiwai e lilo aku, a ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka manao maalea a hiki i ka wahi i kūwaho hoʻi ke alu like i ka mea wale nō i ka wa pono, e neʻe i mua.

Kuʻi nukeliu reactors i loko o ke ao nei

Mai ka 1970s, i ka hoʻomaka o ke kalepa pono o ke kuʻi nukeliu ikehu ua mauʻula a no 40 makahiki. Eia naʻe, nui i hiki mai ai i loko o nā makahiki, e keia wā i e hoʻopōkole.

Kūkulu mau tokamaks, a me ka mokulele hēkī Europa, Pelekāne a me ke awa, Thermonuclear Hoʻokolohua mīkini'ātoma TFTR i loko o Princeton, USA. Ua hoʻonohonoho 'ITER pāhana mea a ianoiyuaa a ma lalo o ke kūkuluʻia i loko o Cadarache, France. Ka mea, e lilo ka nui tokamak mea e hana ana ma ka makahiki 2020. I ka 2030, e e kūkulu China CFETR, a eʻoi i ke ITER. Ia manawa, China e lawelawe ai noiʻi ma kekahi mana superconducting tokamak hikina.

Kuʻi nukeliu reactors'ē aʻe type - stellarators - i mahalo i waena o noiʻi. Kekahi o ka mea nui, LHD, hui ka Japanese National Institute no kuʻi nukeliu i ka 1998. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka huli' ana i ka mea momona a hoʻonohonohoʻia o kaʻume mākenēki wai koko paa. German Max Planck Institute no ka manawa, mai 1988 a hiki i 2002, hana noiʻi ma ka Wendelstein 7-LIKE mīkini'ātoma ma Garching, a me ka manawa - ma Wendelstein 7-X, o ka hana o ka a mau ae la oi ma mua o 19 makahiki. Kekahi stellarator TJII hoʻohana ma Madrid, ma Sepania. Ma ka United States Princeton keʻena hoʻokolohua wai koko ke kālaikūlohea (PPPL), kahi āna i kūkulu ai i ka mua nukelea kuʻi nukeliu mīkini'ātoma o kēia 'ano i loko o 1951, ma ka 2008 ka mea i papani ai hoi i ka hana o NCSX ma muli o ke kāki kawowo aku i a me ka nele o ka hoʻolako' ia o.

Eia hou, nui e piʻi like i loko o ka noiʻi o inertial kuʻi nukeliu. Building National mea hō'ā kaʻa hale (NIF) ke kumukuai o $ 7 ieeeea? Ma ka Lawrence Livermore National keʻena hoʻokolohua (LLNL), hoʻolako 'ia e ka National nukelea maluhia mau luna' oihana, i paʻa i loko o Malaki 2009, i ka Palani kukuna Mégajoule (LMJ) ka hoʻomaka 'hana i loko o October 2014. Kuʻi nukeliu reactors ka hoʻohana kukuna hāʻawiʻia i loko o kekahi mau billionths o ka lua o ka hola 2 miliona joules o ka malamalama ikehu i ka pale kaua nui o kekahi mau millimeters, e hoʻomaka nukelea kuʻi nukeliu. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu o NIF a me LMJ ka noiʻi e kākoʻo aina nukelea mea kaua papahana.

ITER

I ka makahiki 1985, i ka Soviet Union i manaoia e kūkulu i kekahi hanauna tokamak pu me Europa, Japan a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Ka hana i mālama 'ia ma lalo o nā auspices o ka IAEA. I ka wā mai ka 1988 a hiki i ka makahiki 1990 ka mea i hana i nā kikoo mua o ka International Thermonuclear Hoʻokolohua mīkini'ātoma ka ITER, i kekahi o ia hoʻi, "ala" a "hele" i ka Roma, me ka mea e hooiaio i kuʻi nukeliu hiki paka oi ikehu ma mua o ka mea absorbs. Canada a me aneea oneiaey ia i kekahi hapa mediated e Euratom a me Rusia, kekahi me kekahi.

Ma hope o 6 makahiki o ITER Council i aponoia i ka mua luna 'mīkini'ātoma mea i manao ai me ka nānā' ana i hoʻokumu 'ia ke kālaikūlohea a me ka' ike loea hou ke kumukuai o $ 6 ieeeea?. A laila, i ka US maiwaena mai o ka eiini?, I puʻe wale akula kēlā iā halve na koina, a hoʻololi i ka papahana. Ka hopena ua ka ITER-Feat ke kumukuai o $ 3 ieeeea?., Akāʻoe ke kū i ka pakiko-sustaining naoh, a me ka maikaʻi koena o ka mana.

I ka 2003, hui ka United States hookahi hou ka eiini?, A me China kūkala i ko lakou makemake e komo i loko o laila. E like me ka hopena, ma ka hapalua like-2005,ʻae akula i nā hui ma ka hana o ka ITER ma Cadarache ma ka hema o Farani. Eu a France ua i ka hapalua o ka EUR 12,8 ieeeea, iā Japan, China, South Korea, kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me Rusia - 10% kēlā me kēia. Japan i nā kiʻekiʻe eiiiiiaiou na mea hoʻonoho loaʻa IFMIF 1 ieeeea manao ia no ka hoao mea, a loaʻa iā ia ke kuleana e kukulu i ka aʻe hoao mīkini'ātoma. I ka huina o na lilo o ITER ka loaʻa o ka hapalua o ka lilo ana o ka 10-makahiki kūkuluʻia a me ka hapalua - ma luna o 20 makahiki o ka hana. India i ka hiku o ka lālā o ITER i ka hopena o 2005

Ka ho okolohua mea e hoʻomaka i ka 2018 a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o hydrogen i mea e pale aku i ka ho'ā hope o na nā mākēneki. E ho ohana i ka DT wai koko ua i manaoia mua 2026

Manao ITER - kūkulu i ka 500 megawatt (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no ka 400 kekona) hoʻohana emi o 50 mW hoʻokomo o ka mana me ka hoʻomakaʻia uila.

Dvuhgigavattnaya hōʻike liʻiliʻi ÷ mea kanu, e paka nui-unahiʻole, i ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka uila ma luna o ka paʻa manawa. Hōʻike liʻiliʻi mea manaʻo manao e e pau ma ka 2017, a me kona? Ieoaeunoai e hoʻomaka i ka 2024. Ka hoʻomaka 'ana e lawe wahi i ka 2033.

mokulele hēkī

I ka makahiki 1978, ka eu (Euratom, Kuekene a me Kuikilana) ua hoʻomaka 'ana i kekahi mau' Eulopa mokulele hēkī pāhana i loko o ka UK. Mokulele hēkī mea a ianoiyuaa a ka lua pae'ōnaehana tokamak i loko o ke ao nei. Oia ka mīkini'ātoma JT-60 I hana i loko o ka Japanese National Institute o ke kuʻi nukeliu, akā, wale mokulele hēkī e hoʻohana i ka deuterium-tritium wahie.

Ka mīkini'ātoma Ua ee aku i ka makahiki 1983, a ua i ka mua hoʻokolohua ma i kekahi lāʻau 'thermonuclear kuʻi nukeliu i 16 MW i paʻa i loko o November 1991 no ka lua o 5 MW a me ka pilina paʻa ka mana i ka deuterium-tritium wai koko. Ua nui ho okolohua ua, ua mālama 'ia e noiʻi i nāʻokoʻa hahana maoli nō kēia wahi i puhi ai, a' ē aʻe 'ana i kūpono.

Hou hou pili i ka mokulele hēkī mahuahua ai kona nona iho. Kia olelo hoopomaikai mīkini'ātoma ua hoʻomohala me ka mokulele hēkī a me ITER ka hapa o ka papahana.

K-Star

K-Star - Korean superconducting tokamak National Institute no kuʻi nukeliu Haʻawina (NFRI) ma Daejeon, a hua mai la i kona mua wai koko ma ka hapalua like-2008. He He kahu papahana ITER, i mea no ka hopena o ka lahui alu like 'ana. Tokamak kahahńnai o 1.8 ka m - mua mīkini'ātoma ke hoʻohana nei superconducting nā mākēneki Nb3Sn, i ka mea e, e ke hoʻohana 'ia ma o ka ITER. I ka pae mua, i pau ai i ka 2012, K-Star i, e hooiaio i ka viability o ka walaʻauʻana ike loea a me ka hoʻokō wai koko lāʻau ikiʻai wale lōʻihi like 'ole i 20 kekona. Ma ka lua o ka pae (2013-2017) ua lawe mai i ka noiʻi i kona modernization lāʻau ikiʻai wale lōʻihi o ka mai i 300 mau ma ka H ano, a me ka hoʻololi hoomaikai MA-? Aaeei i. Ke kumu o ke kolu o ka pae (2018-2023) mea e hoʻokō kiʻekiʻe hana a me ka hoʻokōʻana i loko o ka lōʻihi ka lāʻau ikiʻai? Aaeei. I ka anu u 4 (2023-2025) e e ikea ai hōʻike liʻiliʻi 'enehana. Ke mea mea i hiki ke hana me ka tritium DT a me ka wahie hoʻohana.

K-hōʻike liʻiliʻi

Mea i neʻepapa hoʻi, me ka Princeton wai koko ke kālaikūlohea keʻena hoʻokolohua (PPPL) US Keʻena o Energy, a me ka South Korean Institute NFRI, K-hōʻike liʻiliʻi e ia i ke kakahiaka mua ma ka hanaia'na o ke kalepa reactors ma hope o ka ITER, a e ia i ka mua mana kanu hiki o ka hoʻomakaʻia ka mana a hiki i ka uila maka aha, oia hoi, 1 miliona kilowatts i kekahi mau pule. Kona anawaena e e 6,65 m, a me ia nō i kekahi papa Module ua loaʻa ma ka papahana hōʻike liʻiliʻi. Ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao, Science a me Technology o Korea i na manao, e ke kālele 'ana ma ka mea e pili ana i ka trillion Korean lanakila' o ia ($ 941 miliona).

hikina

Chinese ke kahu moku hou superconducting tokamak (Hikina) i loko o ka Institute o ke kālaikūlohea ma Kina Hefee hana hydrogen wai koko mahana 50 miliona ° C, a mālama ia no ka 102 kekona.

TFTR

Ka Amelika keʻena hoʻokolohua PPPL mana thermonuclear mīkini'ātoma TFTR hana mai ka 1982 a hiki i 1997. Ma December 1993, lilo 'o ia i ka mua TFTRʻume mākenēki tokamak, a i nui ho okolohua me ka wai koko o ka deuterium-tritium. Ma ka eia, ka mīkini'ātoma hua mai la i ka mooolelo ana ka hoi malalo o ka mana 10,7 MW, a ma ka 1995, ua loaʻa i ka mooolelo o ka mahana ionized kinoea i 510 miliona ° C. Naʻe, ka mea hoʻonoho i ole pomaikai iho la o breakeven kuʻi nukeliu mana, akā, ua ana ko ka pahu hopu o ke hoʻololi i ka lako e, e he nui na makana i ITER.

LHD

LHD i loko o ka Japanese National Institute no nukelea kuʻi nukeliu ma Toki, Gifu Kulanakauhale, ua ka nui stellarator i loko o ke ao nei. E hoʻomaka ana i ke kuʻi nukeliu mīkini'ātoma i wahi i ka 1998, a me ka mea i hōʻike i ka mea e like ai o ka wai koko hoopaa, like me nā nui nā mea hoʻonoho. Ua Ua hiki aku 13.5 keV ion mahana (ma kahi o 160 miliona ° C) a me ka ikehu o 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Ma hope o ka makahiki o ke ikea ai, e hoomaka ana ma ka hopena o 2015, ka helium mahana i loko o ka pōkole manawa i hiki aku ai 1 miliona ° C. I ka 2016 ka thermonuclear mīkini'ātoma me ka hydrogen wai koko hoʻohana he 2 MW, ka mahana i 80 miliona ° C no ka hapaha o ka lua. W7-X stellarator o ka mea nui i loko o ke ao nei, a ua? Oaony e ia i loko o ke ana hana no 30 mau minuke. Ke kumu o ka mīkini'ātoma ua like ia € 1 ieeeea?.

NIF

National mea hō'ā kaʻa hale (NIF) ma i pau i loko o March 2009, Lawrence Livermore National keʻena hoʻokolohua (LLNL) makahiki. E ho ohana i kona 192 kukuna kaola, ka NIF mea hiki ke kiaʻana i kāna 60 mau manawa hou ikehu ma mua o kekahi mua kukuna nenoaiu.

hou anuanu kuʻi nukeliu

Ma March 1989, elua noiʻi, American Stenli Pons a me Martin Fleischmann Briton, i mai la ka mea, ua hemo aku i ka meaʻoneki anu kuʻi nukeliu mīkini'ātoma, ke hoʻohana i mehana ea. Ke kaʻina hana oia i ka electrolysis o ka wai kaumaha ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi palladium'ūholo uila ma i deuterium nuclei i kia me ka pa apŘ kiʻekiʻe. Ke noiʻi hoʻopaʻapaʻa i produces wela, i hiki ke wehewehe wale i ka hua'ōlelo o nukelea keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka pono me he mauʻaoʻao i nā huahana o ka hoʻololi kemikala, a me helium, tritium a me neutrons. Eia naʻe, 'ē aʻe experimenters nele i replicate i kēia ka hoao ana. Ka hapa nui o ka 'epekema kaiāulu' aʻole i manaoio i ke anu kuʻi nukeliu reactors i maoli.

Low-ikehu nukelea reactions

Hoʻoili ma na koi ana o ka "anu kuʻi nukeliu" noiʻi hoʻomau i loko o ke kula o ka haʻahaʻa ikehu nukelea reactions, a me kekahi mau empirical kākoʻo, akā, 'aʻole nui maliuia scientific hoakaka. Waihoia, nāwaliwali nukelea hana kūleʻa (a i ka poe ikaika, me ka nukelea fission 'ole hoʻololi kemikala) e hoʻohana' ia no ka ho okumu a me ka hopu ana o neutrons. Ho okolohua nā anal o ka hydrogen ole deuterium ma ka hōʻeleu kahi moe, a me ka naoh me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ke noiʻi e hoʻokaʻaʻike mai i ka nānāʻana aku i ka ikehu kala. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea hiki kumu hoʻohālike o ka naoh o ka hydrogen me ka nikala ka pauka me ka wela, i ka helu o ka i mea oi aku ma mua o ke haawi aku i kekahi Nine Inch naoh.