Loa'a i nā Alcohols: Nā Kumu a me nā Pono Lā

Ho'okomo'ia nā'alekini i nā'oihana a me nā'āpana o nā'oihana. O ia paka likeʻole kemikala polymers, plasticizers, rubbers, detergents, a he nui nāʻano likeʻole o nā huahana. Ho'omaopopo'ia ka hana'ana o nā wai'ona ma o nā'ano biochimika a me nā mea hana. 'O ka hapanui o lākou he hua nui o ka mele no'eau. 'O ke'ano o nā meaola'ele'ele mai ka hydrocarbons he'ano hana hana ma'alahi'ole. 'O kekahi o nā'ano nui loa,'o ia ka hana'ana o nā waipika ma ka hydration o nā olefins. Pela i loaa isopropyl, sec- a me ka tert-butyl a me ka 'eto waiʻona mai ke kino. 'O ka ho'omākaukau'ana o ka wai'ona methyl (methanol) e kau'ia ma kahi malo'o malo'o o ka lā'au.

'O nā papa hana nui e loa'a ai nā wai'ona:

• 'ākilikai hydrolysis halogen nā mea loaʻa:? Iecaianoaaiiie o glycerol, benzyl ka waiʻona a me na mea e ae.
• 'O ka hydration o nā epoxides a me nā'ālika: ethylene glycol, ethanol, etc.
• 'O ka waihana: hexanol, methanol, a pēlā aku.
• Nā hana o ka ho'ohālikelike: ka hana'ana o nā mea momona momona ki'eki'e.
• Nā hana o ka ho'ōla hou'ana: nā'ale'a momona nui, xylitol, a pēlā aku.
• Nā'ano biochemical: ka hana'ana o ka glycerin a me ka ethanol.

'O kekahi o nā huahana i ho'olaha nui'ia,'o ia ka wai'alila'elyl (ethanol). Ma ke kumu, ua ho'olahalaha'ia kekahi'ano hana no ka hana'ana i ka hana pani. Loa'a'ia ka Ethanol mai nā huahana o ka waihā o ka lā'au, ethylene, sulfite waipika a me ke'ano enzymatic mai nā mea'ai'ai.

'O ka loa'a'ana o ka wai'ona (ethanol a me methanol) mai nā mea'ai a me ka lā'au he mea'oi aku ka waiwai a me ka manawa. 'Oi aku ka maika'i loa o ka Ethyl alcohol a'oi aku ka ma'alahi no ka hana'ana mai nā kumu waiwai'ole o ka hydrocarbon waiwai, e like me ka hydration o ka ethylene. No ka loa'a'ana o ho'okahi ana o ka ethanol i ka alanzymatic, pono'oe e ho'oponopono i'ehā mau talani o ka palaoa ai'ole'ewalu mau talena. No ka ho'ohālikelike: loa'a kahi ton o ka ethanol mai ka 2.5 tons o ka'aila kalola ai'ole ka'elepene konupona. Nā ho'olālā hana i nā hola he ho'okahi i ka hana'ana o ka wai'ona waipila mai nā mea like'ole: mai ka palaoa - 160, mai ka'uala - 280, mai ka ethylene - 10.'O ke kū'ai'ana i nā momona mai nā mea momona'oi aku ka emi'ole o ka waiwai a me ka hana'ana.

'O kekahi mea waiwai nui nui ka methanol. Hoikehonua,? Iecaianoaaiiuo o metanola ua lawe mai ma ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala nānā 'ana i kalapona monoxide (II) a me ka hoʻololi kemikala kinoea i loko o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. Loa'a nā'enehana'oko'a. 'Oiai e hiki iā lākou ke māhele'ia i nā'ao'ao'ekolu.

- Kahe ana ma ka huina-chromium mea ho'onāukiuki ma ke ki'eki'e. Ua loli kēia hana a ua pani'ia e nā'ano like'ole o ke kuhi'ana ma ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a.

- Kahe ana ma luna o nā copper-zinc-alumini catalysts ma kahi ha'aha'a. 'O ka ho'ohana'ana i nā'ano hana ho'ohālikelike i ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a e hiki ai ke ho'oha'aha'a iho i nā kumukū'ai no ka hana'ana. Me kēia hana hana, he kūlana ki'eki'e o ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana i ka mea'āpana mai nā mea haumia e pili ana i ka mea ho'oemi.

- Ke Kuhi o ka methanol i loko o kahi pūnaewele'ekolu, e hana'ia ana i ka ho'omaha'ia mai kahi wai'oki a me kahi mea ho'omelepa maika'i. 'O kēia ke'ano e hiki ai ke ho'onui i ka hua o ka huahana, i ka ho'emi'ana i ka uku o ka ike. Loa'a'ia nā ala o ka loa'a'ana o nā wai'ona. 'O ka'ōnaehana'ekolu-'ano he'enehana hana holomua.