Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi mai i ke ola o Tolstoy. Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich

Graf a me academician o ka USSR Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy i ka loa a me ka loea versatile mea kākau, ka mea i kakau iho i na mea he nui kekahi mau Huli a me nāʻaoʻao. Ma kona arsenal o nā hoiliili ole o poem, poʻe hoʻokalakupua kaʻao lapaʻau ha, he nui ka helu ana o ka hana keaka, journalism a me ka waiwai. Akā, ma luna o nā mea a pau,ʻo ia - he mea kākau nui, a me ka haku o kupaianaha moʻolelo. He makemake ua hookoia ka USSR State makana (i ka 1941, 1943 a me posthumously i ka 1946). Ka palapala, ai Kawaihae kekahi i kekahi hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo mai ke ola o Tolstoy. About ia a e e kūkā mai no hoi ia.

Tolstoy: Life a me ka hana

December 29, 1882 (Old January 10th, 1883) ma Nikolaevsk (Pugachev) Saratov māhele 'āina i hanau Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich. I ka wā o kona makuahine, ua hapai, ua haʻalele kana kane N. A. Tolstogo, a neʻe e noho me Zemsky limahana A. A. Bostroma.

Alyosha kona wā kamaliʻi hoolilo ia i loko o ka waiwai o kona stepfather i loko o ke kauhale o Sosnovka Samara'āina a pau. Ka mea, ua i nā makahiki loa he pomaikai no ke keiki loa ikaika a me ka hedonistic ka mea i ulu. A laila, Tolstoy pau ka St. Petersburg Institute o Technology, palapala puka akā,ʻaʻole i kokua aku (1907).

Mai 1905 a hiki i ka makahiki 1908, ua hoomaka ae la e hoolaha poem a me ka Ana Aina. Kaulana i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i hele mai ma hope o nā moʻolelo a me nā novels "Zavolzhye" kalapona (1909-1911 GG.), "Jackass" novels (1911) a me "ka oopa keonimana" (1912). Here ia i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka anecdotal a me ka hana hana' ia mai ai me ka eccentric konohiki i kona hanau Samara panalaau.

Ka mua World

Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi mai i ke ola o Tolstoy ua olelo mai ia i loko o ka First World, oia hana like me ka kaua correspondent. A lailaʻo ua loa hoihoi e pili ana i ka FebruaryʻOiʻenehana. Mea kākau, oiai e noho ana ma Moscow. I ka manawa o ka Socialist kipi, i ke Aupuni Kūikawā, i kauoha mai ai Tolstoy Komisina no ka puka kakau ana. Mai 1917 a hiki i 1918, a pau makakū hana apolitical mea kākau hōʻike i ke kaumaha a me ka pili.

Ma hope o ka HoʻokahuliʻOiʻenehana, mai ka 1918 a hiki i 1923, i ke ola o Aleksey Tolstoy hele i loko o ke pio. I ka 1918, hele aku la ia Ukraine i loko o ka palapala, ai 'huakaʻi, a ma ka 1919 i evacuated mai Odessa a hiki i Kou.

emigration

Hoi mai i ka theme like o "Tolstoy: ke ola a me ka hana", ia E e kaulana i ka mau o ka makahikiʻo ia i noho ai i loko o Paris, laila, i ka 1921, neʻe akula i Pelelina, kahi ana i hoomaka ae la e hookupaa i kahiko ano laulea me nā mea kākau no ka poe i koe i loko o Rusia. E like me ka hopena, aole loa i hopu ai ma kahi'ē, i ka wā o ka New Economic Policy (1923), hoi aku la oia hoʻi i kona'āina. Kona ola ma kahi e hānau i ka hua, a ike aku la i ka malamalama o kona autobiographical hana "noho 'ana kamaliʻi Nikita," "The Road to o Kalevari" (1920-1922 GG.) - ka mua Edition (1921), ma ke ala, i ka 1922, oia hai mai la ia ia It e ia he trilogy. Over manawa, ka laina Anati-Bolshevik o ka puke, ua hahau mai ia, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i hāliu mai i ko, e hoololi ae i ko lakou hana, pinepine kānalua meli auamo aie i ke kahua kālai'āina o ka USSR. Ka mea kākau moʻolelo, aole poina e pili ana i kā lākou mau "hewa" - hanohano ka molekumu o a me ka immigration, akā, ua ike ia ka mea, ua ÿike ÿia ÿo pono manawa he ākea huahelu o ka mea heluhelu, ma ka Soviet ka'āina.

New makakū manawa

I ka hōʻeaʻana i ka Lūkini puke "Aelita" Ua paʻiʻia (1922-1923 GG.), Ke sci-fi Ke 'ano moʻokalaleo. pehea ka Red Army koa, ua hoʻolālā ihola kipi ma Mars, akā, i hele aku i na mea i manaolanaiaʻi ia'ōlelo. A iki ma hope mai i ka lua o ka puke o ka ia ano moʻokalaleo, "ke hyperboloid o ka lunaʻenehana Garin" (1925-1926 GG.), Ka mea a ka mea kākau reworked na manawa he nui. I ka makahiki 1925, ua he fantastic moʻolelo, "ka Union o elima." Tolstoy, ma ke ala, i loko o ka poʻe o kona 'epekema fiction wānana nui oaoieei-na mea kupanaha, e like me ka wa holo, hookahi ka hopu koho, kukuna, "wawahi parachute", i ka papa o ka'ātoma nucleus, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Mai ka makahiki 1924 a hiki i ka makahiki 1925 Tolstoy Aleksey Nikolaevich puke i ka mea satirical Ke 'ano moʻokalaleo, "Ka Hawaii o Nevzorov, a Ibikus" kahi hoike ia adventurer ho'ākāka' ia ma. Ka mea, ua maopopo, mai keia aoao mai o Ostap Bender i hānau i loko o Ilf a me Petrov.

Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi mai i ke ola o Tolstoy

Kela manawa, i ka 1937, Tolstoy i kākau i ka moʻolelo ma luna o ka moku'āina kauoha o Stalin "berena", kahi i loko o ka papa o nā hanana hiki i ka poʻokela kūlana o ka alihi kaua o ka proletariat a me Voroshilov maopopo ike.

Kekahi o ka mea maikai keiki i ka moʻolelo ma ka honua moʻokalaleo i ka moʻolelo o ka A. N. Tolstogo, "The Golden Key, a me Hawaii no Pinocchio" (1935). Mea kākau loa pono a me ka pono reworked poʻe hoʻokalakupua kaao, "Pinocchio" ma Italian kākau moʻolelo Carlo Collodi.

I ka wā mai ka 1930 a hiki i 1934, Tolstoy hana mau puke e pili ana o Petero, a me kona manawa. Eia ka mea kākau moʻolelo e hāʻawi mai i kona auhau ana o ke au a me ke alii o ka mihi manaʻo. Kona kolu o ka puke, "o Petero", i palapala mai ai, ia ia i ua terminally mai.

Iloko o ka Nui Patriotic War, palapala Alexey na paʻi puke a me nā moʻolelo. Iwaena o lakou i "Lūkini ano", "Ivan Grozny" a no laila, ma luna o. D.

ʻokoʻa

I ka wahine paha, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo Alekseya Tolstogoʻano contradictory like, ma ka rula, a me kana hana. Ma ka Soviet Union ka mea, ua ka lua nui ma hope o ka mea kākau moʻolelo Maksima Gorkogo. Tolstoy ua he hōʻailona o ana ka maoli Soviet Patriots he kanaka o ka lani kiekie loa hanohano. He oi loa aku hoi, aole ohumu e pili ana i ka pono, a noho iho la e like me ka keonimana manawa, no ka mea, ua i hoʻomalolo i hana ma luna o kona typewriter, a ua mau ka koi.

Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi o Tolstoy ka ola loaʻa i ka mea e hiki ia ia ke kokua i ka poe i hopuia a hoʻowahāwahāʻia nīnau, akā,ʻo ia hiki, a me ka hilahila aku mai ia. He Ua mare eha manawa. NV Krandievskaya, kekahi o kana mau wahine, ma kekahi alanui i mālama ai i ka prototype o na heroines o ka puke "Ka Road to o Kalevari".

patriot

Alexei aloha e kākau i loko o kaʻoia iʻo ano me nā kūʻiʻo oiaio, akā, ke aloha i hana a me ka fiction no hoi. Aloha aku la ia ia, aku la ia i kaʻuhane o kekahi hui, akā, aia nō kekahi mau mea i hoike mai hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Mau me Anna Akhmatova, Bulgakov, Osip Mandelstam (ka hope Tolstoy, a hiki ae la i ka paʻi).

Alexei Tolstoy i ka maoli aupuni Lūkini mea kākau, patriot a me ka statesman, ua make pinepine palapala aku ai i ka haole, mea, a ia loa i ole makemake e aʻo'ōlelo'ē no he ano maikai o kona Lūkini 'ōlelo Hawaiʻi.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Gorky, mai 1936 a hiki i 1938, alai ae i ka Union o Soviet kākau moʻolelo. Ma hope o ke kaua,ʻo ia ua he lâlâ o ke Komisina, e noiʻi ana i ka hewa o ka fascist komohewa.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka makahiki o ko Tolstoy ka ola mai ai i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1883 a hiki i 1945. He make ma Pepeluali 23, 1945 o Ka maʻi 'aʻai i ka makahiki o ka 62, a kanuʻia ihola ia ma Moscow ma ka Novodevichy ilina.