Mea Maluna a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a

I keia la o ka hana hoʻohana he nui nui o ka mea. Ka lula ea Ke a me nā pele ahupapa me, graphite a me nā waiwai ... Akā, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka manawa pili. No ka mea,ʻo ke kanaka nunui? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu i kekahiʻano o machines a me nā lako a pan.

A no ka mea, o ka Mea Maluna o ka metala Radio ma ka hana a me ka 'epekema a Mānoa ano nui i, no ka mea, ua ike ka mea, e hiki ke koho i ka loa e pono' ano o ka mea no ia hana, a iaʻu. Ia mea i ke kumuhana, a me ka pili ana o keia Haawina.

Ke mau ka wehewehena o

Ke hooheheeia i kapaia na mea waiwai i ma lalo o maʻamau hana hea wehewehe aku ma kekahi mau hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona: kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity a me ka uilaʻikena, e like me ductility. Lula ea. I ka paa ana wehewehe aku ma ka aniani 'ole ma ka'ātoma iliwai, a no ia mea, i kiʻekiʻe ikaika ano. Akā, aia no na oka a pau i nā lākou nā mea loaʻa. He aha ka mea?

No laila, kapaʻia nā loko mai o elua a oi 'ona ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ma luna o ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi. E noke i ka mea, he mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a pau. Ma ka hihia mua, ka haku mele Pono e komo i ka liʻiliʻi 50% mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Eia naʻe, mākou eʻaʻole e distracted mai ka 'atikala kumuhana apau loa. No laila, i ke ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka Mea Maluna? I mau, puunaue ia 'ano mea:

1. Ferrous ke hooheheeia.
2. Nonferrous ke hooheheeia.

Ka waeʻano mua nā mea a pau hao a me kona oka a pau. A pau nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia e nā pōpō, nae, e like me kā lākou i huiʻia. kēlā me kēia waeʻano Pono e e noʻonoʻo i hou au mamuli: hoʻowahāwahā ka loa manakā nui Mea Maluna, ia mea nui oi huikau nae. A ina e hoomanao mākou i loaʻa i mea maikai i eliiaʻi ... a lakou, hoi, uaʻokoʻa. Naʻe, i ka Mea Maluna o ka mea maikai i eliiaʻi, a hiki maʻalahi. Loa, he ewalu o ia: he gula, he kala, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, a me ka rhodium, a me ka iridium. Ka loa waiwai nō ka platinum pae ke hooheheeia.

I mea, o ka Mea Maluna o ka mea maikai i eliiaʻi a me ka manakā. No laila, i kapaʻia (ma ka Jewelry) i ka hookahi kala, i ke gula a me ka platinum. Akā, lawa o ka "kiʻekiʻe mea". Ua ka manawa e kamailio e pili ana i ka nui, he pono ole, a kaʻa mea.

hoʻomaka mākou me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o nāʻano papa o ke kila, i ka pono no ka ia mea he derivative o ka holo o kaʻeleʻele metala - hao.

He aha ka kila?

An oka a pau o ka hao, a me kekahi mau mea hoʻonui, a iloko ona i kakauia ole oi aku 2,14%'ātoma kalapona. Na Mea Maluna o kēia mau mea ka loa nui, a me ka mea, i loko o ka mooolelo: ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo epekema, ka alo a kaawale o detrimental impurities, e like me' ole. Eia naʻe, no ka nui loa hiʻona o ka Nine Inchʻano hoʻokahi, e like me ka mea e loli ai ka hao, a me ka inoa o ke kila.

kalapona? ueo

Mau mea ano nui i dopants, akā, i ka 'ike loea o ko lākou Ioi hoʻolako i ka helu o nā impurities (nō kāu, manganese). Mai ka maʻiʻo o kēia mau 'ona i loko o ka laulā o 0.8-1%, i kekahi ole ma ka ikaika, me mechanical a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai o ke kila, ka mea e mai i. Kēia waeʻano Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka kūkuluʻia a me manufacturing o kekahi mau mea paahana. O ka holo ana, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma keia Mea Maluna mea mamao aku, mai no.

Mall o carbon kila

Loa pinepine hoʻohana no ka hana ana i kekahi mau hale no ka hanalima, koa a wahi lulu hana, akā, pinepine ka mea, e hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea paahana, a me maomeka. Ma keia hihia, ke kalapona maʻiʻo ma kekahi hihia e ole oi 0.5-0.6%. Ka mea, e i ka loa kiʻekiʻe ikaika, a me ka nānā 'ana i ka holoʻokoʻa koa hooiaio ia lahui ho'āʻo konohiki (RM, σ0,2, δ, ψ, KCU, HB, HRC). Aia i mau ke ano:

• Maʻamau.
• E like ai.

E like me 'oe ke koho, mua, e hele i ka hana o nā hana' enekinia, kanu'ōiwi. Kona mea e like me mall kila ua hoʻohana 'ia wale nō no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ike loea hana hoʻohana i ka' enekinia, a me nā lālā o ka hana a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie.

Like no kēia mau mea, i ka ka popopo o ka metala i ia ma luna o kaʻili kai. Na Mea Maluna o nā 'ano o ka kila a ua hoakaka no ka oi stringent koi ia ia.

I nā mea hana o carbon kila

Lākou laulā - waho e neʻe 'enekinia, manufacturing mea paahana no ka' epekema poepoe, a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me nā hana i ka pono, a mahuahua nui ikaika a me ka pololei. Ka mea, kalapona maʻiʻo i ka ÷ 0,7 i 1.5%. Oia mea pono i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, e hoʻopale e komo kumumea a ultimately kiʻekiʻe mahana.

oka a steels

No laila, kapa kumuhana i, i mawaho i maoli impurities i kakauiaʻi i ka nui nui o dopants e e hou artificially. O nā chromium, nikala, molybdenum. Eia hou, o ka oka a steels hiki no hoi e manganese a me ka silikone maʻiʻo o ka i mea loa pinepine ole hou aku 0.8-1.2%.

Ma keia hihia, Maluna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia kuhi kona mahele i loko o nā 'ano:

• Steels me ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ka mea hoʻonui. I huina, kā lākou mau mea i oi aku 2,5%.
• Doped. Ma kēia mau mea hoʻonui i ia mai 2,5 a hiki i 10%.
• Nā Pono Hana me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hoʻonui (ma 10%).

kekahi mau ano e mahele ia i loko o subspecies, e like me ia ma ka mua hihia.

Oka a mall kila

E like me nā mea a pau'ē aʻe? Ueony, e hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana' enekinia, kūkuluʻia o nā hale a me nā hale, e like me ka pono me ka hana mau. Inā mākou e hoohalike ai ia me ka carbonaceous? Ueony, laila, mai ka lākiō o ka ikaika ka waiwai, a me ka plasticity (viscosity) hoʻopōmaikaʻi aku ia mau mea. Eia hou, ka mea, e hoomaikai hoʻopale i loa haʻahaʻa mahana. O kēia mau mea, e na alahaka, mokulele, Kao lele lako kaua, kiʻekiʻe-miomio na mea paahana no ka hana.

Oka a hoʻopololei kila

I rula, na ano e loa i like loa me keʻano kūkā mai ma luna. Ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka mea kēia mau hana:

• ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke okioki, a kiʻekiʻe-waho e neʻe ana palaoa a me na mea paahana. Ma kekahi, ua lako e ua hua mai la mai ka metala lathe na mea paahana, a hilinaʻi ma o ka Mea Maluna i: ka mea, ua koi 'ia i hoailona pai ia ma luna o ka huahana.
• A e kekahi o lakou i ka make nō ia no ka anu a me ka wela e kakaʻa ana.

Oka a steels, keia

E like me ka inoa hoʻohuʻu, i kēia mau mea i kekahi i ho'ākāka 'ano. No ka laʻana, eia wela-hoʻopale a me ka wela-hoʻopale ano, a me nā mea a pau i ike ia kuhiliʻole kila. Alaila, i ka laulā o ko lākou noi komo ai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o machines a me na mea paahana, mea e hana ma ka pakahi aku la ia wahi pilikia ana: he mīkini peahi uila engine, he umu no ka smelting mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a pela aku ..

? ieoaeunoai kila

Steel me ka awelika o carbon maʻiʻo. Hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka widest huahelu o kekahi hale, pono hana. Ma kekahi, ia mea no ka mea, hana piliʻike (piliʻike a me ka pahu metala), paipu, pana pua, a pela ma ka. D.ʻae nō hoʻi, i ka poʻe uʻi a he mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia waeʻano o ka uku mau noonoo ana i ka ikaika 'ano o ke kila.

Eia hou kekahi, a hiki mua i ka hana o nā mea a pau o nā hiʻona i pōpilikia pinepine ma ke kumu o ka makemakika Ke Ana Hoʻohālike, no laila, i loko o ka hapanui o na hihia i kekahi mau ano o ka uku hiki e i e like me ke kanaka Customer koi.

ka ikaika kila

E like me 'oe paha koho koke, kā lākou laulā - ka ikaika ālai' a prefabricated ka ikaika pōhaku puna. Hookuu aku ia i loko o ka palapala o ka laau a me kaula me ka nui anawaena. Ka lako e Ua a kalapona, a me ke kila me ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ka alloying mea hoʻonui. Aia i mau ke ano:

• Hot-e kakaʻa ana.
• Thermally a mechanically ka ikaika.

ieoaeunoai kila

Hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ieoaeunoai a me nā paukūʻolokaʻa, e like me nā ipu a me ka pono, i mea e hana i loko o kiʻekiʻe-puʻe ana ma kekahi mau mahana. Ka mānoanoa o nā'āpana poʻohiwi o keia hihia ka mea e hoano e mai 4 a hiki i 160 mm o.

steels

No ia mau mea i pane pono i ka hana maikaʻiʻole ma ko lakou ana. Kekahi noho kiʻekiʻe processability. I keia mea keia kila maikaʻi no ka hana nona iho? Iecaianoaaiiuo laina, a e lilo hou a nui i kela makahiki.

e hali ana i kila

Kēia mau 'ano o ka' ano pili i ka mallʻano likeʻole, akā, i ko lākou haku mele 'ana, ua ia i kahi mea paahana. Ka mea, i kiʻekiʻe ikaika 'ano a me ka alahula mau ia'ku e komo (abrasion).

Mākou i ka hoʻokumu paʻa waiwai a me ka Mea Maluna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i loko o kēia papa. Na kekahi ka anu u - a hiki hou, he pono ole, a laila, e kipaku.

E hookuke hao: Mea Maluna a me ka waiwai

No laila, i kapaʻia, i mea he oka a pau o ka hao a me ka kalapona (a me kekahi'ē aʻe mea hoʻonui), kahi o ka C maʻiʻo papa koa mai 2,14 a 6,67%. Ka hao me he kila, kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia lākou Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, ki ina hana like o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me ka laupaʻi nui o ke kalapona iloko o laila, e like me mau mea o ka palapala noi i ka hana a me kela la i keia ola. Inā ka hao mea,ʻaʻole mea hoʻonui, ka mea, ua kapaia undoped. I ole ia - doped.

Mea Maluna ma ka manao

1. Aia mau palena, i mea aneane mau hoʻohana no mahope aaioee i loko o ke kila.
2. Foundryʻano likeʻole i hoʻohana no ka hoolei ana i nā huahana o nā hoʻonohonohoʻia a me ka manaʻo pohihihi.
3. Special, ma ka analogy me steels.

Mea Maluna maʻano o Nine Inch mea hoʻonui

Mai loli aʻe nui ka kalapona maʻiʻo o acee? Iuo oeiia o ka mea, i hoomaopopo mau konaʻano likeʻole:

• White kiola hao. Wehewehe aku ma ka mea i kalapona i loko o kona 'ole ua ua hoʻopili kokoke loa, i laila i loko o ka carbides likeʻole. Kona loa oluolu e hoomaopopo: ma luna o ka mokuāhana ma ia mea keʻokeʻo a me ka lā'ī, wehewehe aku ma ka paakiki kiʻekiʻe, akā, e mea paʻakikī loa fragile, me ka pilikia nui i ka mīkini.
• Hapalua maloo. I ka luna papa o ka ninini indistinguishable mai keʻokeʻo nou ana la o ka hao, oiai kona kāna mau 'ōlelo - lauoho i loaʻa i loko o kona' ole he nui nui o noa graphite. Ma mau, ka mea hiehie i nā hiʻona o nā ano. Muli o kona kulana mau nō, akā, i ka mea ia manawa ka nui maʻalahi i ke kaʻina hana, a me ka fragility o ke kulana o ka maikaʻi.
• Oho. Ua loaʻa i loko o kona haku mele 'ana o ka hailonaʻana no graphite. Haka, mau nō lawa, ponoʻia.

Mākou e ole accidentally e kākauʻana ma luna o graphite. Ka mea i ma luna o kona maʻiʻo, a me ka māhele 'ole o ka Mea Maluna hilinaʻi nui ke hooheheeia, a oka a pau i loko o ka ua hihia. Kaumaha ma muli o kēia mauʻano, ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic a me ka ferritic.

Graphite ia iho i loko o kēlā i kēia mau ʻano o ka nou ana la o ka hao hiki e ike i ka ehaʻokoʻa 'ano apau loa.

• A hiki aku la oia imua o ka papa, a me ka "petals" e pili ana i ka lauʻano likeʻole.
• Inā ka mea ÷ inclusions, i ka nānā aku e hoohalike ai ilo, ia mea he ninau o kana olelo hoopomaikai graphite hao.
• Alaila, heʻano o palahalaha, haoʻa inclusion e olelo aku nei ia i loko o ke alo o oe - he ano o flaky.
• Spherical, hemispherical oihana mua i emi iho i ka spherical shape.

Akā, ma keia hihia, ka Mea Maluna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a oka mea nō kāpili! Ka mea i kēia mau impurities,ʻaʻohe mea la no hoi ia e like me ka mea, i ka pololei hopena ma luna o ka ikaika o ka mea. No laila, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ke kinona a me ka māhele kulana o na inclusions, hoolei ka hao e hoʻolaha i loko o ka kēia waeʻano.

• Inā ka lako e ÷ inclusions o flake graphite, ia mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO oho hoolei hao (MF).
• By analogy me ka inoa "mea hoʻonui", i ke alo o kana olelo hoopomaikai particulate mea wehewehe aku vermicular (kana olelo hoopomaikai graphite hao).
• Ke flaky maupaʻa ka hoʻohuiʻana ductile hao (CN).
• Spherical "excipient" wehewehe i ka ductile hao (HF).

Kou noonoo ana i kekahi manawa pōkole Mea Maluna a me ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a e pili ana i ka waeʻano "ʻeleʻele". E like me 'oe ke ike, hoʻowahāwahā i ka laha kaulana manaoio, ka mea, ua loa like, loa okoa ma ka' ole a me ka physical waiwai. Seemingly hao - maʻamau a me na mea, akā, ... nō ia i loaʻa paha kekahi mau loa okoa? Ueo a me kekahi o ia wale mai i makemake kekahi i kekahi, e like me ia i hoolei hao a me ka pahu kila!

Neoneo - i loko o ka waiwai!

A ina he mea kekahi ano o ka Mea Maluna o ferrous hamoʻia? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i kela makahiki miliona o na tona o ka huhui hele laulāʻano o nā mea. Mai hele ka mea, em me nā paʻi i ka hale me ka hele ana ma kekahi culling a me ka hoʻomaopopoʻana? O ka holo ana mai. Total maopopo eiwa waeʻano:

• 3a. Haeʻeleʻele metala neoneo, a me ka pono, o ka oi aku nui apana. Ke kaupaona ana o kēlā me kēia moiety - ole e emi malalo o kekahi kilogram. E like me ka rula, o ka mānoanoa o nā'āpana poʻohiwi o ka i oi aku mamua o eono millimeters.
• 5A. Ma keia hihia, o ka hamoʻia oversized. Ka mānoanoa o nā'āpana poʻohiwi - oi ma mua o eono millimeters.
• 12A. Kēia waeʻano nā ka luna-i wehewehe hui o nāʻano likeʻole elua.
• 17A. Hamoʻia hao, dimensional. Ke kaupaona ana o kela a me keia apana - ole e emi malalo o ka pouna, akā,ʻaʻole oi aku mamua o 20 kg.
• 19A. I 'ano like me ka kekahi palapala papa, akā, oversized neoneo. Eia kekahi, kekahi Ke aeia'ku nei ia phosphorus maʻiʻo o ka mea.
• 20A. Hamoʻia ka hao, o ka loa oversized waeʻano. Ia elima apana tons kaupaona. Nō kāu, i kēia mai nā 'dismantled, decommissioned hanalima a me koa lako a pan. E like me 'oe ke ike, Mea Maluna a me ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma keia waeʻano mea' ano like.
• 22A. Hou oversized hamoʻia hao. Ke koena unuhi waiho i loko o ka mea ana i keia hihia pili i ka waeʻano o ka neoneo a me ka hope o ke ola i kākau aku palama fixtures.
• E hui pu. Hui hamoʻia. Nui! Ua ua i ae kahi o ka mea kēiaʻano: kila kaula a me nā kaula o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a me ka galvanized eiiiiiaiou.
• Galvanizing. E like me ka inoa hoʻohuʻu, keia komo a pau o ka hamoʻia, i komo pū koena ai i galvanized.

Oia i ka Mea Maluna o ferrous ke hooheheeia. Ano mākou e ia Kūkākūkā nā pōpō "nā hoapili" i pāʻani i ka nui kūlana i loko o nā mea a pau ke kālā no ka hana a me ka manufacturing.

Ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia

No laila, ua kapa aku ai i ka mea'ē aʻe hehee wale i i ka'ātoma 'ole o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, akā,' aʻole e pili pū ana i ka hao a me kona nā mea loaʻa. Ma ka scientific moʻokalaleo ka manawa "nonferrous metala", i mea synonymous manaʻo. He aha ka mea o ka Mea Maluna o ka ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia?

Aia nō ka mea kēia mau pūʻulu, a i Wāwahi ma luna o kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike: o ka malamalama, a me ka kaumaha, hanohano, hoopuehuia lakou, a refractory, radioactive a me ka pohihihi? Ueo. He nui no ka mea ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia ma mau e hoʻolaha like pohihihi keia, e like me kā lākou mau huina ma ka Honua, kŘpa a uuku.

ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o nā māhele a me ka maalea, e hiki pono hana i loko o kaʻano pākīkē' ia, kū'ē, a ina e pono (nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo, no ka hana) i ke kiekie o ka wela conduction a conduction o ka uilaʻikena. Eia hou, ka mea, i loko o ke koi i loko o ka pūʻali koa, a me ka aerospace maunakea na hana i kahi mea paʻa ma ka kŘpa a haʻahaʻa kaumaha.

E noke i kaawale o ka Mea Maluna o ka mea kaumaha ke hooheheeia. Naʻe, ka mea hakuʻole me ia, akā, i loko o kēia hui nā keleawe, nikala, cobalt, a me ka kiniki, cadmium, o Hereme, a kēpau. O kēia mau mea, cu a me Zn wale ua hoʻohana 'ia ma luna o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole, i e e'ōleloʻia ma hope.

Aluminum a me kona oka a

Aluminum, "eheu metala". He ekolu ano o ka mea, (ke kaumaha ma muli o ka degere o Nine Inch maemae)

• Ka mea kiekie loa e like ai (kiʻekiʻe maemae) (99.999%).
• High maemae.
• E noa ka hāpana.

Ka hopeʻano mea i hiki mai ma luna o ka makeke i loko o ka palapala o ka a lahilahi, na piliʻike a me nā kaula a me kekahi kea-pauku. I koho ma ka oihana like AD0 a me AD1. E noke i ke ahiahi, ma ka kiʻekiʻe Aluminum hāpana pinepine kekahi mau inclusions Fe, Si, gú, HI, Zn.

oka a

He aha ka ka Mea Maluna o ka ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia ma keia hihia? I ka rula, aohe mea huikau. ma laila nō:

• Duralumin.
• Aviano.

I kapaia o duralumin oka a pau, a i hoʻokomo ai i ke keleawe a me ka makanekiuma. A, he mau mea, ma kahi e ua hoʻohana 'ia ka mea hoʻonui i ke keleawe a me ka makanekiuma. Avial i kapa oka a pau, akā, ka mea iloko o ka hailona hou mea hoʻonui. I ka papa kuhikuhiE poʻe i makanekiuma a me ka silikone e like me ka hao, ke keleawe, a me ka hiki titanium.

I rula, i ke kahe i na hoike ma ka au mamuli o ka pono hana 'epekema. Mea Maluna o ka metala ma Aluminum a me kona 'ano apau loa aole i pau i laila.

keleawe

I kēia mau lāʻike anoxic keleawe (maemae waiwai maʻiʻo 97,97%), a nui maemae, holo (99.99%). Haʻalele nā 'ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia, mea ÿole mechanical a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai o ke keleawe like ikaika keiki a hiki i ka mea uuku impurities o kekahi mau mea hoʻonui.

oka a

Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o nui pūʻulu elua. Kēia mau mea, ma ke alanui, i ikeia e ke kanaka no na tausani o ka makahiki.

• Ke keleawe. No laila, i kapaʻia ke keleawe a me ka hui kiniki.
• Keleawe. Keleawe oka a pau, a mai nā 'hou kiniki, a me ka piuta. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō i keleawe, i ka i loaʻa nō i hiki i ka umi mea hoʻonui.

Titan

Metal keia pohihihi a me ka loa pipiʻi. Ua loaʻa he haʻahaʻa kaumaha, he mea hiki ole ka ikaika, alo emi. E hoailona oukou i ua maheleia i loko o kekahi mau ano: VT1-00 (i loko o kēia mea impurities ≤ 0,10%), BT1-0 (mea hoʻonui huina ≤ 0,30%). Inā ka huina dala o impurities ≤ 0.093%, alaila, e like me ka mea i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o titanium kapa iodide.

titanium oka a

Oka a pau o kēia mea e māheleʻia i loko o nā ano: laina a me ka deformable. Eia hou, i ka hana hoʻokae o subtypes: refractory, mahuahua ductility. Aia i oi aku ka paakiki a me ka hoopaakiki? Ueony (ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wela lapaau).

Maoli, ua ua ua maopopo noʻonoʻo e ka Mea Maluna o ka ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia, a oka a pau. E manaolana aku kakou i ka 'atikala ua pono ia oe.