Lātoma: he lātoma kaumaha. I ka nui a me ka nuipa o na nā lātoma

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka luna' mea, aole ka mea i hanaʻia e ka moku (particles) - nā'ātoma, nā lātoma, Ion. Ke hakakino 'ole he nui ke kinowai a me nā kinoea, e like me kekahi paa kino. Nā'ātoma a me Ion hoʻohui pū i eliiaʻi, he nui paʻakai. All (particles) i nuipa, a hiki i ka tiniest lātoma. Nuipa o ka lātoma, ina ua hoike ia ma i nā kilo, oia ke launa i ka mea uuku loa waiwai. No ka laʻana, ka m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 kg. Ua nui ano o ka waiwai e like me ke kaupaona ana, a Ana o na microparticles, ua lōʻihi ua aʻo physicists a me chemists. Nā kumu i waiho ai i loko o nā hana o Mikhail Lomonosov a me Dzhona Daltona. E hoomanao i pehea hoʻololi mai manao ma ka microcosm.

University ka hōʻike o ka "corpuscles"

Ka mea mahuʻi o ka discrete 'ole o ka mea i olelo ia ma ka haumana o kahiko Greece. A laila, ka mea i haawiia mai i ka inoa "'Ātoma" o ka mea uuku indivisible huna o ke kino, "hale ālai '" o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ka nui Russian haumāna M. V. Lomonosov i kākau e pili ana i ka negligible a me ka indivisible physical o ia hoʻi, huna 'ole o ka mea - corpuscle. Hope, i loko o nā palapala o nā haumana, oia i ka inoa o "lātoma".

Mass lātoma a me kona Ana i nānā 'ana i ka waiwai o kona constituent nā'ātoma. No ka lōʻihi manawa i ole kānakaʻepekema i hiki ke nanaʻoi i loko o ka microcosm mea i keakea i ka hooulu ana o ka kemika a me ke kālaikūlohea. Lomonosov pinepine ae la oia Koi nā hoapili e aʻo, a ma kā lākou mau hana ma muli o pololei laupaʻiʻikepili - ". Ana a me ke kaumaha" he Ma ka hana o Lūkini chemist a me physicist waiho iho i nā kumu o ke ao ana mai o ka 'ole o ka mea, a ua lilo ka integral hapa o ka manaʻo aukahi'ātoma-hakakino kumumanaʻo.

Nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma - "hale ālai 'o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa"

Oia hoi, microscopically uuku mea hiki ole i ka loaʻa, ka mea i waiwai. (Particles) e like me nā'ātoma, i hanaʻia e ka mea kāna mau 'ōlelo a me ka lolouila papa oko ma ka helu o ka maikaʻi a me ka hopena maikaʻi' āhewa 'ana o RADIUS kaumaha. Nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma nei i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai,ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, ka mea, ua o Laielohelohe i kekahi poe ikaika no lakou. More kekahi 'hopena o ka hale kalapu no kaua i loko o ka'ā, nawaliwali - i loko o ke kinowai, apuepue i manao ai i loko o ka gaseous waiwai.

Nine reactions ka mea, i hele pu me ia ma ka make nā'ātoma. Loa pinepine, aia no he hōʻuluʻulu hou no ia, he mea kekahi lātoma. Mass lātoma hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nā'ātoma ka mea, ua hana. Akā, me nā hoʻololi a pau i loko o nā nā'ātoma i chemically indivisible. Akā, ka mea hiki ke lilo kekahi o okoa nā lātoma. ʻO nā'ātoma hoomau i ka waiwai o ka hehee ai no a ka. Lātoma ma mua e amo i loko o nā'ātoma i hoopaa mai ai a pau na kailaʻae o ka waiwai.

Microparticle 'ole o nā kino - ka lātoma. nuipa o ka lātoma

E ana i ka nuipa a macrobodies manaʻo i ia, o ka makahiapo o ka a - unahi. Ka huahelu hopena ua pono ai ke makaukau ma ka kilograms, e like me ka walaʻauʻana pa alima o physical puuhuahelu o ka lahui'ōnaehana (Si). E hoʻoholo i ka hakakino nuipa a ma kilograms, ia mea pono e waiho iho i ko lakou'ātoma paona ma muli o ka helu ana o (particles). No ka pono, he kūikawā pa alima o ka nuipa a ua wahahee - nukelea. 'Oe ke kākau ia i loko o ka palapala o ka palapala hua h ÷ ailona (amu). Keia pa alima hoʻopili like i kekahi-umikumamalua o ka hū o ka nuclide o ke kalapona ¹² C.

Inā mākou i ka hoike i ka waiwai i loaʻa ma ka hae huahelu, ua loaa 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg. Oia uuku nā hoailona no ka mea nui kino hanaʻano nui ke kālaikūlohea. He 'atikala o ka papaʻaina mai a oe ke aʻo ka mea na nā paʻi hua o na nā'ātoma o kekahi Nine Inch hehee wale. E huli mai ka mea i ka nui o kekahi lātoma o ka hydrogen i loko o kilograms, hoʻonui ma nā hōʻike i loko o ka papaʻaina i ka'ātoma nuipa o ka Nine Inch hehee ai. I ka hopena o ke kau paona ana waiwai nā lātoma iloko olaila o elua nā'ātoma.

Pili hakakino nuipa

He paʻakikī i ka hana i loko o ka i ka ho omaulia o ka uuku loa puuhuahelu, ia mea kekahi kaʻao ka, hiki aku i ka manawa-hoopauia'na, hewa-prone. Like no ke kaumaha o na microparticles, laila, i ke kala ana o ka pilikia pilikia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka pili nā loina. Kama'āina i ka chemists makahiki he o nā hua'ōlelo elua - "'ātoma nui", kona hōʻailona - Ara. 'ālike manaʻo i hoʻolauna i ka hakakino kaumaha (i ka ia me ka mea hū o ka lātoma). Ke haʻilula e pili ana i nā meaʻelua: Mr = ka m (i ka pale umauma hoʻokahi) / 1/12 m + ⁽¹² C).

Pinepine oe ke lohe i ka mea a lākou e'ōlelo mai "hakakino kaumaha." Kēia obsolete manawa hoʻohana a hiki i ka mahalo i ka hakakino kaumaha, akā, emi pinepine ia. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ke kaumaha - he he okoa physical nui - i ka mana o ka i hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Leeuwerikplein o ke kino. Akä naÿe, i ka nui o ka ikaika ano o na (particles) e komo ai i loko o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a ua hoʻowalewaleʻia maiʻo ia ma maʻamau māmā.

Pehea e hooholo i ka hakakino kaumaha

Ke mau ka wehewehena o ka lātoma kaumaha ua laweʻia e ka mea kani - nuipa a spectrometer. E hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia, e hiki ke hoʻohana 'ikepili mai ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaaina. No ka laʻana, ka mea hū o ka oxygen ma lātoma mea 2 • 16 = 32. mākou hana na mea helu, a imi i ka waiwai o Mr (H ₂ O) - i pili hakakino kaumaha o ka wai. Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table ua hoakaka ia ka nuipa a o o oxygen - 16, o ka hydrogen - 1. E unuhi oe i na mea ho: M _R (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, ma M _R - hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana, H ₂ O - wai lātoma, H - hydrogen hōʻailona hehee ai O - Nine Inch ka oxygen hoailona.

nā paʻi hua o na isotopes

Nine nā kumumea ma ka ano a me ka 'ike loea hou nei me kekahi mau laha' ana o nā'ātoma - isotopes. Kēlā me kēia no ia mai kekahi kanaka ke kaupaonaʻana, i kona mea e ia i fractional waiwai. Naʻe, i ka'ātoma kaumaha o ka Nine Inch hehee ai pinepine mea he helu me ka mau hoailona ma hope o ka wahi. A hiki aku i ka ho lawe i loko no o ka prevalence o kēlā me kēia laha 'i loko o ka Honua ka pńpa. No laila, pono ka hū o na nā'ātoma i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina i ole integers. E ho ohana i mau aiee no ka hoʻomaulia, ua loaa i ka hū o na nā lātoma, i mea hoi ole integers. Ma kekahi mau hihia, ka mea i lilo he polopelema waiwai.

Ke hakakino kaumaha o ka ole-hakakino 'ole o ka mea

Most 'okanikaʻole hui i ole hakakino 'ole. Ke hooheheeia i hakuʻia no nā'ātoma, Ion a me ka paa ole electrons, paʻakai - o cations a me anions. No ka waiwai 'ole-hakakino kaumaha hale i helu conditional nā lātoma o manoanoa hoi haʻilula, hōʻikeʻana i ka simplest' ole. Mākou loaʻa Mr waiwai no ionic waiwai 'ole - ka paʻakai kona haʻilula NaCl. M _R = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. No kekahi 'ano o ka ho omaulia ana ma hakakino nui o ka lewa - kinoea ukuhiia. E noonoo pono i ka pakeneka o ka mea okoa 'ona i loko o ka lewa, i ka hakakino nuipa o ka lewa , he 29.

I ka nui a me ka nuipa o na nā lātoma

Huina'ine micrographs a nui nā lātoma ke noonoo i ke kanaka nā'ātoma, akā, ka mea, ua uuku ia i hiki ole ka maʻamau microscope e ike. Laina huna nui o kekahi waiwai, e like me ka mea kaupaona, - he ikaika ano. Ke anawaena o ka lātoma hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka Radii o kona constituent nā'ātoma, kā lākou ae attraction. Ke huna nui like 'ole lauwili me ka helu ana o protons a me ka ikehu pae. Hydrogen'Ātoma - i ka mea uuku i ka nui, kona kahahńnai o ka poepoe wale 0,5 • 10 ^-8 knm uranium'Ātoma mea ekolu mau manawa hou hydrogen nā'ātoma .. Mau "kanaka nunui" o ka microcosm - na nā lātoma o ke aloha 'ona. Penei, kekahi o ka laina Ana o ke kumuʻiʻo huna o 44 • 10 ^-8 knm.

E hōʻuluʻulu: ka nui o nā lātoma - o ka huina o na nā paʻi hua o nā'ātoma i loko o ia mau mea. Ke loa cia ma kilograms hiki ke loaa ma ka hoonui i ka hakakino kaumaha i loaʻa i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table, ka huina 1,66 • 10 ^-27 kg.

ʻO nā lātoma i negligible hoʻohālikelike i ka nunui-kino. No ka laʻana, i ka nui o ka wai lātoma H ₂ O ke haawi mai i ka ohia i na manawa he nui, pehea na manawa he nui i kēia hua mea uuku ma mua o ka Honua.